Diagnostik und Therapie von statinassoziierten Muskelsymptomen

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Zurück zum Zitat Laufs U, Scharnagl H, Halle M, Windler E, Endres M, März W (2015) Behandlungsoptionen bei Statin-assoziierten Muskelbeschwerden. Dtsch Arztebl Int 112:748–755PubMedPubMedCentral Laufs U, Scharnagl H, Halle M, Windler E, Endres M, März W (2015) Behandlungsoptionen bei Statin-assoziierten Muskelbeschwerden. Dtsch Arztebl Int 112:748–755PubMedPubMedCentral

Zurück zum Zitat Schmidt N, Dressel A, Grammer TB, Gouni-Berthold I, Julius U, Kassner U, Klose G, König C, Koenig W, Otte B, Parhofer KG, Reinhard W, Schatz U, Schunkert H, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Vogt A, Laufs U, März W (2018) Lipid-modifying therapy and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal attainment in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia in Germany: the CaReHigh Registry. Atherosclerosis 277:314–322PubMedCrossRef Schmidt N, Dressel A, Grammer TB, Gouni-Berthold I, Julius U, Kassner U, Klose G, König C, Koenig W, Otte B, Parhofer KG, Reinhard W, Schatz U, Schunkert H, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Vogt A, Laufs U, März W (2018) Lipid-modifying therapy and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal attainment in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia in Germany: the CaReHigh Registry. Atherosclerosis 277:314–322PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L, Chapman MJ, De Backer GG, Delgado V, Ference BA, Graham IM, Halliday A, Landmesser U, Mihaylova B, Pedersen TR, Riccardi G, Richter DJ, Sabatine MS, Taskinen M‑R, Tokgozoglu L, Wiklund O, Mueller C, Drexel H, Aboyans V, Corsini A, Doehner W, Farnier M, Gigante B, Kayikcioglu M, Krstacic G, Lambrinou E, Lewis BS, Masip J, Moulin P, Petersen S, Petronio AS, Piepoli MF, Pintó X, Räber L, Ray KK, Reiner Ž, Riesen WF, Roffi M, Schmid J‑P, Shlyakhto E, Simpson IA, Stroes E, Sudano I, Tselepis AD, Viigimaa M, Vindis C, Vonbank A, Vrablik M, Vrsalovic M, Zamorano JL, Collet J‑P, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L, John Chapman M, De Backer GG, Delgado V, Ference BA, Graham IM, Halliday A, Landmesser U, Mihaylova B, Pedersen TR, Riccardi G, Richter DJ, Sabatine MS, Taskinen M‑R, Tokgozoglu L, Wiklund O, Windecker S, Aboyans V, Baigent C, Collet J‑P, Dean V, Delgado V, Fitzsimons D, Gale CP, Grobbee D, Halvorsen S, Hindricks G, Iung B, Jüni P, Katus HA, Landmesser U, Leclercq C, Lettino M, Lewis BS, Merkely B, Mueller C, Petersen S, Petronio AS, Richter DJ, Roffi M, Shlyakhto E, Simpson IA, Sousa-Uva M, Touyz RM, Nibouche D, Zelveian PH, Siostrzonek P, Najafov R, Van De Borne P, Pojskic B, Postadzhiyan A, Kypris L, Špinar J, Larsen ML, Eldin HS, Viigimaa M, Strandberg TE, Ferrières J, Agladze R, Laufs U, Rallidis L, Bajnok L, Gudjónsson T, Maher V, Henkin Y, Gulizia MM, Mussagaliyeva A, Bajraktari G, Kerimkulova A, Latkovskis G, Hamoui O, Slapikas R, Visser L, Dingli P, Ivanov V, Boskovic A, Nazzi M, Visseren F, Mitevska I, Retterstøl K, Jankowski P, Fontes-Carvalho R, Gaita D, Ezhov M, Foscoli M, Giga V, Pella D, Fras Z, De Isla LP, Hagström E, Lehmann R, Abid L, Ozdogan O, Mitchenko O, Patel RS: 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. European Heart Journal 2020;41:111–188 Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L, Chapman MJ, De Backer GG, Delgado V, Ference BA, Graham IM, Halliday A, Landmesser U, Mihaylova B, Pedersen TR, Riccardi G, Richter DJ, Sabatine MS, Taskinen M‑R, Tokgozoglu L, Wiklund O, Mueller C, Drexel H, Aboyans V, Corsini A, Doehner W, Farnier M, Gigante B, Kayikcioglu M, Krstacic G, Lambrinou E, Lewis BS, Masip J, Moulin P, Petersen S, Petronio AS, Piepoli MF, Pintó X, Räber L, Ray KK, Reiner Ž, Riesen WF, Roffi M, Schmid J‑P, Shlyakhto E, Simpson IA, Stroes E, Sudano I, Tselepis AD, Viigimaa M, Vindis C, Vonbank A, Vrablik M, Vrsalovic M, Zamorano JL, Collet J‑P, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L, John Chapman M, De Backer GG, Delgado V, Ference BA, Graham IM, Halliday A, Landmesser U, Mihaylova B, Pedersen TR, Riccardi G, Richter DJ, Sabatine MS, Taskinen M‑R, Tokgozoglu L, Wiklund O, Windecker S, Aboyans V, Baigent C, Collet J‑P, Dean V, Delgado V, Fitzsimons D, Gale CP, Grobbee D, Halvorsen S, Hindricks G, Iung B, Jüni P, Katus HA, Landmesser U, Leclercq C, Lettino M, Lewis BS, Merkely B, Mueller C, Petersen S, Petronio AS, Richter DJ, Roffi M, Shlyakhto E, Simpson IA, Sousa-Uva M, Touyz RM, Nibouche D, Zelveian PH, Siostrzonek P, Najafov R, Van De Borne P, Pojskic B, Postadzhiyan A, Kypris L, Špinar J, Larsen ML, Eldin HS, Viigimaa M, Strandberg TE, Ferrières J, Agladze R, Laufs U, Rallidis L, Bajnok L, Gudjónsson T, Maher V, Henkin Y, Gulizia MM, Mussagaliyeva A, Bajraktari G, Kerimkulova A, Latkovskis G, Hamoui O, Slapikas R, Visser L, Dingli P, Ivanov V, Boskovic A, Nazzi M, Visseren F, Mitevska I, Retterstøl K, Jankowski P, Fontes-Carvalho R, Gaita D, Ezhov M, Foscoli M, Giga V, Pella D, Fras Z, De Isla LP, Hagström E, Lehmann R, Abid L, Ozdogan O, Mitchenko O, Patel RS: 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. European Heart Journal 2020;41:111–188

Zurück zum Zitat Gitt AK, Lautsch D, Ferrières J, De Ferrari GM, Vyas A, Baxter CA, Bash LD, Ashton V, Horack M, Almahmeed W, Chiang F‑T, Poh KK, Brudi P, Ambegaonkar B (2017) Cholesterol target value attainment and lipid-lowering therapy in patients with stable or acute coronary heart disease: results from the dyslipidemia international study II. Atherosclerosis 266:158–166PubMedCrossRef Gitt AK, Lautsch D, Ferrières J, De Ferrari GM, Vyas A, Baxter CA, Bash LD, Ashton V, Horack M, Almahmeed W, Chiang F‑T, Poh KK, Brudi P, Ambegaonkar B (2017) Cholesterol target value attainment and lipid-lowering therapy in patients with stable or acute coronary heart disease: results from the dyslipidemia international study II. Atherosclerosis 266:158–166PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Wood FA, Howard JP, Finegold JA, Nowbar AN, Thompson DM, Arnold AD, Rajkumar CA, Connolly S, Cegla J, Stride C, Sever P, Norton C, Thom SAM, Shun-Shin MJ, Francis DP (2020) N‑of‑1 trial of a Statin, placebo, or no treatment to assess side effects. N Engl J Med 383:2182–2184. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2031173CrossRefPubMed Wood FA, Howard JP, Finegold JA, Nowbar AN, Thompson DM, Arnold AD, Rajkumar CA, Connolly S, Cegla J, Stride C, Sever P, Norton C, Thom SAM, Shun-Shin MJ, Francis DP (2020) N‑of‑1 trial of a Statin, placebo, or no treatment to assess side effects. N Engl J Med 383:2182–2184. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1056/​NEJMc2031173CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Knoblauch H, Schoewel V, Rosada A, Spuler S, Kress W (2010) Another side to Statin-related side effects. Ann Intern Med 152:478–479PubMedCrossRef Knoblauch H, Schoewel V, Rosada A, Spuler S, Kress W (2010) Another side to Statin-related side effects. Ann Intern Med 152:478–479PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Parker BA, Capizzi JA, Grimaldi AS, Clarkson PM, Cole SM, Keadle J, Chipkin S, Pescatello LS, Simpson K, White CM, Thompson PD (2013) Effect of Statins on skeletal muscle function. Circulation 127:96–103PubMedCrossRef Parker BA, Capizzi JA, Grimaldi AS, Clarkson PM, Cole SM, Keadle J, Chipkin S, Pescatello LS, Simpson K, White CM, Thompson PD (2013) Effect of Statins on skeletal muscle function. Circulation 127:96–103PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Graham DJ (2004) Incidence of hospitalized rhabdomyolysis in patients treated with lipid-lowering drugs. JAMA 292:2585CrossRefPubMed Graham DJ (2004) Incidence of hospitalized rhabdomyolysis in patients treated with lipid-lowering drugs. JAMA 292:2585CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Muntean DM, Thompson PD, Catapano AL, Stasiolek M, Fabis J, Muntner P, Serban MC, Banach M (2017) Statin-associated myopathy and the quest for biomarkers: can we effectively predict statin-associated muscle symptoms? Drug Discov Today 22:85–96PubMedCrossRef Muntean DM, Thompson PD, Catapano AL, Stasiolek M, Fabis J, Muntner P, Serban MC, Banach M (2017) Statin-associated myopathy and the quest for biomarkers: can we effectively predict statin-associated muscle symptoms? Drug Discov Today 22:85–96PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Brunham LR, Baker S, Mammen A, Mancini GBJ, Rosenson RS (2018) Role of genetics in the prediction of statin-associated muscle symptoms and optimization of statin use and adherence. Cardiovasc Res 114:1073–1081PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Brunham LR, Baker S, Mammen A, Mancini GBJ, Rosenson RS (2018) Role of genetics in the prediction of statin-associated muscle symptoms and optimization of statin use and adherence. Cardiovasc Res 114:1073–1081PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Santos PC, Soares RA, Nascimento RM, Machado-Coelho GL, Mill JG, Krieger JE, Pereira AC (2011) SLCO1B1 rs4149056 polymorphism associated with statin-induced myopathy is differently distributed according to ethnicity in the Brazilian general population: Amerindians as a high risk ethnic group. BMC Med Genet 12:136PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Santos PC, Soares RA, Nascimento RM, Machado-Coelho GL, Mill JG, Krieger JE, Pereira AC (2011) SLCO1B1 rs4149056 polymorphism associated with statin-induced myopathy is differently distributed according to ethnicity in the Brazilian general population: Amerindians as a high risk ethnic group. BMC Med Genet 12:136PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Voora D, Shah SH, Spasojevic I, Ali S, Reed CR, Salisbury BA, Ginsburg GS (2009) The SLCO1B1*5 genetic variant is associated with statin-induced side effects. J Am Coll Cardiol 54:1609–1616PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Voora D, Shah SH, Spasojevic I, Ali S, Reed CR, Salisbury BA, Ginsburg GS (2009) The SLCO1B1*5 genetic variant is associated with statin-induced side effects. J Am Coll Cardiol 54:1609–1616PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Becker ML, Visser LE, van Schaik RH, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, Stricker BH (2010) Influence of genetic variation in CYP3A4 and ABCB1 on dose decrease or switching during simvastatin and atorvastatin therapy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 19:75–81PubMedCrossRef Becker ML, Visser LE, van Schaik RH, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, Stricker BH (2010) Influence of genetic variation in CYP3A4 and ABCB1 on dose decrease or switching during simvastatin and atorvastatin therapy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 19:75–81PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Wang D, Guo Y, Wrighton SA, Cooke GE, Sadee W (2011) Intronic polymorphism in CYP3A4 affects hepatic expression and response to statin drugs. Pharmacogenomics J 11:274–286PubMedCrossRef Wang D, Guo Y, Wrighton SA, Cooke GE, Sadee W (2011) Intronic polymorphism in CYP3A4 affects hepatic expression and response to statin drugs. Pharmacogenomics J 11:274–286PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Kajinami K, Brousseau ME, Ordovas JM, Schaefer EJ (2004) CYP3A4 genotypes and plasma lipoprotein levels before and after treatment with atorvastatin in primary hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 93:104–107PubMedCrossRef Kajinami K, Brousseau ME, Ordovas JM, Schaefer EJ (2004) CYP3A4 genotypes and plasma lipoprotein levels before and after treatment with atorvastatin in primary hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 93:104–107PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Ruaño G, Thompson PD, Windemuth A, Seip RL, Dande A, Sorokin A, Kocherla M, Smith A, Holford TR, Wu AH (2007) Physiogenomic association of statin-related myalgia to serotonin receptors. Muscle Nerve 36:329–335PubMedCrossRef Ruaño G, Thompson PD, Windemuth A, Seip RL, Dande A, Sorokin A, Kocherla M, Smith A, Holford TR, Wu AH (2007) Physiogenomic association of statin-related myalgia to serotonin receptors. Muscle Nerve 36:329–335PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat www.snpedia.com. Zugegriffen: 22.10.2020 www.​snpedia.​com. Zugegriffen: 22.10.2020

Zurück zum Zitat Ovesjö M‑L, Skilving I, Bergman P, Rane A, Ekström L, Björkhem-Bergman L (2016) Low vitamin D levels and genetic polymorphism in the vitamin D receptor are associated with increased risk of Statin-induced myopathy. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 118:214–218PubMedCrossRef Ovesjö M‑L, Skilving I, Bergman P, Rane A, Ekström L, Björkhem-Bergman L (2016) Low vitamin D levels and genetic polymorphism in the vitamin D receptor are associated with increased risk of Statin-induced myopathy. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 118:214–218PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Gupta A, Thompson PD (2011) The relationship of vitamin D deficiency to statin myopathy. Atherosclerosis 215:23–29PubMedCrossRef Gupta A, Thompson PD (2011) The relationship of vitamin D deficiency to statin myopathy. Atherosclerosis 215:23–29PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Mammen AL (2016) Statin-associated autoimmune myopathy. N Engl J Med 374:664–669PubMedCrossRef Mammen AL (2016) Statin-associated autoimmune myopathy. N Engl J Med 374:664–669PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Banach M, Serban C, Ursoniu S, Rysz J, Muntner P, Toth PP, Jones SR, Rizzo M, Glasser SP, Watts GF, Blumenthal RS, Lip GY, Mikhailidis DP, Sahebkar A: (2015) Statin therapy and plasma coenzyme Q10 concentrations-—a systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Pharmacol Res 99:329–336PubMedCrossRef Banach M, Serban C, Ursoniu S, Rysz J, Muntner P, Toth PP, Jones SR, Rizzo M, Glasser SP, Watts GF, Blumenthal RS, Lip GY, Mikhailidis DP, Sahebkar A: (2015) Statin therapy and plasma coenzyme Q10 concentrations-—a systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Pharmacol Res 99:329–336PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Paiva H, Thelen K, Coster R, Smet J, Paepe B, Mattila K, Laakso J, Lehtimaki T, Vonbergmann K, Lutjohann D (2005) High-dose statins and skeletal muscle metabolism in humans: a randomized, controlled trial. Clin Pharmacol Ther 78(1):60–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clpt.2005.03.006CrossRefPubMed Paiva H, Thelen K, Coster R, Smet J, Paepe B, Mattila K, Laakso J, Lehtimaki T, Vonbergmann K, Lutjohann D (2005) High-dose statins and skeletal muscle metabolism in humans: a randomized, controlled trial. Clin Pharmacol Ther 78(1):60–68. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​clpt.​2005.​03.​006CrossRefPubMed

Zurück zum Zitat Hanai J‑I, Cao P, Tanksale P, Imamura S, Koshimizu E, Zhao J, Kishi S, Yamashita M, Phillips PS, Sukhatme VP, Lecker SH (2007) The muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase atrogin-1/MAFbx mediates statin-induced muscle toxicityCrossRef Hanai J‑I, Cao P, Tanksale P, Imamura S, Koshimizu E, Zhao J, Kishi S, Yamashita M, Phillips PS, Sukhatme VP, Lecker SH (2007) The muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase atrogin-1/MAFbx mediates statin-induced muscle toxicityCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Abd TT, Jacobson TA (2011) Statin-induced myopathy: a review and update. Expert Opin Drug Saf 10:373–387PubMedCrossRef Abd TT, Jacobson TA (2011) Statin-induced myopathy: a review and update. Expert Opin Drug Saf 10:373–387PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Wang C‑Y, Liu P‑Y, Liao JK (2008) Pleiotropic effects of statin therapy: molecular mechanisms and clinical results. Trends Mol Med 14:37–44PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wang C‑Y, Liu P‑Y, Liao JK (2008) Pleiotropic effects of statin therapy: molecular mechanisms and clinical results. Trends Mol Med 14:37–44PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Grunwald SA, Popp O, Haafke S, Jedraszczak N, Grieben U, Saar K, Patone G, Kress W, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Dittmar G, Spuler S (2020) Statin-induced myopathic changes in primary human muscle cells and reversal by a prostaglandin F2 alpha analogue. Sci Rep 10:2158PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Grunwald SA, Popp O, Haafke S, Jedraszczak N, Grieben U, Saar K, Patone G, Kress W, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Dittmar G, Spuler S (2020) Statin-induced myopathic changes in primary human muscle cells and reversal by a prostaglandin F2 alpha analogue. Sci Rep 10:2158PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Rosenson RS, Baker SK, Jacobson TA, Kopecky SL, Parker BA (2014) An assessment by the Statin Muscle Safety Task Force: 2014 update. J Clin Lipidol 8:S58–S71PubMedCrossRef Rosenson RS, Baker SK, Jacobson TA, Kopecky SL, Parker BA (2014) An assessment by the Statin Muscle Safety Task Force: 2014 update. J Clin Lipidol 8:S58–S71PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat (2020) Clinical drug interaction studies—Cytochrome P450 enzyme- and transporter-mediated drug interactions guidance for industry. https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/clinical-drug-interaction-studies-cytochrome-p450-enzyme-and-transporter-mediated-drug-interactions. Zugegriffen: article online (2020) Clinical drug interaction studies—Cytochrome P450 enzyme- and transporter-mediated drug interactions guidance for industry. https://​www.​fda.​gov/​regulatory-information/​search-fda-guidance-documents/​clinical-drug-interaction-studies-cytochrome-p450-enzyme-and-transporter-mediated-drug-interactions. Zugegriffen: article online

Zurück zum Zitat Patel AM, Shariff S, Bailey DG, Juurlink DN, Gandhi S, Mamdani M, Gomes T, Fleet J, Hwang YJ, Garg AX (2013) Statin toxicity from macrolide antibiotic coprescription: a population-based cohort study. Ann Intern Med 158:869–876PubMedCrossRef Patel AM, Shariff S, Bailey DG, Juurlink DN, Gandhi S, Mamdani M, Gomes T, Fleet J, Hwang YJ, Garg AX (2013) Statin toxicity from macrolide antibiotic coprescription: a population-based cohort study. Ann Intern Med 158:869–876PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Stroes ES, Thompson PD, Corsini A, Vladutiu GD, Raal FJ, Ray KK, Roden M, Stein E, Tokgözoğlu L, Nordestgaard BG, Bruckert E, De Backer G, Krauss RM, Laufs U, Santos RD, Hegele RA, Hovingh GK, Leiter LA, Mach F, März W, Newman CB, Wiklund O, Jacobson TA, Catapano AL, Chapman MJ, Ginsberg HN, Stroes E, Thompson PD, Corsini A, Vladutiu GD, Raal FJ, Ray KK, Roden M, Stein E, Tokgözoğlu L, Nordestgaard BG, Bruckert E, Krauss RM, Laufs U, Santos RD, März W, Newman CB, Chapman JM, Ginsberg HN, Chapman JM, Ginsberg HN, De Backer G, Catapano AL, Hegele RA, Kees Hovingh G, Jacobson TA, Leiter L, Mach F, Wiklund O (2015) Statin-associated muscle symptoms: impact on statin therapy—European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel Statement on Assessment, Aetiology and Management. Eur Heart J 36:1012–1022PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Stroes ES, Thompson PD, Corsini A, Vladutiu GD, Raal FJ, Ray KK, Roden M, Stein E, Tokgözoğlu L, Nordestgaard BG, Bruckert E, De Backer G, Krauss RM, Laufs U, Santos RD, Hegele RA, Hovingh GK, Leiter LA, Mach F, März W, Newman CB, Wiklund O, Jacobson TA, Catapano AL, Chapman MJ, Ginsberg HN, Stroes E, Thompson PD, Corsini A, Vladutiu GD, Raal FJ, Ray KK, Roden M, Stein E, Tokgözoğlu L, Nordestgaard BG, Bruckert E, Krauss RM, Laufs U, Santos RD, März W, Newman CB, Chapman JM, Ginsberg HN, Chapman JM, Ginsberg HN, De Backer G, Catapano AL, Hegele RA, Kees Hovingh G, Jacobson TA, Leiter L, Mach F, Wiklund O (2015) Statin-associated muscle symptoms: impact on statin therapy—European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel Statement on Assessment, Aetiology and Management. Eur Heart J 36:1012–1022PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Taylor BA, Sanchez RJ, Jacobson TA, Chibedi-De-Roche D, Manvelian G, Baccara-Dinet MT, Khan I, Rosenson RS (2017) Application of the Statin-associated muscle symptoms-clinical index to a randomized trial on Statin Myopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 70:1680–1681PubMedCrossRef Taylor BA, Sanchez RJ, Jacobson TA, Chibedi-De-Roche D, Manvelian G, Baccara-Dinet MT, Khan I, Rosenson RS (2017) Application of the Statin-associated muscle symptoms-clinical index to a randomized trial on Statin Myopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 70:1680–1681PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Zinman L, Sadeghi R, Gawel M, Patton D, Kiss A (2008) Are statin medications safe in patients with ALS? Amyotroph Lateral Scler 9:223–228PubMedCrossRef Zinman L, Sadeghi R, Gawel M, Patton D, Kiss A (2008) Are statin medications safe in patients with ALS? Amyotroph Lateral Scler 9:223–228PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Al-Jubouri MA, Briston PG, Sinclair D, Chinn RH, Young RM (1994) Lesson of the week: myxoedema revealed by simvastatin induced myopathy. BMJ 308:588–588PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Al-Jubouri MA, Briston PG, Sinclair D, Chinn RH, Young RM (1994) Lesson of the week: myxoedema revealed by simvastatin induced myopathy. BMJ 308:588–588PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Khayznikov M, Hemachrandra K, Pandit R, Kumar A, Wang P, Glueck CJ (2015) Statin intolerance because of Myalgia, Myositis, Myopathy, or Myonecrosis can in most cases be safely resolved by vitamin D supplementation. N Am J Med Sci 7:86–93PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Khayznikov M, Hemachrandra K, Pandit R, Kumar A, Wang P, Glueck CJ (2015) Statin intolerance because of Myalgia, Myositis, Myopathy, or Myonecrosis can in most cases be safely resolved by vitamin D supplementation. N Am J Med Sci 7:86–93PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Haynes R, Jiang L, Hopewell JC, Li J, Chen F, Parish S, Landray MJ, Collins R, Armitage J, Collins R, Armitage J, Baigent C, Chen Z, Landray M, Chen Y, Jiang L, Pedersen T, Landray M, Bowman L, Chen F, Hill M, Haynes R, Knott C, Rahimi K, Tobert J, Sleight P, Simpson D, Parish S, Baxter A, Lay M, Bray C, Wincott E, Leijenhorst G, Skattebol A, Moen G, Mitchel Y, Kuznetsova O, Macmahon S, Kjekshus J, Hill C, Lam TH, Sandercock P, Peto R, Hopewell JC (2013) HPS2-THRIVE randomized placebo-controlled trial in 25 673 high-risk patients of ER niacin/laropiprant: trial design, pre-specified muscle and liver outcomes, and reasons for stopping study treatment. Eur Heart J 34:1279–1291PubMedCentralCrossRef Haynes R, Jiang L, Hopewell JC, Li J, Chen F, Parish S, Landray MJ, Collins R, Armitage J, Collins R, Armitage J, Baigent C, Chen Z, Landray M, Chen Y, Jiang L, Pedersen T, Landray M, Bowman L, Chen F, Hill M, Haynes R, Knott C, Rahimi K, Tobert J, Sleight P, Simpson D, Parish S, Baxter A, Lay M, Bray C, Wincott E, Leijenhorst G, Skattebol A, Moen G, Mitchel Y, Kuznetsova O, Macmahon S, Kjekshus J, Hill C, Lam TH, Sandercock P, Peto R, Hopewell JC (2013) HPS2-THRIVE randomized placebo-controlled trial in 25 673 high-risk patients of ER niacin/laropiprant: trial design, pre-specified muscle and liver outcomes, and reasons for stopping study treatment. Eur Heart J 34:1279–1291PubMedCentralCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat Neal RC, Ferdinand KC, Ycas J, Miller E (2009) Relationship of ethnic origin, gender, and age to blood creatine kinase levels. Am J Med 122:73–78PubMedCrossRef Neal RC, Ferdinand KC, Ycas J, Miller E (2009) Relationship of ethnic origin, gender, and age to blood creatine kinase levels. Am J Med 122:73–78PubMedCrossRef

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Zurück zum Zitat Newman CB, Tobert JA (2015) Statin intolerance: reconciling clinical trials and clinical experience. JAMA 313:1011–1012PubMedCrossRef Newman CB, Tobert JA (2015) Statin intolerance: reconciling clinical trials and clinical experience. JAMA 313:1011–1012PubMedCrossRef

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Zurück zum Zitat Gupta A, Thompson D, Whitehouse A, Collier T, Dahlof B, Poulter N, Collins R, Sever P (2017) Adverse events associated with unblinded, but not with blinded, statin therapy in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—Lipid-Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial and its non-randomised non-blind extension phase. Lancet 389:2473–2481PubMedCrossRef Gupta A, Thompson D, Whitehouse A, Collier T, Dahlof B, Poulter N, Collins R, Sever P (2017) Adverse events associated with unblinded, but not with blinded, statin therapy in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—Lipid-Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial and its non-randomised non-blind extension phase. Lancet 389:2473–2481PubMedCrossRef

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Zurück zum Zitat Rosenson RS, Hegele RA, Fazio S, Cannon CP (2018) The evolving future of PCSK9 inhibitors. J Am Coll Cardiol 72:314–329PubMedCrossRef Rosenson RS, Hegele RA, Fazio S, Cannon CP (2018) The evolving future of PCSK9 inhibitors. J Am Coll Cardiol 72:314–329PubMedCrossRef

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Zurück zum Zitat Ray KK, Wright RS, Kallend D, Koenig W, Leiter LA, Raal FJ, Bisch JA, Richardson T, Jaros M, Wijngaard PLJ, Kastelein JJP (2020) Two phase 3 trials of inclisiran in patients with elevated LDL cholesterol. N Engl J Med 382:1507–1519PubMedCrossRef Ray KK, Wright RS, Kallend D, Koenig W, Leiter LA, Raal FJ, Bisch JA, Richardson T, Jaros M, Wijngaard PLJ, Kastelein JJP (2020) Two phase 3 trials of inclisiran in patients with elevated LDL cholesterol. N Engl J Med 382:1507–1519PubMedCrossRef

Zurück zum Zitat (2020) Nilemdo 180 mg Filmtabletten – Zusammenfassung der Merkmale des Arzneimittels. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/nilemdo-epar-product-information_de.pdf. Zugegriffen: 17. Nov. 2020 (2020) Nilemdo 180 mg Filmtabletten – Zusammenfassung der Merkmale des Arzneimittels. https://​www.​ema.​europa.​eu/​en/​documents/​product-information/​nilemdo-epar-product-information_​de.​pdf. Zugegriffen: 17. Nov. 2020

Zurück zum Zitat (2020) Nustendi 180 mg/10 mg Filmtabletten – Zusammenfassung der Merkmale des Arzneimittels. https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/2020/20200327147391/anx_147391_de.pdf. Zugegriffen: 17. Nov. 2020 (2020) Nustendi 180 mg/10 mg Filmtabletten – Zusammenfassung der Merkmale des Arzneimittels. https://​ec.​europa.​eu/​health/​documents/​community-register/​2020/​20200327147391/​anx_​147391_​de.​pdf. Zugegriffen: 17. Nov. 2020

Zurück zum Zitat Ray KK, Bays HE, Catapano AL, Lalwani ND, Bloedon LT, Sterling LR, Robinson PL, Ballantyne CM (2019) Safety and efficacy of bempedoic acid to reduce LDL cholesterol. N Engl J Med 380:1022–1032PubMedCrossRef Ray KK, Bays HE, Catapano AL, Lalwani ND, Bloedon LT, Sterling LR, Robinson PL, Ballantyne CM (2019) Safety and efficacy of bempedoic acid to reduce LDL cholesterol. N Engl J Med 380:1022–1032PubMedCrossRef

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