Background
Inattention: | |
---|---|
• | Often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work or other activities |
• | Often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities |
• | Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly |
• | Often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores or duties in the workplace |
• | Often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities |
• | Often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort |
• | Often loses things necessary for tasks and activities |
• | Is Often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli |
• | Is Often forgetful in daily activities |
Hyperactivity/Impulsivity:
| |
• | Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat |
• | Often leaves seat in classroom or in other situations in which remaining seated is expected |
• | Often runs about or climbs excessively in situations in which it is inappropriate |
• | Often has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly |
• | Is Often ‘on the go’ or Often acts as if ‘driven by a motor’ |
• | Often talks excessively |
• | Often blurts out answers before questions have been completed |
• | Often has difficulty awaiting turn |
• | Often interrupts or intrudes on others |
Methods
Subjects
The Autism-Tics, ADHD and other Comorbidities inventory
Statistical analysis
Ethical consideration
Results
Prevalence of DCD and Perception disorder caseness by ADHD, ASD and CD status
ADHD screen-negative cases | ADHD screen-positive cases | ASD screen-negative cases | ASD screen-positive cases | CD screen-negative cases | CD screen-positive cases | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Motor problems | 14,449 | 1,218 | 15,426 | 249 | 15,143 | 530 |
94.4% | 73.1% | 93.7% | 47.6% | 92.80% | 79.70% | |
Motor problems | 854 | 448 | 1,034 | 274 | 1,177 | 135 |
5.6% | 26.9% | 6.3% | 52.4% | 7.2% | 20.3% | |
Total | 15,303 | 1,666 | 16,460 | 523 | 16,320 | 665 |
100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | |
Cross-table significance | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||
ADHD screen-negative cases
|
ADHD screen-positive cases
|
ASD screen-negative cases
|
ASD screen-positive cases
|
CD screen-negative cases
|
CD screen-positive cases
| |
No Perception problems | 15,230 | 1,478 | 16,369 | 350 | 16,135 | 585 |
99.5% | 88.7% | 99.4% | 66.9% | 98.9% | 88.0% | |
Perception problems | 73 | 188 | 91 | 173 | 185 | 80 |
0.5% | 11.3% | 0.6% | 33.1% | 1.1% | 12.0% | |
Total | 15,303 | 1,666 | 16,460 | 523 | 16,320 | 665 |
100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | |
Cross-table significance | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
CD screen-negative cases | CD screen-positive cases | Cases screen-negative for ADHD, ASD and CD | Cases screen-negative for ADHD and ASD but screen-positive for CD | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No Motor problems | 15,143 | 530 | 14,101 | 271 |
92.8% | 79.7% | 94.7% | 94.8% | |
Motor problems | 1,177 | 135 | 787 | 15 |
7.2% | 20.3% | 5.3% | 5.2% | |
Total | 16,320 | 665 | 14,888 | 286 |
100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | |
Cross-table significance | P < 0.001 | P = 1 | ||
No Perception problems | 16,135 | 585 | 14,839 | 283 |
98.9% | 88.0% | 99.7% | 99.0% | |
Perception problems | 185 | 80 | 49 | 3 |
1.1% | 12.0% | 0.3% | 1.0% | |
Total | 16,320 | 665 | 14,888 | 286 |
100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | |
Cross-table significance | P < 0.001 | P = 0.075 |
Correlations between caseness for: | Children born preterm | Full term born children |
P
|
---|---|---|---|
DCD/ADHD | rho = 0.25, n = 4,906 | rho = 0.22, n = 12,016 | 0.12 |
DCD/ASD | rho = 0.30, n = 4,912 | rho = 0.30, n = 12,024 | 0.92 |
DCD/CD | rho = 0.059, n = 4,912 | rho = 0.11, n = 12,026 | 0.003 |
Perception disorder/ADHD | rho = 0.25, n = 4,906 | rho = 0.26, n = 12,016 | 0.41 |
Perception disorder/ASD | rho = 0.42, n = 4,912 | rho = 0.48, n = 12,024 | < 0.001 |
Perception disorder/CD | rho = 0.078, n = 4,912 | rho = 0.21, n = 12,026 | < 0.001 |
Neurodevelopmental and behavioural problems associated with motor or perception dysfunction
BOYS | Motor problems | Perception problems | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Crude measures | Univariable model | Multivariable modela | Univariable model | Multivariable model | |||||||
N | Min to Max | Mean | SD. | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
B | 95% CI | B | 95% CI | B | 95% CI | B | 95% CI | |||||
ADHD | 8,643 | 0 to 19 | 2.34 | 3.32 | 1.22d | 1.20 to 1.24 | 1.12d | 1.09 to 1.15 | 1.38d | 1.34 to 1.42 | 1.12d | 1.06 to 1.18 |
0.20d | 0.18 to 0.22 | 0.11d | 0.09 to 0.14 | 0.32d | 0.30 to 0.35 | 0.11d | 0.06 to 0.16 | |||||
ASD | 8,643 | 0 to 17 | 0.91 | 1.71 | 1.53d | 1.46 to 1.60 | 1.38d | 1.30 to 1.46 | 1.92d | 1.81 to 2.04 | 1.74d | 1.60 to 1.89 |
0.42d | 0.38 to 0.47 | 0.32d | 0.26 to 0.38 | 0.65d | 0.59 to 0.71 | 0.55d | 0.47 to 0.64 | |||||
CD | 8,643 | 0 to 5 | 0.11 | 0.38 | 1.86d | 1.62 to 2.14 | 0.66d | 0.54 to 0.80 | 3.12d | 2.50 to 3.90 | 0.84 | 0.63 to 1.14 |
0.62d | 0.48 to 0.76 | -0.42d | -0.61 to -0.23 | 1.14d | 0.92 to 1.36 | -0.17 | -0.47 to 0.13 | |||||
GIRLS
|
Motor problems
|
Perception problems
| ||||||||||
ADHD | 8,310 | 0 to 19 | 1.45 | 2.51 | 1.26d | 1.23 to 1.29 | 1.15d | 1.10 to 1.19 | 1.43d | 1.37 to 1.49 | 1.22d | 1.13 to 1.32 |
0.23d | 0.21 to 0.26 | 0.14d | 0.10 to 0.18 | 0.36d | 0.32 to 0.40 | 0.20d | 0.12 to 0.28 | |||||
ASD | 8,310 | 0 to 14.5 | 0.55 | 1.14 | 1.70d | 1.60 to 1.82 | 1.48d | 1.36 to 1.62 | 2.00d | 1.82 to 2.20 | 1.62d | 1.42 to 1.86 |
0.53d | 0.47 to 0.60 | 0.40d | 0.31 to 0.48 | 0.69d | 0.60 to 0.79 | 0.49d | 0.35 to 0.62 | |||||
CD | 8,310 | 0 to 4.5 | 0.06 | 0.28 | 2.22d | 1.80 to 2.72 | 0.60c | 0.45 to 0.81 | 3.70d | 2.79 to 4.90 | 0.69 | 0.42 to 1.13 |
0.80d | 0.59 to 1.00 | -0.50c | -0.80 to -0.21 | 1.31d | 1.03 to 1.59 | -0.38 | -0.87 to 0.12 |
BOYS | Motor problems | Perception problems | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Crude measures | Univariable model | Multivariable model | Univariable model | Multivariable model | |||||||
N | Min to Max | Mean | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
SD | B | 95% CI | B | 95% CI | B | 95% CI | B | 95% CI | ||||
Concentration and Attention | 8,631 | 0 to 9 | 1.24 | 1.89 | 1.47d | 1.43 to 1.52 | 1.33d | 1.27 to 1.39 | 1.82d | 1.73 to 1.92 | 1.30d | 1.18 to 1.43 |
0.39d | 0.36 to 0.42 | 0.28d | 0.24 to 0.33 | 0.60d | 0.55 to 0.65 | 0.26d | 0.16 to 0.36 | |||||
Impulsiveness and Activity | 8,631 | 0 to 10 | 1.09 | 1.79 | 1.30d | 1.27 to 1.35 | 0.93b | 0.88 to 0.98 | 1.63d | 1.55 to 1.71 | 0.97 | 0.88 to 1.08 |
0.27d | 0.78 to 0.95 | -0.07b | -0.12 to 0.02 | 0.49d | 0.44 to 0.53 | -0.03 | -0.13 to 0.08 | |||||
Flexibility | 8,631 | 0 to 5 | 0.31 | 0.67 | 2.38d | 2.19 to 2.60 | 1.34d | 1.18 to 1.53 | 4.85d | 4.23 to 5.56 | 2.33d | 1.92 to 2.83 |
0.87d | 0.78 to 0.95 | 0.30d | 0.17 to 0.43 | 1.58d | 1.44 to 1.72 | 0.84d | 0.65 to 1.04 | |||||
Social Interaction | 8,631 | 0 to 6 | 0.31 | 0.67 | 2.35d | 2.14 to 2.58 | 1.18b | 1.01 to 1.37 | 3.99d | 3.50 to 4.56 | 1.42c | 1.15 to 1.75 |
0.85d | 0.76 to 0.95 | 0.16b | 0.01 to 0.31 | 1.39d | 1.25 to 1.52 | 0.35c | 0.14 to 0.56 | |||||
Language | 8,631 | 0 to 6 | 0.29 | 0.66 | 2.68d | 2.44 to 2.95 | 1.63d | 1.44 to 1.84 | 3.98d | 3.49 to 4.53 | 1.49d | 1.23 to 1.81 |
0.99d | 0.89 to 1.08 | 0.49d | 0.36 to 0.61 | 1.38d | 1.25 to 1.51 | 0.40d | 0.21 to 0.60 | |||||
CD | 8,631 | 0 to 5 | 0.11 | 0.38 | 1.86d | 1.62 to 2.15 | 0.77b | 0.64 to 0.94 | 3.16d | 2.53 to 3.94 | 0.94 | 0.70 to 1.26 |
0.62d | 0.48 to 0.76 | -0.26b | -0.45 to -0.06 | 1.15d | 0.93 to 1.37 | -0.06 | -0.36 to 0.23 | |||||
GIRLS
|
Motor problems
|
Perception problems
| ||||||||||
Concentration and Attention | 8,296 | 0 to 9 | 0.73 | 1.43 | 1.54d | 1.47 to 1.60 | 1.38d | 1.29 to 1.47 | 1.97d | 1.82 to 2.12 | 1.57d | 1.38 to 1.77 |
0.43d | 0.38 to 0.47 | 0.32d | 0.25 to 0.38 | 0.68 | 0.60 to 0.75 | 0.45 | 0.33 to 0.57 | |||||
Impulsiveness and Activity | 8,296 | 0 to 10 | 0.71 | 1.40 | 1.36d | 1.30 to 1.42 | 0.95 | 0.88 to 1.03 | 1.68d | 1.56 to 1.80 | 0.96 | 0.82 to 1.12 |
0.31d | 0.26 to 0.35 | -0.05 | -0.13 to 0.03 | 0.52 | 0.45 to 0.59 | -0.04 | -0.20 to 0.11 | |||||
Flexibility | 8,296 | 0 to 5 | 0.16 | 0.45 | 2.99d | 2.62 to 3.42 | 1.79d | 1.50 to 2.15 | 4.70d | 3.87 to 5.70 | 1.78d | 1.33 to 2.37 |
1.10d | 0.96 to 1.23 | 0.58d | 0.40 to 0.77 | 1.55 | 1.35 to 1.74 | 0.58 | 0.29 to 0.86 | |||||
Social Interaction | 8,296 | 0 to 5.5 | 0.20 | 0.50 | 2.59d | 2.28 to 2.93 | 1.17 | 0.95 to 1.44 | 4.30d | 3.62 to 5.10 | 1.54c | 1.11 to 2.14 |
0.95 | 0.83 to 1.08 | 0.16 | -0.06 to 0.37 | 1.46 | 1.29 to 1.63 | 0.43 | 0.11 to 0.76 | |||||
Language | 8296 | 0 to 5 | 0.18 | 0.46 | 2.88d | 2.52 to 3.30 | 1.54d | 1.29 to 1.83 | 4.22d | 3.42 to 5.21 | 1.49b | 1.06 to 2.09 |
1.06d | 0.92 to 1.19 | 0.43d | 0.26 to 0.60 | 1.44 | 1.23 to 1.65 | 0.40 | 0.06 to 0.74 | |||||
CD | 8296 | 0 to 4.5 | 0.06 | 0.28 | 2.19d | 1.78 to 2.69 | 0.65c | 0.48 to 0.87 | 3.68d | 2.77 to 4.89 | 0.74 | 0.44 to 1.22 |
0.78d | 0.58 to 0.99 | -0.43c | -0.73 to -0.14 | 1.30 | 1.02 to 1.59 | -0.31 | -0.81 to 0.20 |