nach oben

06.12.2024 | Review Article

Nanomedicine in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: bypassing the blood-brain barrier with cutting-edge nanotechnology

verfasst von: Nana Dong, Payam Ali-Khiavi, Nima Ghavamikia, SeyedAbbas Pakmehr, Farzaneh Sotoudegan, Ahmed Hjazi, Morad Kohandel Gargari, Homa Kohandel Gargari, Parisa Behnamrad, Mohammadreza Rajabi, Anis Elhami, Hossein Saffarfar, Mehrdad Nourizadeh

Erschienen in: Neurological Sciences

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains a formidable challenge in the field of neurodegenerative disorders, necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies. Nanomedicine, leveraging nanomaterials, has emerged as a promising avenue for AD treatment, with a key emphasis on overcoming the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to enhance drug delivery efficiency. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in the application of nanomaterials for AD therapy, highlighting their unique properties and functions. The blood-brain barrier, a complex physiological barrier, poses a significant hurdle for traditional drug delivery to the brain. Nanomedicine addresses this challenge by utilizing various nanomaterials such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and metal nanoparticles. These nanocarriers enable improved drug bioavailability, sustained release, and targeted delivery to specific brain regions affected by AD pathology. The review discusses the diverse range of nanomaterials employed in AD treatment, exploring their capacity to encapsulate therapeutic agents, modulate drug release kinetics, and enhance drug stability. Additionally, the multifunctionality of nanomaterials allows for simultaneous imaging and therapy, facilitating early diagnosis and intervention. Key aspects covered include the interaction of nanomaterials with Aβ aggregates, the role of antioxidants in mitigating oxidative stress, and the potential of nanomedicine in alleviating neuroinflammation associated with AD. Furthermore, the safety, biocompatibility, and toxicity profiles of various nanomaterials are scrutinized to ensure their clinical applicability. In conclusion, this review underscores the pivotal role of nanomedicine and nanomaterials in revolutionizing AD treatment strategies. By specifically addressing BBB challenges, these innovative approaches offer new avenues for targeted drug delivery and improved therapeutic outcomes in the complex landscape of Alzheimer’s disease.

Puranik N, Yadav D, Song M (2023) Advancements in the application of Nanomedicine in Alzheimer’s Disease: a therapeutic perspective. Int J Mol Sci 24:14044. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814044CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Mir Najib Ullah SN, Afzal O, Altamimi ASA, Ather H, Sultana S, Almalki WH et al (2023) Nanomedicine in the management of Alzheimer’s Disease: state-of-the-art. Biomedicines 11:1752. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11061752CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Rathor P (2024) Metabolomic of neurodegenerative disorder: Alzheimer’s disease. Compr Anal Chem. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.coac.2023.09.011CrossRef

Akhtar MS, Khobrani M, Pottoo FH, ur Rahman J (2023) Alzheimer’s disease: Pathogenesis and therapeutics advancements targeting potential neurotransmitters and neuronal peptides. Neurochem Syst Signal Mol Networks 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429265198-7

Castellani RJ, Plascencia-Villa G, Perry G, Handb, Neurotoxicity (2023) Second Ed., 3, p. 1709–1728. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15080-7_162

Sensi SL, Russo M, Tiraboschi P (2023) Biomarkers of diagnosis, prognosis, pathogenesis, response to therapy: convergence or divergence? Lessons from Alzheimer’s disease and synucleinopathies. Handb Clin Neurol 192:187–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85538-9.00015-8CrossRefPubMed

Mir FA, Rizvi ZA (2019) Neurobiological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Biol. Diagnostic ther. Adv. Alzheimer’s Dis. Springer Singapore, Singapore, pp 235–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9636-6_13CrossRef

Bhaskar K, Lamb BT (2012) The Role of Aβ and Tau Oligomers in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Non-fibrillar Amyloidogenic Protein Assem. - Common Cytotoxins Underlying Degener. Dis., vol. 9789400727, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; pp. 135–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2774-8_5

Wang H-Y, Khan A (2020) Aβ42-α7-like nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and Alzheimer’s disease. Genet Neurol Behav Diet Dement 457–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815868-5.00029-3

10.

Serrano E, Sanz PG, Barrantes FJ (2021) The Impact of Apolipoprotein E Allelic Variants on Alzheimer’s Disease. Psychiatry Neurosci. Updat., Cham: Springer International Publishing; pp. 397–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61721-9_29

11.

Hodges J, Dementia. (2017) CRC Press; https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315381572

12.

Taléns-Visconti R, de Julián-Ortiz JV, Vila-Busó O, Diez-Sales O, Nácher A (2023) Intranasal Drug Administration in Alzheimer-Type Dementia: towards clinical applications. Pharmaceutics 15:1399. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15051399CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

13.

Nystuen KL, McNamee SM, Akula M, Holton KM, DeAngelis MM, Haider NB (2024) Alzheimer’s Disease: models and molecular mechanisms informing Disease and treatments. Bioengineering 11:45. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11010045CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

14.

Yu SP, Jiang MQ, Shim SS, Pourkhodadad S, Wei L (2023) Extrasynaptic NMDA receptors in acute and chronic excitotoxicity: implications for preventive treatments of ischemic stroke and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurodegener 18:43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-023-00636-1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

15.

Hussain A, Bloemer J (2023) Side effects of drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Side Eff Drugs Annu 45:27–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.seda.2023.08.018CrossRef

16.

Shao X, Yan C, Wang C, Wang C, Cao Y, Zhou Y et al (2022) Advanced nanomaterials for modulating Alzheimer’s related amyloid aggregation. Nanoscale Adv 5:46–80. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2na00625aCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

17.

Yadav VK, Choudhary N, Gacem A, Verma RK, Abul Hasan M, Tarique Imam M et al (2023) Deeper insight into ferroptosis: association with Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease, and brain tumors and their possible treatment by nanomaterials induced ferroptosis. Redox Rep 28:2269331. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510002.2023.2269331CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

18.

Abdullah S, Al, Najm L, Ladouceur L, Ebrahimi F, Shakeri A, Al-Jabouri N et al (2023) Functional nanomaterials for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease: recent progress and future perspectives. Adv Funct Mater 33:202302673. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202302673CrossRef

19.

Yin T, Liu Y, He B, Gong B, Chu J, Gao C et al (2023) Cell primitive-based biomimetic nanomaterials for Alzheimer’s disease targeting and therapy. Mater Today Bio 22:100789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100789CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

20.

Alkhalifa AE, Al-Ghraiybah NF, Odum J, Shunnarah JG, Austin N, Kaddoumi A (2023) Blood–brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer’s Disease: mechanisms and targeted strategies. Int J Mol Sci 24:16288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216288CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

21.

Gupta S, Dhanda S, Sandhir R (2019) Anatomy and physiology of blood-brain barrier. Brain Target Drug Deliv Syst 7–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814001-7.00002-0

22.

Bors LA, Erdő F (2021) The blood-brain barrier in aging. Factors Affect. Neurol. Aging, Elsevier; pp. 439–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817990-1.00038-X

23.

Vatsa P, Pant AB (2022) Application of Organ-on-Chip in blood brain barrier model. Microfluid. Multi organs Chip. Springer Nature Singapore, Singapore, pp 589–626. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1379-2_24CrossRef

24.

Waithe OY, Shaji CA, Childs EW, Tharakan B (2024) Determination of blood-brain barrier hyperpermeability using Intravital Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2711:117–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3429-5_10CrossRefPubMed

25.

Scalise AA, Kakogiannos N, Zanardi F, Iannelli F, Giannotta M (2021) The blood–brain and gut–vascular barriers: from the perspective of claudins. Tissue Barriers 9:1926190. https://doi.org/10.1080/21688370.2021.1926190CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Nasyrova RF, Shnayder NA, Osipova SM, Khasanova AK, Efremov IS, Al-Zamil M et al (2023) Genetic predictors of antipsychotic efflux impairment via blood-brain barrier: role of Transport proteins. Genes (Basel) 14:1085. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14051085CrossRefPubMed

27.

Latif S, Kang Y-S (2022) Blood–brain barrier solute Carrier transporters and Motor Neuron Disease. Pharmaceutics 14:2167. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14102167CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

28.

Parvez MM, Sadighi A, Ahn Y, Keller SF, Enoru JO (2023) Uptake transporters at the blood–brain barrier and their role in Brain Drug Disposition. Pharmaceutics 15:2473. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15102473CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

29.

Bhavsar N, Saxena B, Shah J (2022) Blood-brain barrier and central nervous system drug delivery: challenges and opportunities. Nanocarriers for drug-targeting brain tumors. 31–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90773-6.00005-1

30.

Omidi Y, Omidian H, Kwon Y, Castejon A (2022) Blood–brain barrier and nanovesicles for brain-targeting drug delivery. Appl Nanovesicular Drug Deliv 167–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91865-7.00007-9

31.

Helms HCC, Kristensen M, Saaby L, Fricker G, Brodin B (2022) Drug delivery strategies to overcome the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Handb Exp Pharmacol 273:151–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/164_2020_403CrossRefPubMed

32.

Kawahata I, Fukunaga K (2023) Endocytosis of dopamine receptor: signaling in brain. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 196:99–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.09.005CrossRefPubMed

33.

Xiao G, Gan L-S (2013) Receptor-mediated endocytosis and brain delivery of Therapeutic Biologics. Int J Cell Biol 2013:703545. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/703545CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

34.

Mazahir F, Yadav AK (2022) Recent trends in Nano-Particulate carriers for the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. CNS Neurol Disord - Drug Targets 22:477–499. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871527321666220420133059CrossRef

35.

Oh JY, Yang G, Choi E, Ryu JH (2022) Mesoporous silica nanoparticle-supported nanocarriers with enhanced drug loading, encapsulation stability, and targeting efficiency. Biomater Sci 10:1448–1455. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2bm00010eCrossRefPubMed

36.

Samananda Singh L (2024) Nano-Emulsion encapsulation for the efficient delivery of bacteriophage therapeutics. Biologicals 85:101725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biologicals.2023.101725CrossRefPubMed

37.

Danaei M, Dehghankhold M, Ataei S, Hasanzadeh Davarani F, Javanmard R, Dokhani A et al (2018) Impact of particle size and Polydispersity Index on the clinical applications of Lipidic Nanocarrier systems. Pharmaceutics 10:57. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics10020057CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Bazi Alahri M, Jibril Ibrahim A, Barani M, Arkaban H, Shadman SM, Salarpour S et al (2023) Management of Brain Cancer and Neurodegenerative disorders with polymer-based nanoparticles as a biocompatible platform. Molecules 28:841. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020841CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

39.

Martano S, De Matteis V, Cascione M, Rinaldi R (2022) Inorganic nanomaterials versus polymer-based nanoparticles for overcoming neurodegeneration. Nanomaterials 12:2337. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12142337CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

40.

Calzoni E, Cesaretti A, Polchi A, Di Michele A, Tancini B, Emiliani C (2019) Biocompatible polymer nanoparticles for drug delivery applications in Cancer and neurodegenerative disorder therapies. J Funct Biomater 10:4. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb10010004CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

41.

Behera A, Sa N, Pradhan SP, Swain S, Sahu PK (2023) Metal nanoparticles in Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimer’s Dis Rep 7:791–810. https://doi.org/10.3233/ADR-220112CrossRef

42.

Zhang X, Hu H, Li Q, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Zhao S et al (2024) Cascade-targeting multifunctional nanochaperone remodels brain microenvironment for synergistic therapy of Alzheimer’s disease. Nano Today 55:102168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2024.102168CrossRef

43.

Huang Q, Jiang C, Xia X, Wang Y, Yan C, Wang X et al (2023) Pathological BBB Crossing Melanin-like Nanoparticles as metal-ion chelators and Neuroinflammation regulators against Alzheimer’s Disease. Research 6:0180. https://doi.org/10.34133/research.0180CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

44.

Han Y, Yi H, Wang Y, Li Z, Chu X, Jiang JH (2022) Ultrathin zinc selenide nanoplatelets boosting photoacoustic imaging of in situ Copper Exchange in Alzheimer’s Disease mice. ACS Nano 16:19053–19066. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c08094CrossRefPubMed

45.

Gong L, Zhang X, Ge K, Yin Y, Machuki JO, Yang Y et al (2021) Carbon Nitride-based nanocaptor: an intelligent nanosystem with metal ions chelating effect for enhanced magnetic targeting phototherapy of Alzheimer’s disease. Biomaterials 267:120483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120483CrossRefPubMed

46.

Javed I, Peng G, Xing Y, Yu T, Zhao M, Kakinen A et al (2019) Inhibition of amyloid beta toxicity in zebrafish with a chaperone-gold nanoparticle dual strategy. Nat Commun 10:3780. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11762-0CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

47.

Girigoswami A, Ramalakshmi M, Akhtar N, Metkar SK, Girigoswami K (2019) ZnO Nanoflower petals mediated amyloid degradation - an in vitro electrokinetic potential approach. Mater Sci Eng C 101:169–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.086CrossRef

48.

Yang L, Yin T, Liu Y, Sun J, Zhou Y, Liu J (2016) Gold nanoparticle-capped mesoporous silica-based H2O2-responsive controlled release system for Alzheimer’s disease treatment. Acta Biomater 46:177–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2016.09.010CrossRefPubMed

49.

Ordóñez-Gutiérrez L, Wandosell F (2020) Nanoliposomes as a Therapeutic Tool for Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Synaptic Neurosci 12:20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsyn.2020.00020CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

50.

Antimisiaris SG (2014) Potential of nanoliposomes for the therapy and/or diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: recent progress. Clin Lipidol 9:477–481. https://doi.org/10.2217/clp.14.33CrossRef

51.

Danaei M, Kalantari M, Raji M, Samareh Fekri H, Saber R, Asnani GP et al (2018) Probing nanoliposomes using single particle analytical techniques: effect of excipients, solvents, phase transition and zeta potential. Heliyon 4:e01088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01088CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

52.

Zoghi A, Khosravi-Darani K, Omri A (2018) Process variables and design of experiments in Liposome and Nanoliposome Research. Mini-Reviews Med Chem 18:324–344. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389557516666161031120752CrossRef

53.

Zhou Y, Zhang G, Rao Z, Yang Y, Zhou Q, Qin H et al (2015) Increased brain uptake of venlafaxine loaded solid lipid nanoparticles by overcoming the efflux function and expression of P-gp. Arch Pharm Res 38:1325–1335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-014-0539-6CrossRefPubMed

54.

Chen MH, Liu XZ, Qu XW, Guo RB, Zhang L, Kong L et al (2023) ApoE-modified liposomes encapsulating resveratrol and salidroside alleviate manifestations of Alzheimer’s disease in APP/PS-1 mice. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 49:559–571. https://doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2023.2252062CrossRefPubMed

55.

Sierri G, Dal Magro R, Vergani B, Leone BE, Formicola B, Taiarol L et al (2021) Reduced levels of ABCA1 transporter are responsible for the Cholesterol Efflux Impairment in β-Amyloid-Induced reactive astrocytes: potential rescue from biomimetic HDLs. Int J Mol Sci 23:102. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010102CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

56.

Vecchio F, Lo, Bisceglia P, Imbimbo B, Pietro, Lozupone M, Latino RR, Resta E et al (2022) Are apolipoprotein E fragments a promising new therapeutic target for Alzheimer’s disease? Ther Adv Chronic Dis 13:20406223221081604. https://doi.org/10.1177/20406223221081605CrossRef

57.

Conti E, Gregori M, Radice I, Da Re F, Grana D, Re F et al (2017) Multifunctional liposomes interact with Abeta in human biological fluids: therapeutic implications for Alzheimer’s disease. Neurochem Int 108:60–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2017.02.012CrossRefPubMed

58.

Mancini S, Balducci C, Micotti E, Tolomeo D, Forloni G, Masserini M et al (2017) Multifunctional liposomes delay phenotype progression and prevent memory impairment in a presymptomatic stage mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Control Release 258:121–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.05.013CrossRefPubMed

59.

Brianna AA, Teow S-Y, Wu YS (2024) Nanogel-based drug delivery system as a treatment modality for diverse diseases: are we there yet? J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 91:105224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2023.105224CrossRef

60.

Devassy G, Das D, Nair SV, Koyakutty M (2023) Injectable nanogel systems for brain drug delivery. Precis Nanomed 6:1078–1098. https://doi.org/10.33218/001c.88217CrossRef

61.

Arjun P, Freeman JL, Kannan RR (2022) Neurospecific fabrication and toxicity assessment of a PNIPAM nanogel encapsulated with trans-tephrostachin for blood-brain-barrier permeability in zebrafish model. Heliyon 8:e10237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10237CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

62.

Ye C, Cheng M, Ma L, Zhang T, Sun Z, Yu C et al (2022) Oxytocin Nanogels inhibit innate inflammatory response for early intervention in Alzheimer’s Disease. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 14:21822–21835. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c00007CrossRefPubMed

63.

Zhao G, Dong X, Sun Y (2019) Self-assembled Curcumin-Poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) conjugates: potent Nano-inhibitors against amyloid β-Protein fibrillogenesis and cytotoxicity. Langmuir 35:1846–1857. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01921CrossRefPubMed

64.

Picone P, Sabatino MA, Ditta LA, Amato A, San Biagio PL, Mulè F et al (2018) Nose-to-brain delivery of insulin enhanced by a nanogel carrier. J Control Release 270:23–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.11.040CrossRefPubMed

65.

Picone P, Ditta LA, Sabatino MA, Militello V, San Biagio PL, Di Giacinto ML et al (2016) Ionizing radiation-engineered nanogels as insulin nanocarriers for the development of a new strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Biomaterials 80:179–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.11.057CrossRefPubMed

66.

Jiang Z, Dong X, Yan X, Liu Y, Zhang L, Sun Y (2018) Nanogels of dual inhibitor-modified hyaluronic acid function as a potent inhibitor of amyloid β-protein aggregation and cytotoxicity. Sci Rep 8:3505. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21933-6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

67.

Jiang Z, Dong X, Liu H, Wang Y, Zhang L, Sun Y (2016) Multifunctionality of self-assembled nanogels of curcumin-hyaluronic acid conjugates on inhibiting amyloid β-protein fibrillation and cytotoxicity. React Funct Polym 104:22–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.04.019CrossRef

68.

Dan S, Sharma D, Rastogi K, Shaloo, Ojha H, Pathak M et al (2022) Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of nanocomposites in the treatment Alzheimer’s disease studies. Biointerface Res Appl Chem 12:940–960. https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC121.940960CrossRef

69.

Wang H, Han M, Li J, Hu Y, Chen Y, Li J (2023) Versatile lipoprotein-inspired nanocomposites rescue Alzheimer’s cognitive dysfunction by promoting Aβ degradation and lessening oxidative stress. Nanoscale 15:15717–15729. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3nr03346eCrossRefPubMed

70.

Qi X, Ye P, Xie M (2023) MoS2 quantum dots based on lipid drug delivery system for combined therapy against Alzheimer’s disease. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 82:104324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104324CrossRef

71.

Ren Q, Chen H, Chen Y, Song Z, Ouyang S, Lian S et al (2023) Imine-Linked Covalent Organic Framework modulates oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s Disease. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 15:4947–4958. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c19839CrossRefPubMed

72.

Han G, Bai K, Yang X, Sun C, Ji Y, Zhou J et al (2022) Drug-carrier synergy therapy for Amyloid‐ β clearance and inhibition of tau phosphorylation via Biomimetic lipid Nanocomposite Assembly. Adv Sci 9:2106072. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202106072CrossRef

73.

Ge K, Mu Y, Liu M, Bai Z, Liu Z, Geng D et al (2022) Gold nanorods with spatial separation of CeO2 deposition for Plasmonic-enhanced antioxidant stress and Photothermal Therapy of Alzheimer’s Disease. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 14:3662–3674. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c17861CrossRefPubMed

74.

Li C, Wang N, Zheng G, Yang L (2021) Oral administration of resveratrol-selenium-peptide nanocomposites alleviates Alzheimer’s Disease-like pathogenesis by inhibiting Aβ aggregation and regulating gut microbiota. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 13:46406–46420. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c14818CrossRefPubMed

75.

Ma L, Yang S, Ma Y, Chen Y, Wang Z, James TD et al (2021) Benzothiazolium derivative-capped silica nanocomposites for β-Amyloid ImagingIn vivo. Anal Chem 93:12617–12627. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02289CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

76.

Qi Y, Yi P, He T, Song X, Liu Y, Li Q et al (2020) Quercetin-loaded selenium nanoparticles inhibit amyloid-β aggregation and exhibit antioxidant activity. Colloids Surf Physicochem Eng Asp 602:125058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125058CrossRef

77.

Tran T-K, Nguyen M-K, Lin C, Hoang T-D, Nguyen T-C, Lone AM et al (2024) Review on fate, transport, toxicity and health risk of nanoparticles in natural ecosystems: emerging challenges in the modern age and solutions toward a sustainable environment. Sci Total Environ 912:169331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169331CrossRefPubMed

78.

Sharma R, Sharma N, Prashar A, Hansa A, Asgari Lajayer B, Price GW (2024) Unraveling the plethora of toxicological implications of nanoparticles on living organisms and recent insights into different remediation strategies: a comprehensive review. Sci Total Environ 906:167697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167697CrossRefPubMed

79.

Mishra S, Sundaram B (2023) Fate, transport, and toxicity of nanoparticles: an emerging pollutant on biotic factors. Process Saf Environ Prot 174:595–607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2023.04.037CrossRef

80.

Bhardwaj LK, Rath P, Choudhury M (2023) A Comprehensive Review on the classification, uses, sources of nanoparticles (NPs) and their toxicity on Health. Aerosol Sci Eng 7:69–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41810-022-00163-4CrossRef

81.

Bi J, Mo C, Li S, Huang M, Lin Y, Yuan P et al (2023) Immunotoxicity of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles: from toxic mechanisms to metabolism and outcomes. Biomater Sci 11:4151–4183. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3bm00271cCrossRefPubMed

82.

Awashra M, Młynarz P (2023) The toxicity of nanoparticles and their interaction with cells: an in vitro metabolomic perspective. Nanoscale Adv 5:2674–2723. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2na00534dCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

83.

Saweres-Argüelles C, Ramírez-Novillo I, Vergara-Barberán M, Carrasco-Correa EJ, Lerma-García MJ, Simó-Alfonso EF (2023) Skin absorption of inorganic nanoparticles and their toxicity: a review. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 182:128–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.12.010CrossRefPubMed

84.

Vidyasagar N, Patel RR, Singh SK, Singh M (2023) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: methods, biological applications, delivery and toxicity. Mater Adv 4:1831–1849. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ma01105kCrossRef

85.

Hu W, Wang C, Gao D, Liang Q (2023) Toxicity of transition metal nanoparticles: a review of different experimental models in the gastrointestinal tract. J Appl Toxicol 43:32–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.4320CrossRefPubMed

86.

De Berardis B, Marchetti M, Risuglia A, Ietto F, Fanizza C, Superti F (2020) Exposure to airborne gold nanoparticles: a review of current toxicological data on the respiratory tract. J Nanoparticle Res 22:235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-020-04966-9CrossRef

87.

Shah MM, Ahmad K, Ahmad B, Shah SM, Masood H, Siddique MAR et al (2022) Recent trends in green synthesis of silver, gold, and zinc oxide nanoparticles and their application in nanosciences and toxicity: a review. Nanotechnol Environ Eng 7:907–922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41204-022-00287-5CrossRef

88.

Sani A, Cao C, Cui D (2021) Toxicity of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs): a review. Biochem Biophys Rep 26:100991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100991CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

89.

Talarska P, Boruczkowski M, Żurawski J (2021) Current knowledge of silver and gold nanoparticles in Laboratory Research—Application, Toxicity, Cellular Uptake. Nanomaterials 11:2454. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11092454CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

90.

Pardeshi SR, Nikam A, Chandak P, Mandale V, Naik JB, Giram PS (2023) Recent advances in PLGA based nanocarriers for drug delivery system: a state of the art review. Int J Polym Mater Polym Biomater 72:49–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/00914037.2021.1985495CrossRef

91.

Pardridge WM (2011) Drug transport in brain via the cerebrospinal fluid. Fluids Barriers CNS 8:7. https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-8118-8-7CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

92.

Dhuria SV, Hanson LR, Frey WH (2009) Intranasal drug targeting of hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) to the central nervous system. J Pharm Sci 98:2501–2515. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.21604CrossRefPubMed

93.

Mistry A, Stolnik S, Illum L (2015) Nose-to-brain delivery: investigation of the transport of nanoparticles with different surface characteristics and sizes in excised porcine olfactory epithelium. Mol Pharm 12:2755–2766. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00088CrossRefPubMed

94.

Thorne RG, Frey WH (2001) Delivery of neurotrophic factors to the central nervous system: pharmacokinetic considerations. Clin Pharmacokinet 40:907–946. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200140120-00003CrossRefPubMed

95.

Finger TE, Böttger B, Schaefer ML, Silver WL (2002) Trigeminal collaterals in the nasal epithelium and olfactory bulb: a potential route for direct modulation of olfactory information by trigeminal stimuli. J Comp Neurol 444:221–226. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.10143CrossRefPubMed

96.

Johnson NJ, Hanson LR, Frey WH (2010) Trigeminal pathways deliver a low molecular weight drug from the nose to the brain and orofacial structures. Mol Pharm 7:884–893. https://doi.org/10.1021/mp100029tCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

97.

Jones DS, Craig DQM (2010) The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology– four years on. J Pharm Pharmacol 56:1–2. https://doi.org/10.1211/0022357022764CrossRef

98.

Arora P, Sharma S, Garg S (2002) Permeability issues in nasal drug delivery. Drug Discov Today 7:967–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6446(02)02452-2CrossRefPubMed

99.

Al-Ghananeem AM, Traboulsi AA, Dittert LW, Hussain AA (2002) Targeted brain delivery of 17β-estradiol via nasally administered water soluble prodrugs. AAPS PharmSciTech 3:5. https://doi.org/10.1208/pt030105CrossRef

100.

Mistry A, Stolnik S, Illum L (2009) Nanoparticles for direct nose-to-brain delivery of drugs. Int J Pharm 379:146–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.06.019CrossRefPubMed

101.

Vujanic A, Sutton P, Snibson KJ, Yen HH, Scheerlinck JPY (2012) Mucosal vaccination: lung versus nose. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 148:172–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.03.004CrossRefPubMed

102.

Kashyap K, Shukla R (2019) Drug delivery and targeting to the Brain through Nasal Route: mechanisms, Applications and challenges. Curr Drug Deliv 16:887–901. https://doi.org/10.2174/1567201816666191029122740CrossRefPubMed

103.

Gizurarson S (2012) Anatomical and histological factors affecting Intranasal Drug and Vaccine Delivery. Curr Drug Deliv 9:566–582. https://doi.org/10.2174/156720112803529828CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

104.

Handa M, Ujjwal RR, Vasdev N, Flora SJS, Shukla R (2021) Optimization of surfactant- and cosurfactant-aided Pine Oil Nanoemulsions by Isothermal Low-Energy methods for anticholinesterase activity. ACS Omega 6:559–568. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c05033CrossRefPubMed

105.

Chinna Reddy P, Chaitanya KSC, Madhusudan Rao Y (2011) A review on bioadhesive buccal drug delivery systems: current status of formulation and evaluation methods. DARU. J Pharm Sci 19:385–403

106.

Betbeder D, Spérandio S, Latapie JP, de Nadaí J, Etienne A, Zajac JM et al (2000) Biovector(TM) nanoparticles improve antinociceptive efficacy of nasal morphine. Pharm Res 17:743–748. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007594602449CrossRefPubMed

107.

Zaki NM, Awad GA, Mortada ND, Abd ElHady SS (2007) Enhanced bioavailability of metoclopramide HCl by intranasal administration of a mucoadhesive in situ gel with modulated rheological and mucociliary transport properties. Eur J Pharm Sci 32:296–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2007.08.006CrossRefPubMed

108.

Elder A, Gelein R, Silva V, Feikert T, Opanashuk L, Carter J et al (2006) Translocation of inhaled ultrafine manganese oxide particles to the central nervous system. Environ Health Perspect 114:1172–1178. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9030CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

109.

Gao H (2016) Progress and perspectives on targeting nanoparticles for brain drug delivery. Acta Pharm Sin B 6:268–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2016.05.013CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

110.

Pinheiro RGR, Coutinho AJ, Pinheiro M, Neves AR (2021) Nanoparticles for targeted Brain Drug Delivery: what do we know? Int J Mol Sci 22:11654. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111654CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

111.

Lira-Diaz E, Gonzalez-Pedroza MG, Vasquez C, Morales-Luckie RA, Gonzalez-Perez O (2021) Gold nanoparticles produce transient reactive gliosis in the adult brain. Neurosci Res 170:76–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2020.12.003CrossRefPubMed

112.

Rivet CJ, Yuan Y, Borca-Tasciuc DA, Gilbert RJ (2012) Altering iron oxide nanoparticle surface properties induce cortical neuron cytotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 25:153–161. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx200369sCrossRefPubMed

113.

Asha Spandana KM, Bhaskaran M, Karri VVSNR, Natarajan J (2020) A comprehensive review of nano drug delivery system in the treatment of CNS disorders. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 57:101628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101628CrossRef

114.

Shaikh S, Nazam N, Danish Rizvi SM, Hussain T, Farhana A, Choi I (2020) Anti-Amyloid Aggregating Gold Nanoparticles: Can they Really be Translated from Bench to Bedside for Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment? Curr Protein Pept Sci.;21:1184–92. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389203721666200226101930

115.

Zhao J, Xu N, Yang X, Ling G, Zhang P (2022) The roles of gold nanoparticles in the detection of amyloid-β peptide for Alzheimer’s disease. Colloid Interface Sci Commun 46:100579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colcom.2021.100579CrossRef

116.

Aili M, Zhou K, Zhan J, Zheng H, Luo F (2023) Anti-inflammatory role of gold nanoparticles in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. J Mater Chem B 11:8605–8621. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3tb01023fCrossRefPubMed

117.

Scarpa E, Cascione M, Griego A, Pellegrino P, Moschetti G, De Matteis V (2023) Gold and silver nanoparticles in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diagnostics and treatments. Ibrain 9:298–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/ibra.12126CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

118.

Govindarajan K, Kar S (2023) Detection of β-amyloid aggregates/plaques in 5xFAD mice by labelled native PLGA nanoparticles: implication in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. J Nanobiotechnol 21:216. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-023-01957-5CrossRef

119.

Shahbaz SK, Koushki K, Sathyapalan T, Majeed M, Sahebkar A (2021) PLGA-Based Curcumin Delivery System: an interesting Therapeutic Approach in the treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 20:309–323. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159x19666210823103020CrossRef

120.

Del Amo L, Cano A, Ettcheto M, Souto EB, Espina M, Camins A et al (2021) Surface functionalization of PLGA nanoparticles to increase transport across the BBB for Alzheimer’s Disease. Appl Sci 11:4305. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11094305CrossRef

121.

Jalili C, Kiani A, Gholami M, Bahrehmand F, Fakhri S, Kakehbaraei S et al (2023) Brain targeting based nanocarriers loaded with resveratrol in Alzheimer’s disease: a review. IET Nanobiotechnol 17:154–170. https://doi.org/10.1049/nbt2.12127CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

122.

Gopalan D, Pandey A, Udupa N, Mutalik S (2020) Receptor specific, stimuli responsive and subcellular targeted approaches for effective therapy of Alzheimer: role of surface engineered nanocarriers. J Control Release 319:183–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.12.034CrossRefPubMed

123.

Hettiarachchi SD, Zhou Y, Seven E, Lakshmana MK, Kaushik AK, Chand HS et al (2019) Nanoparticle-mediated approaches for Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutics. J Control Release 314:125–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.034CrossRefPubMed

124.

Rodrigues BDS, Kanekiyo T, Singh J (2020) Nerve growth factor gene delivery across the blood-brain barrier to reduce Beta amyloid Accumulation in AD mice. Mol Pharm 17:2054–2063. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00218CrossRefPubMed

125.

Leong HS, Butler KS, Brinker CJ, Azzawi M, Conlan S, Dufés C et al (2019) On the issue of transparency and reproducibility in nanomedicine. Nat Nanotechnol 14:629–635. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-019-0496-9CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

126.

Xuan L, Ju Z, Skonieczna M, Zhou PK, Huang R (2023) Nanoparticles-induced potential toxicity on human health: applications, toxicity mechanisms, and evaluation models. MedComm 4:e327. https://doi.org/10.1002/mco2.327CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

127.

Mukherjee P, Roy S, Ghosh D, Nandi SK (2022) Role of animal models in biomedical research: a review. Lab Anim Res 38:18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42826-022-00128-1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

128.

Dashputre NL, Laddha UD, Darekar PP, Kadam JD, Patil SB, Sable RR et al (2023) Potential therapeutic effects of naringin loaded PLGA nanoparticles for the management of Alzheimer’s disease: in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo investigation. Heliyon 9:e19374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19374CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

129.

Musumeci T, Di Benedetto G, Carbone C, Bonaccorso A, Amato G, Lo Faro MJ et al (2022) Intranasal Administration of a TRAIL neutralizing monoclonal antibody adsorbed in PLGA nanoparticles and NLC Nanosystems: an in vivo study on a mouse model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 10:985. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10050985CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

130.

Tripathi SK, Patel B, Shukla S, Pachouri C, Pathak S, Pandey A (2021) Donepezil loaded PLGA Nanoparticles, from modified Nano-Precipitation, an Advanced Drug Delivery System to treat Alzheimer Disease. J Phys Conf Ser 1849:012001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1849/1/012001CrossRef

131.

Xu R, Wang J, Xu J, Song X, Huang H, Feng Y et al (2020) Rhynchophylline loaded-mPEG-PLGA nanoparticles coated with tween-80 for preliminary study in Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Nanomed 15:1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S236922CrossRef

132.

Sathya S, Shanmuganathan B, Saranya S, Vaidevi S, Ruckmani K, Pandima Devi K (2018) Phytol-loaded PLGA nanoparticle as a modulator of Alzheimer’s toxic Aβ peptide aggregation and fibrillation associated with impaired neuronal cell function. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 46:1719–1730. https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2017.1391822CrossRefPubMed

133.

Sánchez-López E, Ettcheto M, Egea MA, Espina M, Cano A, Calpena AC et al (2018) Memantine loaded PLGA PEGylated nanoparticles for Alzheimer’s disease: in vitro and in vivo characterization. J Nanobiotechnol 16:32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-018-0356-zCrossRef

134.

Silva-Abreu M, Calpena AC, Andrés-Benito P, Aso E, Romero IA, Roig-Carles D et al (2018) PPARγ agonist-loaded PLGA-PEG nanocarriers as a potential treatment for Alzheimer’s disease: in vitro and in vivo studies. Int J Nanomed 13:5577–5590. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S171490CrossRef

135.

Bhatt PC, Verma A, Al-Abbasi FA, Anwar F, Kumar V, Panda BP (2017) Development of surface-engineered PLGA nanoparticulate-delivery system of tet1-conjugated nattokinase enzyme for inhibition of Aβ40 plaques in Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Nanomed 12:8749–8768. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S144545CrossRef

136.

Huang N, Lu S, Liu XG, Zhu J, Wang YJ, Liu RT (2017) PLGA nanoparticles modified with a BBB-penetrating peptide co-delivering Aβ generation inhibitor and curcumin attenuate memory deficits and neuropathology in Alzheimer’s disease mice. Oncotarget 8:81001–81013. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.20944CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

137.

Loureiro JA, Gomes B, Fricker G, Coelho MAN, Rocha S, Pereira MC (2016) Cellular uptake of PLGA nanoparticles targeted with anti-amyloid and anti-transferrin receptor antibodies for Alzheimer’s disease treatment. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 145:8–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.04.041CrossRefPubMed

138.

Yang R, Zheng Y, Wang Q, Zhao L (2018) Curcumin-loaded chitosan–bovine serum albumin nanoparticles potentially enhanced Aβ 42 phagocytosis and modulated macrophage polarization in Alzheimer’s disease. Nanoscale Res Lett 13:330. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-018-2759-zCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

139.

Jaruszewski KM, Ramakrishnan S, Poduslo JF, Kandimalla KK (2012) Chitosan enhances the stability and targeting of immuno-nanovehicles to cerebro-vascular deposits of Alzheimer’s disease amyloid protein. Nanomed Nanatechnol Biol Med 8:250–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2011.06.008CrossRef

140.

Andrade S, Pereira MC, Loureiro JA (2023) Caffeic acid loaded into engineered lipid nanoparticles for Alzheimer’s disease therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 225:113270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113270CrossRefPubMed

141.

Rodà F, Picciolini S, Mangolini V, Gualerzi A, Seneci P, Renda A et al (2023) Raman Spectroscopy characterization of Multi-functionalized liposomes as Drug-Delivery systems for Neurological disorders. Nanomaterials 13:699. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13040699CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

142.

Zhang X, Shi N, Chen M, Liu M, Ju R, Liu Y et al (2023) Angiopep-2 modified dual drug-loaded liposomes with brain targeting functionality mitigate Alzheimer’s disease-related symptoms in APP/PS-1 mice. J Drug Target 31:634–645. https://doi.org/10.1080/1061186X.2023.2216405CrossRefPubMed

143.

Andrade S, Ramalho MJ, Loureiro JA, Pereira MC (2022) Transferrin-functionalized liposomes loaded with vitamin VB12 for Alzheimer’s disease therapy. Int J Pharm 626:122167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122167CrossRefPubMed

144.

Andrade S, Loureiro JA, Pereira MC (2022) Transferrin-functionalized liposomes for the delivery of gallic acid: a Therapeutic Approach for Alzheimer’s Disease. Pharmaceutics 14:2163. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14102163CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

145.

Wang J, Kong L, Guo RB, He SY, Liu XZ, Zhang L et al (2022) Multifunctional icariin and tanshinone IIA co-delivery liposomes with potential application for Alzheimer’s disease. Drug Deliv 29:1648–1662. https://doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2022.2072543CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

146.

Arora S, Singh J (2021) In vitro and in vivo optimization of liposomal nanoparticles based brain targeted vgf gene therapy. Int J Pharm 608:121095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121095CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

147.

Saka R, Chella N, Khan W (2021) Development of Imatinib Mesylate-Loaded liposomes for nose to Brain Delivery: in Vitro and in vivo evaluation. AAPS PharmSciTech 22:192. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-021-02072-0CrossRefPubMed

148.

Song Q, Song H, Xu J, Huang J, Hu M, Gu X et al (2016) Biomimetic ApoE-reconstituted high density lipoprotein nanocarrier for blood-brain barrier penetration and amyloid beta-targeting drug delivery. Mol Pharm 13:3976–3987. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00781CrossRefPubMed

149.

Sancini G, Dal Magro R, Ornaghi F, Balducci C, Forloni G, Gobbi M et al (2016) Pulmonary administration of functionalized nanoparticles significantly reduces beta-amyloid in the brain of an Alzheimer’s disease murine model. Nano Res 9:2190–2201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-016-1108-8CrossRef

150.

Loureiro JA, Gomes B, Fricker G, Cardoso I, Ribeiro CA, Gaiteiro C et al (2015) Dual ligand immunoliposomes for drug delivery to the brain. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 134:213–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.06.067CrossRefPubMed

151.

Bana L, Minniti S, Salvati E, Sesana S, Zambelli V, Cagnotto A et al (2014) Liposomes bi-functionalized with phosphatidic acid and an ApoE-derived peptide affect Aβ aggregation features and cross the blood-brain-barrier: implications for therapy of Alzheimer disease. Nanomed Nanatechnol Biol Med 10:1583–1590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2013.12.001CrossRef

152.

Mourtas S, Lazar AN, Markoutsa E, Duyckaerts C, Antimisiaris SG (2014) Multifunctional nanoliposomes with curcumin-lipid derivative and brain targeting functionality with potential applications for Alzheimer disease. Eur J Med Chem 80:175–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.050CrossRefPubMed

153.

Salvati E, Re F, Sesana S, Cambianica I, Sancini G, Masserini M et al (2013) Liposomes functionalized to overcome the blood-brain barrier and to target amyloid-β peptide: the chemical design affects the permeability across an in vitro model. Int J Nanomed 8:1749–1758. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S42783CrossRef

154.

Re F, Cambianica I, Sesana S, Salvati E, Cagnotto A, Salmona M et al (2011) Functionalization with ApoE-derived peptides enhances the interaction with brain capillary endothelial cells of nanoliposomes binding amyloid-beta peptide. J Biotechnol 156:341–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.06.037CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Nanomedicine in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: bypassing the blood-brain barrier with cutting-edge nanotechnology
verfasst von: Nana Dong
Payam Ali-Khiavi
Nima Ghavamikia
SeyedAbbas Pakmehr
Farzaneh Sotoudegan
Ahmed Hjazi
Morad Kohandel Gargari
Homa Kohandel Gargari
Parisa Behnamrad
Mohammadreza Rajabi
Anis Elhami
Hossein Saffarfar
Mehrdad Nourizadeh
Publikationsdatum: 06.12.2024
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in: Neurological Sciences
Print ISSN: 1590-1874
Elektronische ISSN: 1590-3478
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-024-07871-4

Kompaktes Leitlinien-Wissen Neurologie (Link öffnet in neuem Fenster)

Mit medbee Pocketcards schnell und sicher entscheiden.
Leitlinien-Wissen kostenlos und immer griffbereit auf ihrem Desktop, Handy oder Tablet.

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

Kaum Vorteile durch intraarterielle Lyse während Thrombektomie

17.01.2025
Ischämischer Schlaganfall
Nachrichten

Nach der Thrombektomie kleinere Fragmente über eine intraarterielle Lyse auflösen – dies könnte die Schlaganfalltherapie verbessern. Zwei aktuelle Studien ergeben für die periprozedurale Lyse jedoch keine großen Vorteile. Die Frage, wie viel sie nützt, bleibt weiter offen.

Nasenstimulation lindert chronische Migräne

16.01.2025
Chronische Migräne
Nachrichten

Wird die Naseninnenseite durch Vibrationen stimuliert, kann dies offenbar die Zahl der Migränetage von Menschen mit chronischer Migräne deutlich senken. Darauf deuten die Resultate einer randomisiert-kontrollierten deutsch-finnischen Untersuchung.

Stumme Schlaganfälle − ein häufiger Nebenbefund im Kopf-CT?

12.01.2025
Computertomografie
Nachrichten

In 4% der in der Notfallambulanz initiierten zerebralen Bildgebung sind „alte“ Schlaganfälle zu erkennen. Gar nicht so selten handelt es sich laut einer aktuellen Studie dabei um unbemerkte Insulte. Bietet sich hier womöglich die Chance auf ein effektives opportunistisches Screening?

Die elektronische Patientenakte kommt: Das sollten Sie jetzt wissen

12.01.2025
Elektronische Patientenakte
Nachrichten

Am 15. Januar geht die „ePA für alle“ zunächst in den Modellregionen an den Start. Doch schon bald soll sie in allen Praxen zum Einsatz kommen. Was ist jetzt zu tun? Was müssen Sie wissen? Wir geben in einem FAQ Antworten auf 21 Fragen.

Update Neurologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen