Natural products and nutraceuticals in the management of chronic inflammatory diseases: efficacy, mechanisms, and comparative insights

Chronic inflammatory diseases represent a significant global health burden, driving increased exploration of natural products and nutraceuticals as complementary or alternative therapeutic options. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which natural compounds modulate inflammatory pathways, focusing on their antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects distinct from conventional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Drawing on evidence from recent clinical trials and preclinical animal studies, we examine their therapeutic potential across diverse inflammatory conditions including gastrointestinal disorders, rheumatic diseases, neuroinflammation, and inflammation-associated muscle dysfunction related to aging and injury. The article critically compares the efficacy and safety profiles of natural agents with established pharmacological therapies, emphasizing advantages and limitations supported by current data. Furthermore, regulatory considerations, challenges in standardization, and quality control issues surrounding natural products are discussed, alongside their integration into personalized treatment regimens. By highlighting gaps in knowledge and emerging avenues for research, such as discovery of novel bioactive compounds and improved clinical trial designs, this review aims to guide future investigations and clinical application. Overall, the synthesis offers valuable insights for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers seeking innovative and safe anti-inflammatory strategies grounded in natural product research.