Background
Research using SDT to examine PA motivation among T2D adults
PA behavior and diabetes-related symptoms
Objectives of the present study
Methods
Participants and procedure
Measures
PA motivation
Accelerometer-derived PA
Acute diabetes-related symptoms
Data analysis
Results
Descriptive analysis
α | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9.1 | 9.2 | 9.3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Age | 61.88 | 8.92 | ||||||||||||
2. BMI | 30.78 | 6.49 | −0.30*** | |||||||||||
3. Intrinsic regulation | 0.95 | 4.34 | 1.63 | 0.14 | −0.24*** | |||||||||
4. Identified regulation | 0.80 | 4.98 | 1.16 | 0.21* | −0.25*** | 0.66*** | ||||||||
5. Introjected regulation | 0.77 | 2.43 | 1.65 | 0.02 | 0.09 | −0.04 | 0.14 | |||||||
6. External regulation | 0.85 | 1.44 | 1.62 | −0.03 | 0.26*** | −0.23*** | − 0.22*** | 0.34*** | ||||||
7. Amotivation | 0.59 | 0.50 | 0.8 | 0.03 | 0.16* | −0.27*** | −0.26*** | 0.16 | 0.54*** | |||||
8. Weekly MVPA | 129.71 | 115.80 | 0.02 | −0.29*** | 0.29*** | 0.11 | −0.16 | −0.35*** | − 0.22*** | |||||
T2D acute symptoms | ||||||||||||||
9.1. Fatigue | 0.82 | 2.05 | 1.03 | −0.15 | 0.17* | −0.23*** | − 0.16* | 0.04 | 0.01 | −0.10 | − 0.26*** | |||
9.2. Cognitive distress | 0.81 | 1.80 | 0.92 | −0.15 | 0.09 | −0.22* | − 0.23*** | 0.00 | − 0.02 | −0.10 | − 0.20* | 0.75*** | ||
9.3. Hypoglycemia | 0.78 | 1.67 | 0.88 | −0.06 | 0.01 | −0.12 | − 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.01 | −0.07 | 0.44*** | 0.56*** | |
9.4. Hyperglycemia | 0.81 | 1.97 | 1.00 | 0.07 | 0.16* | −0.09 | −0.08 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.09 | −0.19* | 0.40*** | 0.53*** | 0.50*** |
Motivation, PA behavior and acute diabetes-related symptoms
Outcome | Predictor | B | S.-E. |
Β
| Bootstrapped CI 95% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Motivation = > Weekly MVPA | |||||
Weekly MVPA | Sex | −65.89 | 16.18 | −0.57*** | [− 0.82, − 0.32] |
BMI | −2.91 | 1.27 | −0.03* | [− 0.05, 0.00] | |
Intrinsic regulation | 18.12 | 5.42 | 0.16*** | [0.07, 0.24] | |
Identified regulation | −16.17 | 9.27 | −0.14 | [−0.24, − 0.07] | |
Introjected regulation | −1.90 | 5.64 | −0.02 | [−0.17, 0.10] | |
External regulation | −17.88 | 5.34 | −0.16*** | [−0.29, 0.01] | |
Amotivation | −3.96 | 7.81 | −0.03 | [−0.11, 0.08] | |
Weekly MVPA = > acute T2D symptoms | |||||
Fatigue | BMI | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.02 | [−0.01, 0.04] |
Weekly MVPA | −0.00 | 0.00 | −0.22*** | [−0.33, − 0.12] | |
Cognitive distress | BMI | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.01 | [−0.02, 0.03] |
Weekly MVPA | −0.00 | 0.00 | −0.19*** | [−0.29, − 0.09] | |
Hypoglycemia | BMI | −0.00 | 0.02 | −0.00 | [− 0.02, 0.02] |
Weekly MVPA | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.07 | [−0.20, 0.06] | |
Hyperglycemia | BMI | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.02 | [−0.01, 0.04] |
Weekly MVPA | −0.00 | 0.00 | −0.16* | [−0.28, − 0.03] | |
Indirect effects of motivation on acute T2D symptoms via Weekly MVPA a | |||||
Fatigue | Intrinsic regulation | −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.04* | [− 0.06, − 0.01] |
External regulation | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.04* | [0.01, 0.06] | |
Cognitive distress | Intrinsic regulation | −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.03* | [− 0.05, − 0.01] |
External regulation | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.03* | [0.01, 0.05] | |
Hyperglycemia | Intrinsic regulation | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.03* | [−0.05, 0.00] |
External regulation | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03* | [0.00, 0.05] |
Meeting PA recommendations | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 115) | Yes (n = 50) | ||||||||
Acute diabetes-related symptoms | Univariate F-value (1, 162) | Bonferonni adjusted p | Eta2 | M | SD | M | SD | Difference (SE) | Bootstrapped CI 95% |
Fatigue (R
2
adj
= 0.05) | 5.83 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 2.02 | 0.99 | 1.58 | 0.72 | 0.39 (0.14) | [0.11, 0.65] |
Cognitive distress (R
2
adj
= 0.04) | 7.43 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 1.90 | 1.01 | 1.45 | 0.59 | 0.43 (0.13) | [0.18, 0.69] |
Hypoglycemia (R
2
adj
= 0.00) | 2.04 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 1.54 | 0.79 | 1.36 | 0.61 | 0.18 (0.12) | [−0.06, 0.42] |
Hyperglycemia (R
2
adj
= 0.04) | 4.77 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 2.00 | 0.98 | 1.60 | 0.72 | 0.35 (0.15) | [0.06, 0.64] |
Motivational profiles and PA behavior
Cluster analysis: Two-step procedure
Effects of motivational profiles on PA behavior
PA behavior | Univariate F-value (3, 159) | Eta2 | Motivational Profiles Mean (SD) | Posthoc (Bonneferonni) | Difference (SE) | Bootstrapped 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weekly MVPA (R
2
adj
= 0.22) | 4.35** | 0.24 | Self-Determined | vs Low Motivation | 50.29** (18.22) | [14.93, 86.08] |
167.91 (129.33) | vs High Introjected | 47.11* (21.27) | [5.08, 88.67] | |||
vs Non-Self-Determined | 93.29*** (23.15) | [46.59, 139.00] | ||||
High Introjected | vs Low Motivation | 3.19 (18.98) | [−32.53, 41.19] | |||
114.54 (116.61) | vs Non-Self-Determined | 46.18* (22.83) | [3.81, 92.96] | |||
Low Motivation | vs Non-Self-Determined | 43.00* (20.71) | [2.46, 84.16] | |||
101.54 (76.39) | ||||||
Non-Self-Determined | ||||||
55.01 (59.09) |
Motivational profiles | Observance of PA recommendations for adults with T2D | χ2 | Cramer’s V | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | ||||
Self-Determined | Observed frequency | 30 (41.7%)b | 42 (58.3%)a | 9.88* | .25* |
Expected frequency | 21.8 | 50.2 | |||
High Introjected | Observed frequency | 11 (27.5%)b | 29 (72.5%)b | ||
Expected frequency | 12.1 | 27.9 | |||
Low Motivation | Observed frequency | 8 (20.5%) b | 31 (79.5%)b | ||
Expected frequency | 11.8 | 27.2 | |||
Non-Self-Determined | Observed frequency | 1 (7.1%)b | 13 (92.9%)a | ||
Expected frequency | 4.2 | 9.8 |