Defunctioning ileostomies are widely performed in order to prevent or treat anastomotic leakage after colorectal surgery. The aim of the present study was to determine morbidity related to stoma closure and to identify predictive factors of a complicated postoperative course.
Methods
A consecutive series of 138 patients were retrospectively analyzed after stoma reversal. Data collection included general demographics and surgery-related aspects. Morbidity related to stoma closure was retrieved from our prospectively collected registry of complications.
Results
In 74 of 138 patients, defunctioning ileostomy was performed after restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA). The remaining ileostomies (n = 64) were constructed after a low colorectal or coloanal anastomosis. A total of 46 complications were recorded in 28 patients resulting in an overall complication rate of 20.3%. Anastomotic leakage rate was 4.3%, and reoperation rate was 8.0%. The number of complications according to the Clavien–Dindo classification was 5 for grade I (10.9%), 26 for grade II (56.5%), 13 for grade III (28.3%), 1 for grade IV (2.2%), and 1 for grade V (2.2%). Multivariate analysis revealed a significantly higher ASA score in the complicated group (P = 0.015, odds ratio 2.6, 95% confidence interval 1.2–5.6).
Conclusions
Closure of a defunctioning ileostomy is associated with 20% morbidity and a reoperation rate of 8%. There is an urgent need for criteria on which a more selective use of a defunctioning ileostomy after low colonic anastomosis or IPAA can be based given its associated morbidity.
Introduction
Defunctioning ileostomies are widely performed in order to prevent anastomotic leakage after colorectal surgery, especially anterior resection and restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) [1, 2]. A recent meta-analysis demonstrated a reduction of clinical anastomotic leakage rate after a defunctioning stoma leading to a reduction in the number of reoperations, but without significant decrease of mortality [3]. Besides, primary defunctioning loop ileostomies are constructed as treatment of anastomotic-related complications in the acute postoperative setting.
Although the potential benefits of an ileostomy are clear, the loop ileostomy itself is associated with significant morbidity affecting patients’ daily activities. Stoma-related complications like prolapse, parastomal hernia, retraction, and high output occur in up to 30% of patients with a stoma [4, 5]. In addition, stoma reversal is accompanied with substantial morbidity (20%) which should be taken into account at the time of creation of a prophylactic stoma [6]. Most defunctioning stomas are for temporary fecal diversion, but a complicated clinical course following the initial colorectal operation is a limiting factor for stoma reversal resulting in a permanent stoma [7]. This retrospective study was performed to identify risk factors for complications after reversal of a defunctioning stoma to divert a low colonic anastomosis or IPAA.
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Patients and methods
From January 2004 to June 2010, 366 consecutive patients underwent elective colorectal surgery with primary rectal or anal anastomosis. All procedures were performed in the Academic Medical Center (AMC), a university hospital and tertiary referral center. Of the 366 patients, 204 patients underwent a proctocolectomy followed by IPAA, and the remaining 162 patients had an anterior resection or low anterior resection followed by a colorectal or coloanal anastomosis, respectively. A defunctioning stoma was created in 135 patients during the initial procedure. In an additional number of 32 patients, the primary operation had a complicated course, and a defunctioning stoma was created to treat anastomotic-related complications (Fig. 1). Of these 167 patients with a defunctioning stoma, closure was performed in 138 (82.6%), and these patients were included in our retrospective analysis.
Fig. 1
Of the 167 patients with a defunctioning stoma, closure was performed in 138
×
Patient data and surgery-related characteristics were retrospectively collected by retrieving medical records. Data collection included general demographics, primary diagnosis, indication for loop ileostomy, time from formation to closure, and operative technique of stoma closure. Morbidity related to stoma closure was retrieved from our prospective collected registry of complications of the surgical department of the AMC.
Closure of the loop ileostomy was mostly performed by a surgical resident under the direct supervision of a colorectal surgeon. The stoma was dissected from the mucocutaneous junction and delivered from the rectus sheath and peritoneal cavity by sharp dissection. The enterotomy was closed by a running suture or a stapled closure based upon the preferences of the supervising surgeon. The posterior and anterior rectus sheaths were closed separately to minimize the risk of an incisional hernia. The wound was partially left open to prevent wound infection.
Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis in presentation. Differences between groups were assessed for statistical significance (P < 0.05) using either chi-square test or Mann–Whitney U test when appropriate. Subsequently, a stepwise multivariate analysis was performed using a forward conditional model. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software package (SPSS 16.0, Chicago, IL, USA).
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Results
In total, 138 defunctioning ileostomies were closed over the study period and included in this retrospective analysis. The group consisted of 80 male and 58 female patients with a mean age at closure of 49 years (Table 1). The majority of patients (65%) had an American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) score of 2. The predominantly primary diagnoses of the patients were ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. The setting for construction of an ileostomy was elective in 79% and acute in 21% of the patients. Comparing these two groups of patients revealed that the acutely created stomas were closed significantly later (Table 2). Furthermore, these patients were predominantly operated on for inflammatory bowel disease. Almost all stomas were closed by a surgical resident under the supervision of a colorectal surgeon, mostly using a hand-sewn technique (Table 1). The median time interval between construction and stoma closure was 17 weeks. In three patients, stoma closure was performed simultaneously during liver resection for colorectal metastases.
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of 138 patients undergoing closure of a defunctioning stoma
Characteristics
Number (%)
Sex
Male
80 (58.0)
Female
58 (42.0)
Age (years)a
49.3 (15.7)
ASAb class
I
31 (22.5)
II
90 (65.2)
III
17 (12.3)
Diagnosis at initial surgery
Ulcerative colitis
62 (44.9)
Colorectal cancer
51 (37)
Familial adenomatous polyposis
10 (7.2)
Crohn’s disease
5 (3.6)
Other
10 (7.2)
Indication for defunctioning stoma
Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis
74 (53.6)
Low colorectal or coloanal anastomosis
64 (46.4)
Setting of construction of defunctioning stoma
Elective (prophylactic)
109 (79)
Acute (anastomotic complications)
29 (21)
Surgeon
Resident
124 (89.9)
Colorectal surgeon
14 (10.1)
Anastomotic technique
Hand-sewn
123 (89.1)
Stapled
15 (10.9)
Time to stoma closure (weeks)c
16.9 (0.9–70.6)
Hospital stay (days)c
5.0 (2–67)
aMean (SD)
bAmerican Society of Anesthesiology
cMedian (range)
Table 2
Comparison of patient- and surgery-related factors for electively and acutely created stomas in 138 patients
Variables
Elective (n = 109)
Acute (n = 29)
P value
Gender
0.443
Male
65 (59.6)
15 (71.4)
Female
44 (40.4)
14 (28.6)
Age (years)
0.390
Median (range)
48.5 (19–85)
48.4 (20–79)
ASAa class
0.745
I
26 (23.9)
5 (17.2)
II
70 (64.2)
20 (69.0)
III
13 (11.9)
4 (13.8)
Primary diagnosis
0.001
Inflammatory bowel disease
52 (47.4)
15 (51.7)
Colorectal cancer
44 (40.4)
7 (24.1)
Familial adenomatous polyposis
4 (3.7)
7 (24.1)
Other
9 (8.3)
–
Type of primary surgery
0.062
Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis
54 (49.5)
20 (69.0)
Low colorectal anastomosis
55 (50.5)
9 (31.0)
Time to stoma closure (weeks)
0.004
Median (range)
16.0 (1–71)
22.3 (7–69)
aAmerican Society of Anesthesiology
Twenty-eight patients (20.3%) had a complicated course, consisting of a total of 46 complications (Table 3). The anastomotic leakage rate was 4.3%. The Clavien–Dindo grade of complications was grade I in 10.9% (n = 5), grade II in 56.5% (n = 26), grade III in 28.3% (n = 13), grade IV in 2.2% (n = 1), and grade V in 2.2% (n = 1). Readmission rate within 30 days after stoma closure was 3.6% of the patients, predominantly for rehydration or treatment for small bowel obstruction. In one patient, stoma reversal was combined with dilatation of the colorectal anastomosis resulting in perforation requiring reoperation. Seventeen reoperations were performed in 11 patients (8.0%), and construction of an ileostomy was necessary again in eight patients (5.8%) (Table 3). One patient had a massive bleeding from the epigastric artery leading to multiple organ failure and eventually death. This accounts for a mortality rate of 0.7%.
Table 3
Complications and reoperations in 138 patients related to stoma closure
Complication
Number (%)
Pneumonia
5 (3.6)
Lung embolism
1 (0.7)
Wound infection
2 (1.4)
Urinary tract infection
5 (3.6)
Cellulitis
1 (0.7)
Intraabdominal abscess
3 (2.2)
Anastomotic leakage
6 (4.3)
Small bowel obstruction
9 (6.5)
Dehydration
3 (2.2)
Readmission within 30 days
5 (3.6)
Enterocutaneous fistula
1 (0.7)
Abdominal wall bleeding
1 (0.7)
Jejunal perforation
1 (0.7)
Multi-organ failure
1 (0.7)
Perforation of the primary anastomosis
1 (0.7)
Stenosis of the small bowel anastomosis
1 (0.7)
Total
46 complications in 28 (20.3%) patients
Reoperation
Ileostomy
8 (5.8%)
Relaparotomy (second look)
4 (2.9%)
Evacuation of a hematoma
1 (0.7%)
Enterocutaneous fistula closure
1 (0.7%)
Debridement
1 (0.7%)
Adhesiolysis
1 (0.7%)
Stoma revision
1 (0.7%)
Total
17 reoperations in 11 (8.0%) patients
To identify risk factors for the development of complications after loop ileostomy closure, potentially related variables were compared between the group of 110 patients with an uncomplicated course and the group of 28 patients with a complicated course (Table 4). Univariable analysis revealed that the complicated group had a significant higher age and a higher ASA score in comparison to the group without complications. No significant association with a complicated postoperative course was found for gender, primary diagnosis, type of primary surgery, setting of stoma creation (elective versus acute), surgeon, time to stoma closure, or anastomotic technique. Multivariate analysis revealed a higher ASA score as the only predictor for a complicated course after stoma reversal (P = 0.015, odds ratio 2.6, 95% confidence interval 1.2–5.6).
Table 4
Patient- and surgery-related risk factors for complications after stoma closure in 138 patients
Variables
Noncomplicated (n = 110)
Complicated (n = 28)
P value
Gender
0.106
Male
60 (54.5)
20 (71.4)
Female
50 (45.5)
8 (28.6)
Age (years)
0.025
Median (range)
46.8 (20–85)
55.1 (19–82)
ASAa class
0.012
I
27 (24.5)
4 (14.3)
II
74 (67.3)
16 (57.1)
III
9 (8.2)
8 (28.6)
Primary diagnosis
0.307
Inflammatory bowel disease
57 (51.8)
10 (35.7)
Colorectal cancer
37 (33.6)
14 (50)
Familial adenomatous polyposis
8 (7.3)
3 (10.7)
Other
8 (7.3)
1 (3.6)
Type of primary surgery
0.667
Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis
60 (54.5)
14 (50.0)
Low colorectal anastomosis
50 (45.5)
14 (50.0)
Setting of stoma creation
0.562
Elective (prophylactic)
88 (80.0)
21 (75.0)
Acute (anastomotic complications)
22 (20.0)
7 (25.0)
Surgeon
0.130
Resident
101 (91.8)
23 (82.1)
Colorectal surgeon
9 (8.2)
5 (17.9)
Time to stoma closure (weeks)
0.611
Median (range)
16.6 (1–70)
19.6 (1–71)
Anastomotic technique
0.183
Hand-sewn
100 (90.9)
23 (82.1)
Stapled
10 (9.1)
5 (17.9)
aAmerican Society of Anesthesiology
Discussion
Loop ileostomy closure is accompanied by a substantial morbidity and even a small risk of mortality as demonstrated by the present study. This analysis comprised both electively and acutely created ileostomies, in contrast to previous studies which only focussed on the elective setting. The overall complication rate of 20% fits well within the morbidity rates as reported in the literature (11–37%) [6, 8‐10]. A reoperation was necessary in 8% which is higher as reported in a recent systematic review concerning stoma reversal [6]. However, this review reported a reoperation rate of 2.5% for small bowel obstruction only. Therefore, 8% of reoperations might be more realistic as they reflect the overall percentage for several postoperative complications as was demonstrated by Mansfield et al. [11].
Small bowel obstruction was the most frequent complication (6.5%) and responsible for the majority of readmissions. Edema of a narrowed anastomosis may cause a small bowel obstruction in the postoperative period. Previous reports suggested that a stapled closure might prevent small bowel obstruction due to the larger bowel lumen that is created [12]. However, a recent meta-analysis did not demonstrate differences in clinical outcome between hand-sewn and stapled anastomosis after ileostomy closure [13]. Based upon our current findings, a liquid diet is provided until normal passage is established in order to avoid small bowel obstruction in the early postoperative phase.
A difference in complication rate between the closure of a defunctioning ileostomy for a colorectal or coloanal anastomosis on the one hand and an IPAA on the other hand could not be demonstrated. Some authors have reported a higher morbidity after ileostomy closure associated with restorative proctocolectomy in comparison with (low) anterior resection [14]. It has been suggested that extensive dissection and mobilization during restorative proctocolectomy are resulting in adhesion formation [15]. We hypothesized that the traction on the mesentery and its reduced length in the case of an IPAA probably make mobilization and exposure during closure of the ileostomy more difficult. Regarding these observations, it is important to notice that one-stage IPAA is considered a safe procedure in selected patients and comparable to IPAA with a temporary ileostomy with respect to septic complications and pouch function [16]. One-stage IPAA avoids the impaired quality of life, morbidity, and medical costs associated with a defunctioning ileostomy.
The present analysis also includes defunctioning ileostomies that were created in an acute setting to treat anastomotic-related complications. To our knowledge, there are no other series of ileostomy closure reporting on this specific topic. Closure of the acutely created ileostomies was not associated with increased morbidity in spite of a longer period to stoma closure. Therefore, we would recommend the use of a defunctioning ileostomy for treatment of anastomotic leakage if considered appropriate. The 90% closure rate of our acutely created stomas demonstrates the success rate of this approach.
There are some limitations in the interpretation of the provided data. First of all, there are inherent methodological drawbacks because of the retrospective study design, although the complications were prospectively collected. In addition, the group of patients is heterogeneous as patients undergoing (low) anterior resection and proctocolectomies for both benign and malignant diseases were included. Nevertheless, this analysis reflects the quality of defunctioning ileostomy closure in an academic tertiary referral center.
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A defunctioning stoma decreases the clinical leak rate and reoperation rate and is therefore recommended after low anterior resection and restorative proctocolectomy with IPAA [1, 3]. Unfortunately, randomized trials on the clinical impact of defunctioning ileostomy choose anastomotic leakage as primary endpoint, and complications after stoma closure are often not included in the overall analysis [17]. Furthermore, ileostomy closure is not counted as a reoperation in these trials, because it was a planned procedure. This is questionable given its clinical impact and associated cost.
The currently available data cannot provide clear guidelines regarding which anastomosis should be primarily diverted based on the overall complication rate. Of course, several risk factors for anastomotic leakage have been identified, but the complications related to stoma closure are not properly weighed against the reduced leakage rate [2, 18]. The present study suggests that selective use of a defunctioning ileostomy after low rectal or anal anastomosis is justified. If there is any sign of leakage of the undiverted anastomosis in the early postoperative course, a secondary defunctioning ileostomy can be constructed in the acute setting. These stomas have a high closure rate and are not associated with an increased complication rate as is demonstrated by our analysis. Further studies should focus on selection criteria by which an optimal balance between advantages and disadvantages of primary diversion can be achieved.
In conclusion, closure of a defunctioning ileostomy is associated with 20% morbidity and a reoperation rate of 8%. The only risk factor after multivariate analysis for a complicated course was ASA score, but no impact could be demonstrated for type of anastomosis or the acute setting. Based upon these results, a secondary ileostomy for the treatment of anastomotic complications seems to be a valid option. The significant morbidity of stoma closure appeals for a combined endpoint including these complications in further studies on defunctioning ileostomies.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
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Open AccessThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
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