Introduction
Materials and methods
Participants
Youth-TOP | Early-Onset Study | Test statistics | |
---|---|---|---|
N = 34 | N = 27 | ||
Inclusion years | 2013–2016 | 2005–2007 | |
Diagnostic assessment | K-SADS-PLa | SCID-Ib | |
CGAS/GAF-Fc (SD) | 43.2 (10.3) | 48.0 (15.2) | t(44) = 1.41, P = 0.17 |
Sex, female (%) | 21 (62) | 14 (52) | χ2(1) = 0.61, P = 0.44 |
Hand dominance, right (%) | 31 (91) | 23 (85) | χ2(1) = 0.53, P = 0.47 |
Mother’s education, years (SD) | 14.7 (2.7) | 12.9 (2.8) | t(56) = − 2.51, P = 0.02 |
Age, years (SD) | 16.2 (1.3) | 15.9 (1.8) | t(59) = − 0.13, P = 0.53 |
IQ (SD) | 100.4 (12.4) | 95.2 (14.4) | t(59) = − 1.51, P = 0.14 |
Ethnicity, caucasian (%) | 30 (88) | 21 (78) | χ2(1) = 1.20, P = 0.27 |
Diagnosis (%) | χ2(4) = 3.75, P = 0.44 | ||
Schizophrenia | 21 (62) | 12 (44) | |
Schizoaffective disorder | 1 (3) | 3 (11) | |
Schizophreniform disorder | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | |
Brief psychotic disorder | 1 (3) | 1 (4) | |
Psychosis not otherwise specified | 11 (32) | 10 (37) | |
Daily nicotine use, yes (%) | 9 (27) | 6 (23) | χ2(1) = 0.09, P = 0.76 |
Alcohol use, yes (%) | 12 (35) | 17 (63) | χ2(1) = 4.62, P = 0.03 |
Cannabis use, yes (%) | 8 (24) | 4 (15) | χ2(1) = 0.72, P = 0.40 |
Antipsychotic med., yes, n (%) | 18 (53) | 19 (70) | χ2(1) = 1.92, P = 0.17 |
Aripiprazole | 9 (50) | 2 (11) | |
Risperidone | 3 (16) | 2 (11) | |
Quetiapine | 4 (22) | 6 (31) | |
Olanzapine | 1 (6) | 6 (31) | |
Ziprasidone | 0 (0) | 2 (11) | |
Clozapine | 1 (6) | 1 (5) | |
Age of onset, mean years (SD) | 14.3 (1.9) | 14.1 (2.0) | t(59) = − 0.41, P = 0.68 |
DUPd, weeks (SD) | 38.5 (47.6) | 35.0 (51.5) | t(59) = 0.28, P = 0.78 |
PANSSe (SD) | |||
Positive | 17.3 (4.1) | 14.9 (4.2) | t(59) = − 2.26, P = 0.03 |
Negative | 19.2 (8.0) | 12.2 (5.3) | t(57) = − 4.10, P < 0.001 |
General | 36.5 (8.1) | 29.7 (7.4) | t(59) = − 3.37, P = 0.001 |
PANSS Wallwork/Fortgang (SD) | |||
Positive | 2.9 (0.89) | 2.5 (0.83) | t(59) = − 1.99, P = 0.05 |
Negative | 2.8 (1.18) | 1.9 (0.76) | t(57) = − 3.45, P = 0.001 |
Disorganized/concrete | 2.2 (0.94) | 1.6 (0.64) | t(58) = − 3.02, P = 0.004 |
Excited | 1.7 (0.55) | 1.7 (0.63) | t(59) = − 0.04, P = 0.97 |
Depressed | 2.8 (0.88) | 2.6 (1.13) | t(49) = − 0.87, P = 0.39 |
Clinical measures
Global functioning
Neurocognitive measures
Statistical analyses
Results
Patient characteristics
MCCB test and domain scores | Youth-TOP | Early-Onset Study | Test statistics |
---|---|---|---|
N = 34 | N = 27 | ||
Speed of processing, Z score | 0.15 (0.98) | − 0.19 (1.01) | t(57) = − 1.30, P = 0.20 |
BACS symbol coding | 49.61 (12.98) | 46.59 (11.26) | t(58) = − 0.95, P = 0.35 |
Animal naming | 21.09 (5.44) | 18.35 (5.46) | t(58) = − 1.93, P = 0.06 |
Trail making test A | 36.22 (12.74) | 35.92 (14.61) | t(58) = − 0.08, P = 0.93 |
Attention/vigilance: CPT-IP d´ | 1.77 (0.68) | 1.70 (0.70) | t(54) = − 0.38, P = 0.71 |
Working memory, Z score | 0.28 (0.96) | − 0.36 (0.95) | t(58) = − 2.55, P = 0.01 |
WMS-III spatial span | 16.62 (2.67) | 14.81 (2.70) | t(58) = − 2.59, P = 0.01 |
Letter-number span | 12.94 (3.14) | 11.70 (2.32) | t(59) = − 1.71, P = 0.09 |
Verbal learning: HVLT-R | 25.52 (5.19) | 22.81 (5.50) | t(58) = − 1.95, P = 0.06 |
Visual learning: BVMT-R | 25.38 (6.79) | 22.93 (8.78) | t(48) = − 1.20, P = 0.24 |
Reasoning and problem-solving: NAB Mazes | 20.29 (4.45) | 17.85 (5.69) | t(59) = − 1.88, P = 0.07 |
Global cognition, Z score | − 0.34 (0.90) | − 0.37 (0.98) | t(50) = − 2.73, P = 0.01 |