Background
Methods
Study population and procedure
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Data collection
Statistical analyses
Results
Demographic data
Prevalence of symptoms
Gender–age differences in prevalence of symptoms in different body regions
Gender–age categories | P-value* | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Girls ≤13 years | Girls ≥14 years | Boys ≤13 years | Boys ≥14 years | ||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Pain at 1 location | |||||
Neck pain | 136 (28.9%) | 99 (27.2%) | 112 (31.0%) | 90 (23.6%) | 0.135 |
Shoulder pain | 108 (23.0%)a | 77 (21.2%)a | 87 (24.1%)a |
54 (14.2%)
b
|
0.003
|
Upper back pain | 84 (17.9%) | 64 (17.6%) | 83 (23.0%) | 67 (17.6%) | 0.164 |
Low back pain |
181 (38.5%)
a
| 111 (30.5%)b |
146 (40.4%)
a
| 105 (27.6%)b |
< 0.001
|
Pain at 2 locations | |||||
Neck/shoulder pain | 190 (40.4%)a | 145 (39.8%)a | 155 (42.9%)a |
116 (30.4%)
b
|
0.002
|
Shoulder/upper back pain | 166 (35.3%)a | 121 (33.2%)a,b | 136 (37.7%)a |
104 (27.3%)
b
|
0.018
|
Shoulder/low back pain |
222 (47.2%)
a,b
| 149 (40.9%)b,c |
191 (52.9%)
a
| 139 (36.5%)c |
< 0.001
|
Low back/upper back pain |
171 (36.4%)
a
| 101 (27.7%)b |
131 (36.3%)
a
| 108 (28.3%)b |
0.006
|
Neck/low back pain | 161 (34.3%) | 120 (33.0%) | 130 (36.0%) | 123 (32.3%) | 0.722 |
Neck/upper back pain | 150 (31.9%) | 99 (27.2%) | 101 (28.0%) | 95 (24.9%) | 0.145 |
Pain at 3 locations | |||||
Neck/shoulder/low back pain | 264 (56.2%)a,b | 193 (53.0%)b,c | 224 (62.0%)a |
178 (46.7%)
c
|
< 0.001
|
Neck/shoulder/upper back pain | 227 (48.3%)a | 170 (46.7%)a | 179 (49.6%)a |
147 (38.6%)
b
|
0.010
|
Neck/low back/upper back pain | 267 (56.8%)a,b | 182 (50.0%)b,c | 211 (58.4%)a |
180 (47.2%)
c
|
0.004
|
Shoulder/low back/upper back pain | 251 (53.4%)a,b | 172 (47.3%)b,c | 215 (59.6%)a |
170 (44.6%)
c
|
< 0.001
|
Pain at all 4 locations | |||||
Neck/shoulder/low back/upper back pain | 286 (60.9%)a,b | 206 (56.6%)b,c | 236 (65.4%)a |
197 (51.7%)
c
|
0.001
|
Choosing the number of latent classes in LCA
Class name | minor pain class | moderate pain class | major pain class |
---|---|---|---|
Membership probabilities (%) | 32.7% | 60.2% | 7.1% |
MSP | |||
Neck pain | < 0.01a | 0.36 | 0.88 |
Shoulder pain | 0.04 | 0.24 | 0.70 |
Upper back pain | < 0.01 | 0.24 | 0.65 |
Low back pain | 0.13 | 0.38 | 1.00 |
Gender–specific LCA modeling
Gender | Latent class | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
minor pain class | moderate pain class | major pain class | ||
Class Membership Probabilities (%) | Girl | 30.7% | 57.9% |
11.4%
|
Boy | 34.5% | 61.6% |
4.0%
| |
MSP | ||||
Neck pain | Girl | < 0.01 # | 0.35 |
0.84
|
Boy | < 0.01 | 0.35 |
0.94
| |
Shoulder pain | Girl | 0.02 | 0.27 |
0.61
|
Boy | 0.04 | 0.21 |
0.79
| |
Upper back pain | Girl | < 0.01 | 0.25 |
0.50
|
Boy | < 0.01 | 0.23 |
0.95
| |
Low back pain | Girl |
0.18
| 0.38 | 1.00 |
Boy |
0.08
| 0.36 | 1.00 |
Age–specific LCA modeling
Age (years) | Latent class | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
minor pain class | moderate pain class | major pain class | ||
Class Membership probabilities (%) | ≤ 13 | 29.1% | 63.9% | 7.0% |
≥ 14 | 61.4% | 33.3% | 5.3% | |
MSP | ||||
Neck pain | ≤ 13 | 0.07 # |
0.30
|
0.97
|
≥ 14 | < 0.01 |
0.71
|
0.70
| |
Shoulder pain | ≤ 13 | < 0.01 | 0.27 | 0.69 |
≥ 14 | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0.71 | |
Low back pain | ≤ 13 | 0.02 | 0.21 |
0.57
|
≥ 14 | 0.08 | 0.30 |
1.00
| |
Upper back pain | ≤ 13 |
< 0.01
| 0.44 | 1.00 |
≥ 14 |
0.24
| 0.42 | 1.00 |
Gender–age specific LCA
Gender-age categories | Latent class | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
minor pain class | moderate pain class | major pain class | ||
Class Membership Probabilities (%) | Girls ≤13 | 38.8% | 31.2% |
30.0%
|
Girls ≥14 | 35.5% |
59.7%
| 4.8% | |
Boys ≤13 | 28.6% | 36.7% |
34.7%
| |
Boys ≥14 |
77.8%
| 5.4% | 16.8% | |
MSP | ||||
Neck pain | Girls ≤13 | < 0.01# | 0.39 | 0.55 |
Girls ≥14 | 0.10 | 0.32 |
1.00
| |
Boys ≤13 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.67 | |
Boys ≥14 | 0.13 |
0.49
| 0.66 | |
Shoulder pain | Girls ≤13 | < 0.01 | 0.28 | 0.48 |
Girls ≥14 | 0.07 | 0.25 |
0.75
| |
Boys ≤13 | < 0.01 | 0.19 | 0.49 | |
Boys ≥14 | 0.03 |
1.00
| 0.39 | |
Low back pain | Girls ≤13 | 0.22 | < 0.01 |
1.00
|
Girls ≥14 | < 0.01 |
0.43
|
1.00
| |
Boys ≤13 |
0.63
| < 0.01 | 0.65 | |
Boys ≥14 | 0.22 | < 0.01 | 0.65 | |
Upper back pain | Girls ≤13 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 0.31 |
Girls ≥14 | < 0.01 | 0.23 |
0.87
| |
Boys ≤13 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.53 | |
Boys ≥14 | 0.09 | < 0.01 | 0.63 |