Multivisceral IgG4-related disease presenting as recurrent massive gastrointestinal bleeding: a case report and literature review

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a relatively recently recognized chronic multi-organ autoimmune disease of unknown origin with a tendency to develop lesions at multiple sites throughout the body [1]. It is known to affect various organs including the bile duct, pancreas, gallbladder, liver, lungs and salivary glands. It is characterized by elevated IgG4 levels in the serum and the affected tissues, lymphoproliferative infiltration and sclerotic fibrosis [2, 3]. Other typical features are occlusive phlebitis and rising IgG4-plasma cells levels [4, 5]. Clinically, it mimics malignancy in some patients, especially those with liver and pancreatic lesions and is often thought to necessitate surgical resection, sometimes leading to over-treatment [6, 7]. To date, only a few isolated cases of digestive IgG4-RD have been reported.

A 52-year-old male from southwest China presented with obstructive jaundice for 3 years, melena for 5 months and hematemesis for 10 days. The patient had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus for 4 years, which was treated with metformin. The patient was a chronic tobacco (10 cigarettes per day) and alcohol consumer over the previous 20 years but had quit smoking and drinking for the past 3 years. Three years prior to admission to our hospital, he developed obstructive jaundice, which was investigated with abdominal computed tomography (CT) and revealed multiple hypodense lesions in the liver and pancreatic head mass. He underwent cholecystectomy, choledochojejunostomy and biopsies from the liver and pancreatic lesions. Histopathology revealed chronic cholecystitis with lymphocytic, plasmacytic and eosinophilic infiltration of the gallbladder, liver and pancreatic parenchyma.

The physical examination was unremarkable (height − 165 cm, weight – 50 kg). Laboratory tests revealed hemoglobin levels of 75 g/L, a platelet count of 80 × 10⁹/L, 30.0 g/L albumin levels, and serum potassium levels of 3.20 mmol/L (Table 1). The fecal occult blood was positive.

On the day of admission, the patient developed repeated painless hematemesis of about 2100 mL, which was associated with hypotension and tachycardia. He was resuscitated with intravenous, blood and norepinephrine infusions. Laboratory tests revealed hemoglobin levels of 47.5 g/L, platelet count levels of 38 × 10⁹ L and serum albumin 25.8 g /L. The day after admission, the patient again developed hematemesis of about 500 mL, for which he was treated with somatostatin, terlipressin and pantoprazole infusion. Sengstaken-Blakemore tube were placed to hemostasis by compression and tube feeding hemostatic medicine. After 4 days of medical intervention, the patient’s gastrointestinal bleeding gradually stopped. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a duodenal ulcer (A1 stage) with active bleeding, gastric mucosal erosions and esophageal varices (mild). Contrast enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen with three-dimensional reconstruction exposed multiple nodular dense shadows with dilatation of the main pancreatic duct in the tail region (Fig. 1d). Images of the liver showed numerous hypodense nodules with mild contrast enhancement, ascites and intrahepatic bile duct dilatation (Fig. 1a). Additionally, there were multiple enlarged lymph nodes in the hepatoduodenal ligament around the abdominal aorta (Fig. 1b) and mesenteric lymph nodes with bilateral pleural effusion (Fig. 1c). In view of the liver disease with portal hypertension and esophagogastric varices, a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure was performed under local anesthesia and regional portal hypertension, splenic vein and portal vein obstruction were detected. Subsequently, the patient re-bleed both 14 days and 20 days after admission, about 600 mL and 400 mL, respectively. The patient was treated with somatostatin, pantoprazole infusion and blood transfusion. Gastroscopy identified an ulcer (1.5 cm × 1.2 cm) in the anterior wall of the duodenal bulb that was not actively bleeding (Fig. 2a, Fig. 2b). Pathological examination of the ulcer biopsy verified a moderate degree of chronic mucosal inflammation.

When investigating the recurrent bleeds, serum IgG4(0.035–1.500 g/L)and IgG(8~ 15.5 g/L)were found to be 29.200 g/L and 24.50 g/ L respectively and IgG4 disease was suspected (Table 1). The patient’s prior surgical pathology specimens were retrieved for IgG4 immunohistochemical examination. Immunohistochemical staining revealed increased IgG-positive and IgG4-positive plasma cells in the liver lesions (IgG4 positive cells 30–60/ high power field (HPF); Fig. 3b), pancreas (IgG4 positive cells 30–80/HPF; Fig. 3d) and gallbladder (IgG4 positive cells 30–80/HPF; Fig. 3f). Staining of the duodenum ulcer biopsy also showed more than 100 IgG4-positive cells per HPF (Fig. 3h). Based on these findings, a definitive diagnosis of IgG4-RD was made.

The patient was administered 40 mg/d prednisone intravenously for 7 days without any side effects followed by oral prednisolone 40 mg/d for 1 week. Laboratory tests indicated a reduction in the serum IgG4 levels 8 days after initiating prednisone but the liver function continued to be impaired (Table 1). As the patient improved symptomatically, he was discharged on a regime of prednisolone and mycophenolate mofetil.

Since discharge until the time of writing, during the 11 monthly visits since starting steroid therapy, laboratory tests indicate significant improvements in the patient’s serum IgG4 subtype, liver function and hemogram tests (Table 1).

IgG4-RD was first described in patients with sclerosing cholangitis, known as autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) type I. Subsequently, IgG4-RD was found to affect other organs [6]. At present IgG4-RD is believed to be a systemic disease and diagnostic criteria for IgG4-RD [8, 9] include: (1) single or multiple organs with diffuse or localized swelling, masses, nodules and/or hypertrophic lesions; (2) elevated serum IgG4 levels (≥135 mg/dL); and (3) histopathologic features that include marked lymphocytic and plasma cell infiltration and fibrosis, with IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration (IgG4/IgG positive cell ratio of 40% and IgG4-positive plasma cells exceeding 10/HPF). Diagnosis of IgG4-related is confirmed when all of the following are fulfilled: (1), (2) and (3). Diagnosis is likely if criteria (1) + (3) are fulfilled, possible if (1) + (2) are fulfilled and unlikely if only (1) presents.

Notably, the biliary tract and pancreas are the organs most frequently affected by IgG4-RD [10]. Few studies have reported isolated cases of IgG4-RD in other digestive organs, such as in the esophagus, stomach, liver or duodenum [7].

A recent review of IgG4-RD cases reporting on gastrointestinal lesions showed that most patients present with multiple organ disease involvement, including the stomach, duodenum, liver, bile duct, esophagus, jejunum, lymph nodes and pancreas (Table 2). Six patients presented with obstructive jaundice as the main clinical manifestation [11‐16] and others presented with varied clinical symptoms [17‐28]. Gastrointestinal bleeding was not reported in any of the studies. Our patient had recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding due to a duodenal ulcer. The ulcer failed to heal with standard treatment. Serum IgG4 was elevated in most of the cases reviewed, similar to our case, though was normal in three reports [11, 13, 17] and was not reported in two cases [11, 18]. The diagnosis of IgG4-RD was based on a combination of features that include clinical parameters, serology, immunohistochemistry, imaging and histopathology. In the present case, the diagnosis of IgG4-RD was initially missed in the histological analysis of the liver and pancreatic biopsy and gallbladder samples. When IgG4-RD was suspected based on the clinical and laboratory findings, IgG4 immunostaining was undertaken and the IgG4-RD diagnosis was confirmed. In our literature review, there were eight patients treated through surgery, 10 patients by corticosteroids, two were given corticosteroids after surgery, and in two patient studies, the treatment course was not reported (Table 2). Our patient responded partially to steroid therapy and required other immunosuppressive agents for a complete and successful response.

IgG4-RD can affect multiple gastrointestinal organs simultaneously or over different time periods. The clinical manifestations can mimic malignancy or other benign diseases such as portal hypertension, acid peptic disease. A high index of suspicion is required to make an accurate diagnosis and avoid unnecessary surgical interventions.