Background
Methods
The Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS)
Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS)
The Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)
The COMPASS mental health index
The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale
Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale
Data analysis
Ethical considerations
Results
Combined use of traditional healing and health centres and general outcome as measured by symptom scales
Follow up period | Number of non casenessa | Percentage | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Baseline
| |||
Schizophrenia (N=28) | - | 24.35 | 17.43-32.96 |
Mania (N=41) | - | 35.65 | 27.49-44.76 |
Depression (N=46) | - | 40.00 | 31.50-49.16 |
Total | |||
3 months:
| |||
Schizophrenia(N=27) | 4 | 14.81 | 06.06-32.67 |
Mania(N=37) | 20 | 54.05 | 38.30-69.02 |
Psychotic Depression(N=37) | 16 | 42.24 | 28.62-59.18 |
Total | 40 | 39.60 | 30.61-49.38 |
6 months:
| |||
Schizophrenia(N=26) | 8 | 30.77 | 16.52-50.18 |
Mania(N=36) | 21 | 58.33 | 39.49-70.51 |
Psychotic depression (N=28) | 12 | 46.43 | 26.45-61.06 |
Total | 41 | 45.56 | 35.64-55.84 |
Comparisons of the mean scores of the different rating scales
Measure | Baseline | Follow up | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 months | 6 months | |||||||
Mean score | SD | Mean score | SD | Mean score | SD | Mean Square | F P value | |
Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale
| ||||||||
Total score | 123.60 | 20.90 | 86.12 | 21.89 | 75.23 | 13.50 | 375.98 | 38.59 <.0001 |
Positive symptoms | 28.00 | 1.20 | 25.32 | 1.62 | 24.01 | 1.22 | 1.85 | 926.42 <0.0001 |
Negative symptoms | 33.10 | 1.20 | 22.43 | 1.30 | 18.12 | 1.22 | 2.73 | −308.42 <0.0001 |
General symptoms | 62.50 | 1.15 | 39.12 | 2.80 | 33.10 | 1.22 | 4.42 | −615 <0.0001 |
Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale
| ||||||||
Total score | 48.76 | 4.47 | 34.62 | 2.70 | 27.89 | 2.28 | 11.74 | 276.21 <0.0001 |
Young Mania Rating Scale
| ||||||||
Total score | 52.66 | 5.49 | 30.83 | 3.52 | 24.50 | 3.46 | 18.64 | 278.40 <0.0001 |
Clinical Global Impression Severity of Illness
| ||||||||
score | 5.70 | 0.95 | 4.26 | 0.86 | 3.34 | 0.81 | 0.78 | 188.17 <0/0001 |
Global Assessment of functioning
| ||||||||
Current score | 34.08 | 5.27 | 50.82 | 5.94 | 56.10 | 8.62 | 42.92 | 317.27 <0.0001 |
Compass mental health index current well being subscale
| ||||||||
Current score | 6.50 | 1.42 | 8.62 | 1.52 | 13.40 | 1.55 | 2.23 | 551.71 <0.0001 |
Three months follow up | Six months follow up | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Cases N = 61% | Non cases N = 40% | X2 | P value | Crude OR (95%CI) | Cases N = 49% | Non cases N = 41% | X2 | P value | Crude OR (95%CI) |
Sex
| ||||||||||
Male | 50.81 | 65.00 | 0.44 | 55.10 | 36.59 | 2.38 | 0.120 | 2.13 | ||
Female | 49.18 | 35 | 3.32 | 0.070 | (0.18-1.06) | 44.90 | 63.41 | (0.84-5.45) | ||
Marital status
| ||||||||||
Married | 45.90 | 67.50 | 0.40 | 53.06 | 41.46 | 1.60 | ||||
Not Married | 54.10 | 32.50 | 3.71 | 0.050 | (0.16-1.01) | 46.94 | 58.54 | 0.78 | 0.380 | (0.64-4.02) |
Employment
| ||||||||||
Employed | 47.54 | 62.50 | 1.61 | 0.200 | 0.54 | 51.02 | 43.90 | 1.33 | ||
Not Employed | 52.46 | 37.50 | (0.12-1.32) | 49.98 | 56.10 | 0.21 | 0.640 | (0.53-3.34) | ||
Economic status
| ||||||||||
Earning < $1 | 73.77 | 30.00 | 6.56 | 57.14 | 29.27 | 3.22 | ||||
Earning > $1 | 26.23 | 70.00 | 17.09 | <0.001 | (2.49-17.66) | 42.86 | 70.73 | 5.94 | 0.010 | (1.23-8.58) |
Being in debt | 63.93 | 37.50 | 2.95 | 58.18 | 31.71 | 3.12 | ||||
Not being in Debt | 36.34 | 62.50 | 05.76 | 0.020 | (1.20-7.37) | 41.82 | 68.29 | 5.71 | 0.020 | (1.20-8.22) |
Age of onset
| ||||||||||
Below 18 | 67.21 | 25.00 | 6.15 | 61.22 | 24.39 | 10.82 | 0.001 | 4.89 | ||
Above 18 | 32.79 | 75.00 | 15.57 | <0.001 | (2.32-16.70) | 38.78 | 75.61 | (1.79-13.65) | ||
Duration of symptoms
| ||||||||||
> 3 months | 36.07 | 70.00 | 0.24 | 57.14 | 31.71 | 5.25 | 0.020 | 2.97 | ||
< 3 months | 63.93 | 30.00 | 9.81 | 0.002 | (0.09-0.06) | 42.86 | 70.73 | (1.15-7.78) | ||
Number of episodes
| ||||||||||
2 or more | 60.66 | 37.50 | 2.57 | 63.27 | 39.02 | 4.33 | 0.030 | 2.69 | ||
First episode | 39.34 | 62.50 | 4.30 | 0.030 | (1.05-6.36) | 36.73 | 60.98 | (1.05-6.95) | ||
Family history
| ||||||||||
Positive | 68.85 | 22.50 | 18.95 | <0.001 | 7.61 | 59.18 | 29.27 | 3.50 | ||
Negative | 31.15 | 77.50 | (2.79-21.36) | 40.82 | 70.73 | 6.89 | 0.008 | (1.33-9.36) | ||
co morbidity
| ||||||||||
2 or more | 62.30) | 25.00 | 4.96 | 59.18 | 29.27 | 3.50 | ||||
Only disorder | 37.70 | 75.00 | 12.08 | 0.001 | (1.89-13.28) | 40.82 | 70.73 | 6.89 | 0.008 | (1.33-9.36) |
Severity(GAF)
| ||||||||||
Mod-severe | 65.57 | 32.50 | 9.31 | 0.002 | (1.57-10.13) | 51.02 | 29.27 | 3.51 | 0.060 | (0.96-6.66) |
Mild | 34.43 | 67.50 | 3.96 | 48.98 | 70.73 | 2.52 | ||||
Treatment:
| ||||||||||
Both | 68.85 | 97.50 | 10.75 | 0.001 | 0.06 | 77.55 | 12.20 | 35.64 | <0.001 | 24.87 |
Only T/H or WM | 31.15 | 2.50 | ( 0.00-0.43) | 22.45 | 87.80 | (7.03-94.84) |