Background
Methods
Sources of information
Research subjects
Research variables
Independent variables
Dependent variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Differences between respondents willing and unwilling to accept data linkage to the national health insurance research database. (Table 1)
Entire | < 65 (58–64) | 65+ | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NO (%) | YES (%) | T/X2 Value | NO (%) | YES (%) | T/X2 Value | NO (%) | YES (%) | T/X2 Value | |
N = 126 (3.38%) | N = 3601 (96.61%) | N = 45 (3.46%) | N = 1256 (96.54%) | N = 81 (3.33%) | N = 2345 (96.67%) | ||||
Socio-demographic variables | |||||||||
Age Mean ± SD (min-max/median) | 71.26 ± 9.97 (58–93/70) | 71.15 ± 9.98 (58–101/70) | 0.12 | 60.89 ± 2.01 (58–64)/61 | 60.61 ± 1.96 (58–64)/61 | 0.95 | 77.02 ± 7.67 (65–93/76) | 76.80 ± 7.71 (65–101/76) | 0.26 |
Female (ref = Male) | 69 (54.8) | 1838 (51.0) | 0.67 | 22 (48.9) | 641 (51.0) | 0.08 | 47 (58.0) | 1197 (51.0) | 1.53 |
Level of education | 1.73 | 1.96 | 0.74 | ||||||
No education | 19 (15.1) | 684 (19.0) | 0 (0.0) | 37 (3.0) | 19 (23.5) | 647 (27.6) | |||
Primary school | 59 (46.8) | 1707 (47.4) | 17 (37.8) | 597 (47.5) | 39 (48.1) | 1095 (46.7) | |||
Junior high or higher | 48 (38.1) | 1210 (33.6) | 28 (62.2) | 622 (49.5) | 23 (28.4) | 603 (25.7) | |||
Married | 87 (69.1) | 2316 (64.3) | 1.19 | 40 (88.9) | 997 (79.4) | 2.43 | 47 (58.0) | 1319 (56.3) | 0.10 |
Living alone | 14 (11.1) | 322 (8.9) | 0.70 | 3 (6.7) | 80 (6.4) | 0.01 | 11 (13.6) | 242 (10.3) | 0.89 |
Health conditions | |||||||||
Comorbidities (8 options) | 1.13 ± 1.17 | 1.35 ± 1.21 | −1.96 | 0.71 ± 0.90 | 0.93 ± 1.02 | −1.43 | 1.37 ± 1.24 | 1.57 ± 1.25 | −1.44 |
Self-reported health conditions (Number of questions = 1; total score = 5) | 3.25 ± 0.99 | 3.17 ± 0.98 | 0.81 | 3.39 ± 0.99 | 3.43 ± 0.93 | −0.32 | 3.15 ± 0.99 | 3.01 ± 0.98 | 1.17 |
Mobility (Number of Questions = 9; Total Score = 27) | 6.33 ± 8.47 | 5.81 ± 7.85 | 0.72 | 1.02 ± 2.21 | 1.74 ± 4.20 | −2.05* | 9.27 ± 9.21 | 8.00 ± 8.46 | 1.33 |
IADL (Number of questions = 6; total score = 18) | 3.45 ± 6.33 | 3.1 ± 5.53 | 0.61 | 0.07 ± 0.45 | 0.59 ± 2.51 | −5.40*** | 5.33 ± 7.24 | 4.45 ± 6.20 | 1.25 |
ADL (Number of questions =6; total score = 18) | 2.21 ± 5.31 | 1.53 ± 4.35 | 1.41 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.26 ± 1.85 | −5.00*** | 3.43 ± 6.31 | 2.21 ± 5.09 | 1.73 |
CESD (Number of questions = 10; total score = 30) | 4.19 ± 5.18 | 4.76 ± 5.9 | −0.86 | 2.61 ± 3.41 | 3.54 ± 4.74 | −1.75 | 5.25 ± 5.77 | 5.34 ± 6.14 | −0.12 |
SPMSQ (Number of questions = 9; total score = 9) | 8.06 ± 1.69 | 8.16 ± 1.43 | −0.59 | 8.86 ± 0.35 | 8.68 ± 0.69 | 3.21** | 7.52 ± 2.01 | 7.84 ± 1.66 | −1.28 |
Medical utilization | |||||||||
Outpatient clinic visits | 6.43* | 4.87 | 4.03 | ||||||
0 | 54 (42.8) | 1215 (33.7) | 23 (51.1) | 554 (44.1) | 31 (38.3) | 661 (28.2) | |||
1 | 39 (31.0) | 1498 (41.6) | 9 (20.0) | 444 (35.4) | 30 (37.0) | 1054 (45.0) | |||
2+ | 33 (26.2) | 888 (24.7) | 13 (28.9) | 258 (20.5) | 20 (24.7) | 630 (26.8) | |||
Traditional Chinese medicine | 18 (14.3) | 364 (10.1) | 2.31 | 10 (22.2) | 169 (13.5) | 2.81 | 8 (9.9) | 195 (8.3) | 0.25 |
Health behavior | |||||||||
Smoking | 8 (6.4) | 473 (13.1) | 4.99* | 3 (6.7) | 232 (18.5) | 4.09 | 5 (6.2) | 241 (10.3) | 1.45 |
Chewing betel nuts | 3 (2.4) | 137 (3.8) | 0.68 | 0.12 | 0.73 | ||||
Alcohol consumption | 29 (23.0) | 995 (27.6) | 1.30 | 16 (35.6) | 468 (37.3) | 0.05 | 13 (16.1) | 527 (22.5) | 1.87 |
Exercise | 1.92 | 0.17 | 4.13* | ||||||
Irregular (Less than 3 times a week) | 63 (50.0) | 1576 (43.8) | 18 (40.0) | 541 (431) | 45 (55.6) | 1035 (44.1) | |||
Regular (3 times or more a week) | 63 (50.0) | 2025 (56.2) | 27 (60.0) | 715 (56.9) | 36 (44.4) | 1310 (55.9) | |||
Diet | 5.06 | 0.17 | 8.44* | ||||||
Unhealthy diet | 43 (34.1) | 1235 (34.3) | 11 (24.4) | 339 (27.0) | 32 (39.5) | 896 (38.2) | |||
Slightly healthy diet | 54 (42.9) | 1243 (34.5) | 15 (33.3) | 392 (31.2) | 39 (48.2) | 851 (36.3) | |||
Healthy diet | 29 (23.0) | 1123 (31.2) | 19 (42.2) | 525 (41.8) | 10 (12.3) | 598 (25.5) | |||
Social support (Number of questions = 5; total score = 20) | 8.22 ± 3.33 | 9.13 ± 3.27 | −2.64** | 8.88 ± 3.20 | 9.27 ± 3.20 | −0.77 | 7.74 ± 3.39 | 9.04 ± 3.31 | −2.84** |
Relevant factors influencing respondents with inconsistency between self-reports and medical records, under-reports of illness, or over-reporting of illness for diabetes and hypertension
Self-reports | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diabetes | Hypertension | ||||||
Yes | No | Total | Yes | No | Total | ||
Medical records (Gold Standard) | Yes | 597 (82.5%) | 127 (17.5%) | 724 (100.0%) | 1416 (84.1%) | 267 (15.9%) | 1683 (100.0%) |
No | 106 (3.7%) | 2771 (96.3%) | 2877 (100.0%) | 320 (16.7%) | 1598 (83.3%) | 1918 (100.0%) | |
Sensitivity of self-report | 82.5% | 84.1% | |||||
Specificity of self-report | 96.3% | 83.3% | |||||
Overall consistency | 93.5% | 83.7% | |||||
The Kappa coefficient | 0.80 (0.77–0.82) | 0.67 (0.65–0.70) |
Inconsistency | Under-reports of illness | Overly reports of illness | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diabetes N = 3601 | Hypertension N = 3601 | Diabetes N = 724 | Hypertension N = 1683 | Diabetes N = 2877 | Hypertension N = 1918 | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Female (ref: Male) | 0.86 (0.63–1.17) | 0.75 (0.61–0.93)** | 1.32 (0.81–2.14) | 0.86 (0.61–1.22) | 0.49 (0.29–0.82)** | 0.59 (0.41–0.85)** |
Age | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 1.02 (1.01–1.04)** | 1.05 (1.02–1.08)* | 1.03 (1.01–1.05)** | 0.95 (0.93–0.98)** | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) |
Ethnic groups (ref: Mainlander) | ||||||
Islander | 1.14 (0.69–1.90) | 1.27 (0.89–1.81) | 0.69 (0.32–1.49) | 0.77 (0.45–1.30) | 1.77 (0.74–4.23) | 2.24 (1.1–4.59)* |
Hakka people (including other people) | 1.04 (0.58–1.87) | 1.11 (0.74–1.66) | 1.05 (0.44–2.55) | 0.63 (0.34–1.17) | 1.05 (0.37–2.95) | 2.03 (0.94–4.40) |
Level of education (ref: Junior high or higher) | ||||||
No education | 0.67 (0.40–1.12) | 1.02 (0.73–1.43) | 0.46 (0.20–1.08) | 0.87 (0.51–1.50) | 1.44 (0.67–3.07) | 1.67 (0.91–3.05) |
Primary school | 0.87 (0.62–1.21) | 1.24 (0.98–1.55) | 0.81 (0.49–1.36) | 1.31 (0.90–1.91) | 0.85 (0.49–1.46) | 1.33 (0.91–1.94) |
Living alone | 1.62 (1.04–2.52)* | 0.68 (0.47–0.98)* | 2.00 (0.99–4.03) | 0.67 (0.39–1.15) | 1.57 (0.75–3.28) | 0.88 (0.46–1.68) |
Self-reported health conditions | 0.88 (0.74–1.04) | 1.06 (0.94–1.19) | 0.73 (0.55–0.97)* | 0.82 (0.68–0.99)* | 0.90 (0.68–1.18) | 1.61 (1.31–1.98)*** |
Comorbidities | 1.58 (1.40–1.79)*** | 1.27 (1.16–1.38)*** | 0.29 (0.21–0.38)*** | 0.25 (0.20–0.31)*** | 3.62 (2.9–4.52)*** | 7.67 (6.08–9.68)*** |
Cognition (SPMSQ) | 0.94 (0.84–1.04) | 0.95 (0.89–1.03) | 1.05 (0.87–1.27) | 0.91 (0.81–1.01) | 0.87 (0.75–1.02) | 1.01 (0.87–1.16) |
Depression (CESD) | 0.99 (0.96–1.01) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 0.99 (0.94–1.03) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) |