Background
Methods
Study design
Data sources
Probabilistic linkage
Setting
Participants
Analysis variables
Statistical analysis
Ethics approval
Results
Patient characteristics
Aboriginal (n = 1183) | Non- Aboriginal (n = 58877) | χ2p-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
| ||
Individual characteristic
| |||||
Age group | |||||
25-34 | 47 | 4.0 | 421 | 0.7 | <.001 |
35-44 | 257 | 21.7 | 2829 | 4.8 | |
45-54 | 360 | 30.4 | 8579 | 14.6 | |
55-64 | 265 | 22.4 | 13144 | 22.3 | |
65-74 | 180 | 15.2 | 15410 | 26.2 | |
75-84 | 74 | 6.3 | 18481 | 31.4 | |
Sex | |||||
Male | 727 | 61.5 | 39950 | 67.9 | <.001 |
Female | 456 | 38.5 | 18914 | 32.1 | |
Comorbid conditionsa
| |||||
Diabetes with complications | 279 | 23.6 | 8903 | 15.1 | <.001 |
Cardiac dysrhythmias | 185 | 15.6 | 12539 | 21.3 | <.001 |
Congestive heart failure | 154 | 13.0 | 8350 | 14.2 | .254 |
Pulmonary disease | 136 | 11.5 | 5236 | 8.9 | .002 |
Chronic renal failure | 96 | 8.1 | 4143 | 7.0 | .152 |
Acute renal failure | 47 | 4.0 | 2729 | 4.6 | .282 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 36 | 3.0 | 2552 | 4.3 | .030 |
Paraplegia | 25 | 2.1 | 1341 | 2.3 | .707 |
Cancer | 15 | 1.3 | 1773 | 3.0 | 0.01 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 12 | 1.0 | 1108 | 1.9 | .029 |
Shock | 11 | 0.9 | 1195 | 2.0 | .008 |
Pulmonary oedema | 9 | 0.8 | 685 | 1.2 | .199 |
Connective tissue disorder | 8 | 0.7 | 743 | 1.3 | .073 |
Dementia | 5 | 0.4 | 506 | 0.9 | .105 |
Severe liver disease | 2 | 0.2 | 103 | 0.2 | .962 |
Liver disease | 1 | 0.1 | 113 | 0.2 | .615 |
Socio-economic statusb
| |||||
1st quintile - least disadvantaged | 23 | 1.9 | 7832 | 13.3 | <.001 |
2nd quintile | 109 | 9.2 | 9946 | 16.9 | |
3rd quintile | 186 | 15.7 | 12726 | 21.6 | |
4th quintile | 299 | 25.3 | 13102 | 22.3 | |
5th quintile - most disadvantaged | 566 | 47.8 | 15258 | 25.9 | |
Remoteness of residencec
| |||||
Major city | 307 | 26.0 | 34695 | 58.9 | <.001 |
Inner regional | 359 | 30.3 | 16319 | 27.7 | |
Outer regional | 366 | 30.9 | 7300 | 12.4 | |
Remote/very remote | 151 | 12.8 | 550 | 0.9 | |
Hospital characteristic
| |||||
Remoteness of hospitalc
| |||||
Major city | 389 | 32.9 | 39456 | 67.0 | <.001 |
Inner regional | 247 | 20.9 | 11384 | 19.3 | |
Outer regional | 414 | 35.0 | 7297 | 12.4 | |
Remote/very remote | 133 | 11.2 | 726 | 1.2 | |
Average acute admissions per year | |||||
Less than 1200 | 88 | 7.4 | 1245 | 2.1 | <.001 |
1200-3899 | 182 | 15.4 | 3730 | 6.3 | |
3900-7084 | 138 | 11.7 | 3842 | 6.5 | |
7085-18399 | 443 | 37.4 | 19977 | 33.9 | |
18400 or more | 332 | 28.1 | 30070 | 51.1 | |
On-site angiography | |||||
Yes | 315 | 26.6 | 25694 | 43.6 | <.001 |
No | 868 | 73.4 | 33170 | 56.4 |
Short- and long-term mortality after admission
30-day mortality models | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Model
|
Adjusted for:
|
OR
|
95% CI
|
p-value
|
1A | Hospital of admissiona
| 0.61 | 0.48-0.78 | <.001 |
Individual covariates
| ||||
2A | + Age group, sex, year of admission | 1.07 | 0.83-1.37 | .612 |
3A | + Comorbid conditionsb
| 0.98 | 0.76-1.27 | .886 |
4A | + Remoteness of residencec
| 0.95 | 0.73-1.24 | .728 |
5A | + Socio-economic statusd
| 0.95 | 0.73-1.23 | .684 |
Hospital covariates
e
| ||||
6A | + Remoteness of hospitalc
| 0.94 | 0.72-1.22 | .617 |
7A | + Average acute admissions per year (- Remoteness of hospital) | 0.95 | 0.73-1.23 | .676 |
8A | + On-site angiography (- Average acute admissions per year) | 0.94 | 0.73-1.23 | .665 |
365-day mortality models
| ||||
Model
|
Adjusted for:
|
OR
|
95% CI
|
p-value
|
1B | Hospital of admissiona
| 0.64 | 0.53-0.77 | <.001 |
Individual covariates
| ||||
2B | + Age group, sex, year of admission | 1.34 | 1.10-1.63 | .003 |
3B | + Comorbid conditionsb
| 1.12 | 0.91-1.38 | .282 |
4B | + Remoteness of residencec
| 1.11 | 0.90-1.37 | .317 |
5B | + Socio-economic statusd
| 1.11 | 0.90-1.36 | .345 |
Hospital covariates
e
| ||||
6B | + Remoteness of hospitalc
| 1.09 | 0.89-1.35 | .401 |
7B | + Average acute admissions per year (- Remoteness of hospital) | 1.11 | 0.90-1.36 | .336 |
8B | + On-site angiography (- Average acute admissions per year) | 1.10 | 0.90-1.36 | .350 |
30-day mortality | 365-day mortality | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AOR
|
95% CI
|
p-value
|
AOR
|
95% CI
|
p-value
| |
Sex | ||||||
Male (ref) | 1.00 | .211 | 1.00 | .853 | ||
Female | 1.04 | 0.98-1.11 | 1.01 | 0.95-1.06 | ||
Age group | ||||||
25-34 | 1.20 | 0.79-1.83 | <.001 | 0.92 | 0.61-1.37 | <.001 |
35-44 | 0.73 | 0.59-0.91 | 0.58 | 0.48-0.72 | ||
45-54 | 0.80 | 0.70-0.92 | 0.74 | 0.66-0.83 | ||
55-64 (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
65-74 | 1.52 | 1.38-1.68 | 1.70 | 1.57-1.85 | ||
75-84 | 2.30 | 2.10-2.53 | 3.09 | 2.86-3.34 | ||
Comorbid conditionsa
| ||||||
Shock | 11.54 | 10.12-13.16 | <.001 | 7.94 | 6.94-9.09 | <.001 |
Severe liver disease | 3.80 | 2.36-6.11 | <.001 | 2.60 | 1.63-4.17 | <.001 |
Cardiac dysrhythmias | 2.69 | 2.53-2.86 | <.001 | 2.18 | 2.06-2.30 | <.001 |
Dementia | 2.30 | 1.87-2.84 | <.001 | 2.72 | 2.25-3.30 | <.001 |
Cancer | 2.18 | 1.92-2.47 | <.001 | 4.45 | 4.00-4.95 | <.001 |
Acute renal failure | 2.02 | 1.82-2.25 | <.001 | 2.00 | 1.82-2.19 | <.001 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 1.53 | 1.33-1.77 | <.001 | 1.47 | 1.29-1.66 | <.001 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 1.32 | 1.11-1.57 | <.001 | 1.30 | 1.12-1.51 | <.001 |
Pulmonary disease | 1.25 | 1.14-1.37 | <.001 | 1.56 | 1.45-1.67 | <.001 |
Pulmonary oedema | 1.22 | 0.99-1.51 | .056 | 1.50 | 1.26-1.80 | <.001 |
Congestive heart failure | 1.20 | 1.12-1.30 | <.001 | 1.81 | 1.70-1.92 | <.001 |
Paraplegia | 1.08 | 0.89-1.31 | .424 | 1.43 | 1.21-1.69 | <.001 |
Chronic renal failure | 1.06 | 0.95-1.17 | .282 | 1.56 | 1.44-1.70 | <.001 |
Liver disease | 0.97 | 0.55-1.69 | .913 | 2.42 | 1.55-3.79 | <.001 |
Diabetes with complications | 0.89 | 0.82-0.97 | .007 | 1.10 | 1.03-1.18 | .003 |
Connective tissue disorder | 0.81 | 0.62-1.04 | .096 | 1.18 | 0.97-1.43 | .090 |
Remoteness of residenceb
| ||||||
Major city (ref) | 1.00 | .223 | 1.00 | .685 | ||
Inner regional | 0.95 | 0.86-1.06 | 0.95 | 0.87-1.04 | ||
Outer regional | 1.08 | 0.94-1.24 | 1.00 | 0.89-1.12 | ||
Remote/very remote | 1.16 | 0.84-1.58 | 0.96 | 0.73-1.27 | ||
Socio-economic statusc
| ||||||
1st quintile - least disadvantaged (ref) | 1.00 | .033 | 1.00 | <.001 | ||
2nd quintile | 1.15 | 0.99-1.32 | 1.11 | 0.98-1.25 | ||
3rd quintile | 1.10 | 0.95-1.28 | 1.18 | 1.04-1.34 | ||
4th quintile | 1.17 | 1.00-1.36 | 1.23 | 1.08-1.39 | ||
5th quintile - most disadvantaged | 1.27 | 1.08-1.48 | 1.32 | 1.16-1.51 |
30-day mortality | 365-day mortality | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AOR
|
95% CI
|
p-value
|
AOR
|
95% CI
|
p-value
| |
Added into adjusted
a
model separately
| ||||||
Remoteness of hospitalb
| ||||||
Major city (ref) | 1.00 | <.001 | 1.00 | <.001 | ||
Inner regional | 1.15 | 0.94-1.41 | 1.16 | 0.97-1.39 | ||
Outer regional | 1.56 | 1.26-1.94 | 1.54 | 1.27-1.87 | ||
Remote/very remote | 1.83 | 1.19-2.81 | 1.79 | 1.22-2.61 | ||
Average acute admissions per year | ||||||
Less than 1200 | 2.03 | 1.57-2.62 | <.001 | 1.98 | 1.58-2.49 | <.001 |
1200-3899 | 1.72 | 1.39-2.13 | 1.55 | 1.28-1.88 | ||
3900-7084 | 1.36 | 1.08-1.70 | 1.32 | 1.07-1.62 | ||
7085-18399 | 1.14 | 0.96-1.35 | 1.14 | 0.97-1.34 | ||
18400 or more (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
On-site angiography | ||||||
Yes | 0.74 | 0.64-0.86 | <.001 | 0.72 | 0.63-0.83 | <.001 |
No (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Sensitivity analysis
30-day mortality | 365-day mortality | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AOR
|
(95% CI)
|
p-value
|
AOR
|
(95% CI)
|
p-value
| |
Most recenta
| ||||||
Non-Aboriginal (ref) | 1.00 | .684 | 1.00 | .345 | ||
Aboriginal | 0.95 | 0.73-1.23 | 1.11 | 0.90-1.36 | ||
Ever identifiedb
| ||||||
Non-Aboriginal (ref) | 1.00 | .582 | 1.00 | .510 | ||
Aboriginal | 0.94 | 0.74-1.18 | 1.06 | 0.88-1.28 | ||
All admissionsc
| ||||||
Non-Aboriginal (ref) | 1.00 | .005 | 1.00 | <.001 | ||
Aboriginal | 1.55 | 1.14-2.10 | 1.61 | 1.25-2.07 |