Background
Conceptual approach
Health impacts of exposure to multiple forms of discrimination
The current study
Methods
Data sources
Measures
Discrimination
Health and wellbeing measures
Other measures
Statistical analysis
Results
Survey instance (GSS Year) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2008 | 2010 | 2012 | ||||
n
| % |
n
| % |
n
| % | |
Total (n)
| 8721 | 100.0 | 8550 | 100.0 | 8462 | 100.0 |
Ethnicity
| ||||||
Māori | 972 | 11.1 | 947 | 11.1 | 1114 | 13.2 |
Pacific | 385 | 4.4 | 289 | 3.4 | 421 | 5.0 |
Asian | 540 | 6.2 | 571 | 6.7 | 647 | 7.6 |
European/Other | 6865 | 78.7 | 6779 | 79.3 | 6348 | 75.0 |
Age group
| ||||||
15–24 | 958 | 11.0 | 912 | 10.7 | 935 | 11.0 |
25–34 | 1277 | 14.6 | 1146 | 13.4 | 1217 | 14.4 |
35–44 | 1690 | 19.4 | 1652 | 19.3 | 1467 | 17.3 |
45–54 | 1547 | 17.7 | 1502 | 17.6 | 1519 | 18.0 |
55–64 | 1317 | 15.1 | 1359 | 15.9 | 1379 | 16.3 |
65–74 | 1021 | 11.7 | 1033 | 12.1 | 1074 | 12.7 |
75+ | 911 | 10.4 | 946 | 11.1 | 871 | 10.3 |
Gender
| ||||||
F | 4800 | 55.0 | 4773 | 55.8 | 4749 | 56.1 |
M | 3921 | 45.0 | 3777 | 44.2 | 3713 | 43.9 |
Education
| ||||||
No secondary qualification | 2296 | 26.3 | 2077 | 24.3 | 2041 | 24.1 |
At least secondary qualification | 6405 | 73.4 | 6459 | 75.5 | 6412 | 75.8 |
NZ Dep Quintiles
| ||||||
1 | 1561 | 17.9 | 1518 | 17.8 | 1418 | 16.8 |
2 | 1830 | 21.0 | 1784 | 20.9 | 1494 | 17.7 |
3 | 1890 | 21.7 | 1874 | 21.9 | 1534 | 18.1 |
4 | 1924 | 22.1 | 1898 | 22.2 | 2094 | 24.7 |
5 | 1488 | 17.1 | 1449 | 16.9 | 1922 | 22.7 |
Self-rated health
| ||||||
Poor/fair | 1286 | 14.7 | 1287 | 15.1 | 1344 | 15.9 |
Excellent/very good/good | 7435 | 85.3 | 7260 | 84.9 | 7112 | 84.0 |
Life satisfaction
| ||||||
[Very] dissatisfied | 660 | 7.6 | 617 | 7.2 | 599 | 7.1 |
[Very] satisfied/ No feeling either way | 8050 | 92.3 | 7926 | 92.7 | 7856 | 92.8 |
SF-12 Mental Health
| ||||||
Mean (95% CI) | 8655 | 52.4 (52.2, 52.7) | 8496 | 50.0 (49.7, 50.3) | 8405 | 50.2 (49.9, 50.5) |
Experience of discrimination
| ||||||
No discrimination | 7904 | 90.6 | 7694 | 90.0 | 7633 | 90.2 |
Racism only (R1) | 241 | 2.8 | 232 | 2.7 | 253 | 3.0 |
Racism plus one (R2) | 109 | 1.2 | 102 | 1.2 | 82 | 1.0 |
Racism 3+ (R3+) | 97 | 1.1 | 108 | 1.3 | 113 | 1.3 |
No R, one other (D1) | 242 | 2.8 | 282 | 3.3 | 262 | 3.1 |
No R, 2 others (D2) | 78 | 0.9 | 75 | 0.9 | 69 | 0.8 |
No R, 3 + (D3+) | 50 | 0.6 | 57 | 0.7 | 50 | 0.6 |
Reported basis for discrimination
Racism | Dress/appearance | Gender | Age | Disability | Marital status | Family | Sexual orientation | Occupation | Religion | Political | Other | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | n | |
Ethnic grouping
| |||||||||||||
Māori | 10.3 (8.1, 12.4) | 4.3 (2.8, 5.7) | 2.8 (1.5, 4.1) | 3.2 (1.9, 4.4) | 1.9 (0.9, 2.9) | 0.8 (0.3, 1.2) | 1.2 (0.6, 1.7) | 0.6 (0.0, 1.2) | 1.9 (0.7, 3.0) | 1.3 (0.3, 2.3) | 1.1 (0.4, 1.9) | 4.2 (2.4, 6.0) | 1114 |
Pacific | 9.0 (5.8, 12.1) | 2.5 (0.9, 4.0) | 1.8 (0.5, 3.2) | 1.6 (0.3, 2.8) | 1.2 (0.0, 2.5) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.3) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | 0.7 (0.0, 1.6) | 1.9 (0.3, 3.5) | 1.7 (0.3, 3.0) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.4) | 1.7 (0.4, 2.9) | 421 |
Asian | 14.1 (10.7, 17.6) | 2.8 (0.0, 5.7) | 1.4 (0.5, 2.4) | 2.3 (0.1, 4.6) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.4) | 1.3 (0.0, 3.5) | 0.3 (0.0, 0.7) | – | 2.1 (0.0, 4.4) | 2.3 (0.0, 4.7) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.5) | 1.4 (0.4, 2.4) | 647 |
Euro/Other | 3.1 (2.6, 3.6) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.7) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.6) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.0) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) | 1.8 (1.3, 2.2) | 6348 |
Gender
| |||||||||||||
Female | 5.1 (4.4, 5.8) | 1.9 (1.5, 2.4) | 2.0 (1.5, 2.5) | 1.8 (1.4, 2.3) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.7) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.4) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.4) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) | 2.0 (1.5, 2.6) | 4749 |
Male | 5.8 (4.7, 6.9) | 1.7 (1.0, 2.4) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.0) | 1.1 (0.5, 1.7) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.1) | 0.6 (0.0, 1.1) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.3) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) | 1.4 (0.8, 2.1) | 1.0 (0.4, 1.7) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.8) | 2.0 (1.4, 2.6) | 3713 |
Age group
| |||||||||||||
15–24 | 6.3 (4.1, 8.5) | 4.7 (2.6, 6.7) | 1.5 (0.7, 2.3) | 2.8 (1.1, 4.6) | 1.0 (0.2, 1.7) | 1.1 (0.0, 2.6) | 0.4 (0.1, 0.7) | 0.6 (0.1, 1.1) | 1.7 (0.2, 3.2) | 2.0 (0.2, 3.8) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.5) | 2.2 (1.1, 3.4) | 935 |
25–34 | 7.1 (5.4, 8.9) | 2.0 (1.1, 2.9) | 1.7 (0.9, 2.6) | 1.4 (0.7, 2.1) | 1.2 (0.5, 1.9) | 0.9 (0.4, 1.5) | 0.6 (0.1, 1.0) | 0.5 (0.0, 1.0) | 1.1 (0.4, 1.8) | 1.0 (0.3, 1.7) | 0.7 (0.1, 1.3) | 2.4 (1.5, 3.4) | 1217 |
35–44 | 6.6 (4.8, 8.4) | 1.5 (0.8, 2.2) | 1.9 (0.9, 2.8) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.0) | 1.2 (0.6, 1.8) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.2) | 0.7 (0.2, 1.1) | 0.5 (0.1, 0.9) | 0.9 (0.4, 1.5) | 0.8 (0.3, 1.3) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.5) | 2.6 (1.4, 3.8) | 1467 |
45–54 | 6.8 (5.1, 8.5) | 1.3 (0.7, 1.9) | 1.6 (0.9, 2.2) | 1.3 (0.5, 2.1) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.4) | 0.4 (0.1, 0.8) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.5) | 0.3 (0.0, 0.7) | 1.9 (0.9, 2.8) | 0.9 (0.4, 1.4) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.1) | 2.6 (1.3, 3.9) | 1519 |
55–64 | 3.3 (2.3, 4.4) | 0.8 (0.3, 1.3) | 1.1 (0.5, 1.8) | 1.8 (1.0, 2.5) | 1.1 (0.6, 1.6) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.1) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | 0.3 (0.0, 0.7) | 1.4 (0.6, 2.2) | 1.2 (0.4, 1.9) | 0.3 (0.0, 0.9) | 1.8 (0.9, 2.8) | 1379 |
65–74 | 3.0 (1.4, 4.6) | 0.3 (0.0, 0.8) | 0.3 (0.0, 0.5) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.6) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.4) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.4) | – | – | 0.3 (0.0, 0.7) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.5) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.5) | 0.4 (0.1, 0.7) | 1074 |
75+ | 0.7 (0.1, 1.3) | – | 0.3 (0.0, 0.8) | 1.0 (0.3, 1.8) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | – | – | – | – | 0.3 (0.0, 0.7) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.6) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.6) | 871 |
Education
| |||||||||||||
No secondary qualification | 4.6 (3.3, 5.9) | 1.9 (1.2, 2.6) | 1.2 (0.4, 2.0) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.4) | 1.3 (0.6, 1.9) | 0.5 (0.1, 0.9) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) | 0.3 (0.0, 0.6) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.3) | 0.8 (0.2, 1.4) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.3) | 2.0 (1.1, 2.8) | 2041 |
Secondary qualification | 5.7 (4.9, 6.4) | 1.8 (1.2, 2.3) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.7) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.1) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.6 (0.3, 0.9) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.6) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.7) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.5) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) | 2.0 (1.6, 2.5) | 6412 |
Quintile
| |||||||||||||
Quintile 1 | 3.6 (2.4, 4.8) | 0.7 (0.2, 1.2) | 1.2 (0.5, 1.8) | 0.8 (0.3, 1.2) | 0.3 (0.0, 0.5) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.3) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.5) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.5) | 0.7 (0.2, 1.1) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.4) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.0) | 1418 |
Quintile 2 | 4.0 (2.7, 5.3) | 0.7 (0.2, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.6) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.1) | 0.6 (0.2, 0.9) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.6) | 0.3 (0.0, 0.6) | 1.5 (0.7, 2.2) | 1.1 (0.3, 1.9) | 0.6 (0.0, 1.1) | 2.1 (0.9, 3.3) | 1494 |
Quintile 3 | 5.3 (4.1, 6.5) | 1.8 (1.0, 2.6) | 1.3 (0.7, 1.9) | 1.5 (0.8, 2.2) | 0.8 (0.3, 1.2) | 0.4 (0.1, 0.7) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.5) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.5) | 1.3 (0.5, 2.1) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.0) | 0.3 (0.0, 0.5) | 2.1 (1.1, 3.1) | 1534 |
Quintile 4 | 7.2 (5.5, 9.0) | 2.9 (1.2, 4.5) | 1.6 (0.9, 2.4) | 2.7 (1.3, 4.1) | 1.3 (0.8, 1.9) | 1.3 (0.1, 2.5) | 0.4 (0.1, 0.6) | 0.7 (0.2, 1.2) | 1.7 (0.4, 3.1) | 1.7 (0.4, 3.0) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.0) | 2.3 (1.4, 3.2) | 2094 |
Quintile 5 | 7.8 (6.2, 9.3) | 3.4 (2.2, 4.6) | 1.9 (1.2, 2.7) | 1.5 (0.9, 2.0) | 1.8 (1.1, 2.6) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.9) | 0.4 (0.1, 0.8) | 0.5 (0.1, 0.8) | 0.8 (0.2, 1.3) | 0.8 (0.3, 1.3) | 0.4 (0.1, 0.7) | 2.4 (1.7, 3.2) | 1922 |
Single and multiple discriminations
Total | Racism only (R1) | Racism plus one (R2) | Racism 3+ (R3+) | No R, one other (D1) | No R, 2 others (D2) | No R, 3 + (D3+) | None | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | |
Total (n) | 8462 | 253 | 3.1 (2.6, 3.6) | 82 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 113 | 1.4 (1.1, 1.8) | 262 | 2.9 (2.4, 3.4) | 69 | 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) | 50 | 0.5 (0.4, 0.7) | 7633 | 90.5 (89.5, 91.4) |
Ethnicity
| |||||||||||||||
Māori | 1114 | 44 | 3.9 (2.5, 5.4) | 27 | 2.1 (1.3, 3.0) | 41 | 4.2 (2.6, 5.7) | 44 | 4.0 (2.3, 5.7) | 16 | 1.1 (0.4, 1.8) | 6 | 0.3 (0.0, 0.7) | 936 | 84.3 (81.5, 87.1) |
Pacific | 421 | 24 | 4.2 (2.3, 6.1) | 6 | 1.6 (0.0, 3.2) | 17 | 3.1 (1.2, 5.1) | 6 | 1.1 (0.2, 1.9) | 4 | 0.4 (0.0, 0.9) | 0 | – | 364 | 89.6 (86.4, 92.8) |
Asian | 647 | 70 | 8.5 (6.3, 10.7) | 22 | 3.1 (1.6, 4.7) | 10 | 2.5 (0.3, 4.7) | 13 | 1.5 (0.7, 2.4) | 0 | – | 1 | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | 531 | 84.3 (80.7, 87.8) |
European/Other | 6348 | 118 | 2.0 (1.5, 2.4) | 30 | 0.4 (0.2, 0.5) | 52 | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | 200 | 3.1 (2.4, 3.7) | 49 | 0.7 (0.4, 0.9) | 43 | 0.7 (0.4, 0.9) | 5856 | 92.5 (91.7, 93.4) |
Age group
| |||||||||||||||
15–24 | 935 | 25 | 2.4 (1.3, 3.5) | 14 | 1.5 (0.5, 2.4) | 22 | 2.4 (0.7, 4.1) | 39 | 3.7 (2.2, 5.1) | 11 | 0.7 (0.2, 1.3) | 9 | 0.6 (0.2, 1.0) | 815 | 88.7 (85.6, 91.8) |
25–34 | 1217 | 41 | 3.9 (2.6, 5.2) | 19 | 1.7 (0.9, 2.5) | 22 | 1.5 (0.8, 2.3) | 35 | 2.3 (1.4, 3.2) | 14 | 0.9 (0.4, 1.5) | 10 | 0.8 (0.2, 1.3) | 1076 | 88.8 (86.8, 90.9) |
35–44 | 1467 | 58 | 3.9 (2.5, 5.3) | 13 | 0.6 (0.2, 0.9) | 32 | 2.1 (1.1, 3.1) | 47 | 3.2 (2.0, 4.5) | 9 | 0.4 (0.1, 0.7) | 7 | 0.4 (0.1, 0.8) | 1301 | 89.3 (87.1, 91.5) |
45–54 | 1519 | 68 | 4.5 (3.0, 5.9) | 17 | 1.0 (0.4, 1.5) | 20 | 1.4 (0.7, 2.1) | 57 | 3.6 (2.2, 5.0) | 15 | 0.8 (0.2, 1.3) | 14 | 0.6 (0.2, 1.0) | 1328 | 88.2 (86.0, 90.4) |
55–64 | 1379 | 35 | 2.0 (1.1, 2.9) | 13 | 0.7 (0.2, 1.1) | 12 | 0.7 (0.2, 1.2) | 54 | 3.5 (2.4, 4.6) | 16 | 0.9 (0.4, 1.5) | 8 | 0.6 (0.0, 1.2) | 1241 | 91.6 (89.7, 93.5) |
65–74 | 1074 | 19 | 2.2 (0.9, 3.5) | 6 | 0.5 (0.0, 1.0) | 4 | 0.3 (0.0, 0.7) | 18 | 1.3 (0.6, 1.9) | 4 | 0.2 (0.0, 0.4) | 1 | 0.1 (0.0, 0.3) | 1022 | 95.5 (93.7, 97.2) |
75+ | 871 | 7 | 0.4 (0.1, 0.8) | 0 | – | 1 | 0.3 (0.0, 0.8) | 12 | 1.0 (0.3, 1.6) | 0 | – | 1 | 0.2 (0.0, 0.6) | 850 | 98.2 (97.2, 99.1) |
Gender
| |||||||||||||||
F | 4749 | 125 | 2.4 (1.9, 2.9) | 45 | 1.0 (0.6, 1.3) | 79 | 1.7 (1.3, 2.1) | 154 | 3.1 (2.5, 3.8) | 44 | 0.8 (0.4, 1.1) | 31 | 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) | 4271 | 90.4 (89.2, 91.7) |
M | 3713 | 128 | 3.7 (2.8, 4.7) | 37 | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 34 | 1.1 (0.6, 1.7) | 108 | 2.7 (2.0, 3.4) | 25 | 0.5 (0.2, 0.7) | 19 | 0.5 (0.2, 0.7) | 3362 | 90.5 (89.1, 92.0) |
Education
| |||||||||||||||
No secondary qualification | 2041 | 49 | 2.5 (1.6, 3.4) | 21 | 1.0 (0.5, 1.5) | 20 | 1.1 (0.5, 1.8) | 57 | 2.7 (1.7, 3.6) | 11 | 0.6 (0.2, 1.1) | 8 | 0.5 (0.1, 0.8) | 1875 | 91.6 (89.9, 93.4) |
At least secondary qualification | 6412 | 204 | 3.2 (2.7, 3.8) | 61 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 93 | 1.5 (1.1, 1.9) | 205 | 3.0 (2.4, 3.5) | 58 | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) | 41 | 0.5 (0.3, 0.7) | 5750 | 90.2 (89.1, 91.2) |
NZ Dep Quintiles
| |||||||||||||||
1 | 1418 | 27 | 2.4 (1.3, 3.5) | 6 | 0.4 (0.1, 0.7) | 10 | 0.8 (0.2, 1.5) | 29 | 1.8 (1.0, 2.7) | 5 | 0.4 (0.0, 0.7) | 4 | 0.3 (0.0, 0.5) | 1337 | 94.0 (92.5, 95.5) |
2 | 1494 | 31 | 2.3 (1.4, 3.3) | 8 | 0.6 (0.0, 1.2) | 16 | 1.0 (0.5, 1.6) | 43 | 3.2 (1.8, 4.6) | 10 | 0.5 (0.2, 0.9) | 7 | 0.4 (0.0, 0.8) | 1379 | 91.9 (89.9, 93.9) |
3 | 1534 | 40 | 3.0 (2.0, 4.0) | 11 | 0.8 (0.3, 1.3) | 23 | 1.5 (0.8, 2.2) | 46 | 3.0 (1.8, 4.1) | 16 | 0.8 (0.4, 1.1) | 6 | 0.4 (0.1, 0.6) | 1392 | 90.6 (89.0, 92.3) |
4 | 2094 | 76 | 3.8 (2.7, 4.9) | 26 | 1.3 (0.7, 1.9) | 29 | 2.1 (0.8, 3.3) | 77 | 3.7 (2.5, 4.8) | 17 | 0.7 (0.2, 1.2) | 20 | 1.1 (0.5, 1.7) | 1849 | 87.3 (85.0, 89.7) |
5 | 1922 | 79 | 4.0 (3.0, 5.1) | 31 | 1.9 (1.0, 2.9) | 35 | 1.8 (1.1, 2.5) | 67 | 3.0 (2.0, 3.9) | 21 | 0.9 (0.4, 1.4) | 13 | 0.5 (0.2, 0.9) | 1676 | 87.8 (86.0, 89.7) |
Self-rated health
| |||||||||||||||
Poor/fair | 1344 | 56 | 3.9 (2.5, 5.3) | 15 | 1.4 (0.5, 2.3) | 36 | 2.9 (1.8, 4.1) | 60 | 4.2 (2.9, 5.4) | 24 | 1.6 (0.8, 2.4) | 18 | 1.2 (0.4, 2.0) | 1135 | 84.8 (82.5, 87.1) |
Excellent/very good/good | 7112 | 197 | 2.9 (2.4, 3.5) | 67 | 0.9 (0.6, 1.1) | 77 | 1.2 (0.8, 1.6) | 202 | 2.7 (2.2, 3.2) | 45 | 0.5 (0.3, 0.7) | 32 | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) | 6492 | 91.3 (90.4, 92.3) |
Life satisfaction
| |||||||||||||||
[Very] dissatisfied | 599 | 34 | 5.2 (3.1, 7.2) | 10 | 1.1 (0.1, 2.1) | 21 | 4.1 (2.0, 6.2) | 39 | 6.0 (3.5, 8.5) | 12 | 2.1 (0.7, 3.5) | 12 | 1.4 (0.5, 2.3) | 471 | 80.1 (76.4, 83.8) |
[Very] satisfied/ No feeling either way | 7856 | 219 | 2.9 (2.4, 3.5) | 72 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 92 | 1.3 (0.9, 1.6) | 223 | 2.7 (2.2, 3.2) | 57 | 0.6 (0.4, 0.7) | 38 | 0.5 (0.3, 0.6) | 7155 | 91.1 (90.2, 92.1) |
SF-12 Mental Health
| |||||||||||||||
Mean (95% CI) | 8405 | 47.3 | (45.5, 49.0) | 45.2 | (42.5, 47.9) | 41.8 | (39.5, 44.1) | 46.7 | (45.0, 48.5) | 41.5 | (37.3, 45.7) | 37.2 | (32.3, 42.1) | 50.7 | (50.4, 51.0) |
Multiple discrimination and health
Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Fair/poor self-rated health | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI |
Racism only (R1)
| 1.41 | 1.06, 1.89 | 1.63 | 1.21, 2.21 |
Racism plus one (R2)
| 1.94 | 1.34, 2.79 | 2.15 | 1.47, 3.19 |
Racism 3+ (R3)
| 2.04 | 1.42, 2.90 | 2.39 | 1.57, 3.64 |
No R, one other (D1)
| 1.78 | 1.28, 2.48 | 2.10 | 1.45, 3.04 |
No R, two others (D2)
| 3.01 | 2.07, 4.36 | 3.89 | 2.60, 5.83 |
No R, 3+ (D3)
| 2.67 | 1.72, 4.14 | 3.33 | 2.17, 5.09 |
Dissatisfied/very dissatisfied | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI |
Racism only (R1)
| 1.79 | 1.35, 2.36 | 1.94 | 1.44, 2.61 |
Racism plus one (R2)
| 2.21 | 1.37, 3.58 | 2.03 | 1.24, 3.32 |
Racism 3+ (R3)
| 3.02 | 2.12, 4.31 | 2.74 | 1.89, 3.96 |
No R, one other (D1)
| 2.66 | 2.07, 3.42 | 2.56 | 1.97, 3.33 |
No R, two others (D2)
| 3.78 | 2.23, 6.39 | 3.87 | 2.18, 6.89 |
No R, 3+ (D3)
| 4.18 | 2.66, 6.59 | 4.14 | 2.61, 6.57 |
Mental health | Mean difference | 95% CI | Mean difference | 95% CI |
Racism only (R1)
| −3.10 | −4.35, −1.86 | −3.16 | −4.30, −2.02 |
Racism plus one (R2)
| −5.30 | −7.04, −3.57 | −4.94 | −6.66, −3.21 |
Racism 3+ (R3)
| −6.55 | −9.04, −4.05 | −6.07 | −8.50, −3.65 |
No R, one other (D1)
| −4.23 | −5.25, −3.21 | −4.01 | −5.00, −3.02 |
No R, two others (D2)
| −6.36 | −11.15, −1.58 | −5.93 | −10.38, −1.49 |
No R, 3+ (D3)
| −11.76 | − 14.56, −8.95 | −11.33 | − 14.02, −8.63 |