The optimal treatment for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma remains unclear. We compared the clinical outcomes of neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) followed by esophagectomy [the surgery group] and CCRT without surgery [the CCRT group] in patients with squamous cell carcinoma from an Asian population.
Methods
Eligible patients diagnosed from 2008 to 2015 were identified through the Taiwan Cancer Registry. To balance observable potential confounders, we constructed a 1:1 propensity score-matched cohort [surgery vs CCRT]. We compared the hazard ratios between the surgery and CCRT groups for death using a robust variance estimator. We also evaluated the outcomes of patients for freedom from local regional recurrence (FFLRR) and esophageal cancer-specific survival (ECSS). Extensive supplementary analyses were performed to examine the robustness of our findings.
Results
Our study population included 298 patients balanced with respect to the observed covariables. The hazard ratio of death was 0.56 [95% confidence interval 0.42~0.75] when surgery was compared to CCRT. The results remained significant in the FFLRR and ECSS outcomes. In the supplementary analyses, our results also remained significant when additional covariables were taken into consideration or when the definition of the index date was changed.
Conclusions
When compared to definitive CCRT, neoadjuvant CCRT followed by esophagectomy was associated with improved overall survival for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. However, given the nonrandomized nature of the study and the sensitivity to potentially unmeasured confounders, our results should be interpreted cautiously.
Hinweise
Chih-Yi Chen and Chia-Chin Li contributed equally to this work.
Abkürzungen
CCRT
Concurrent chemoradiotherapy
ECSS
Esophageal cancer-specific survival
FFLRR
Freedom from local regional recurrence
IGRT
Image-guided radiotherapy
MIE
Minimally invasive esophagectomy
OS
Overall survival
PET
Positron emission tomography
PS
Propensity score
RCT
Randomized controlled trial
RT
Radiotherapy
SA
Supplementary analysis
SqCC
Squamous cell carcinoma
TCR
Taiwan Cancer Registry
Background
Esophageal cancer is a common cause for cancer mortality around the world [1], and except in North America and Europe, squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) is the major histological subtype [1].
The optimal treatment for locally advanced esophageal SqCC has remained elusive. According to the current National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, esophagectomy, neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) followed by esophagectomy, or definite CCRT were all possible treatment options for cT1b-4aN0-+M0 patients [2]. A seminal paper published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2014 states that “locally advanced tumors, defined as category T3N1, are best treated with esophagectomy” [1]. However, the role of esophagectomy was questioned in a review paper published in 2017 [3]. Meta-analyses and a recent large-scale randomized controlled trial (RCT) reported favorable outcomes when neoadjuvant CCRT followed by esophagectomy was compared to esophagectomy alone [4, 5]. In addition, RCTs for esophageal SqCC patients from Germany and France had reported similar overall survival (OS), although better local control was obtained with neoadjuvant CCRT followed by esophagectomy compared to CCRT without surgery (also mentioned in the 2017 review paper above) [3, 6, 7]. Another RCT also reported similar OS between CCRT without surgery and upfront esophagectomy without neoadjuvant CCRT [8].
Anzeige
Therefore, the aim of our study was to compare neoadjuvant CCRT followed by esophagectomy to definitive CCRT for locally advanced esophageal SqCC patients in a real-world Asian population.
Methods
Data source
In our study, the primary data comes from the Taiwan Cancer Registry (TCR) and death registration. The TCR is a high-quality database [9] that provides complete information such as individual demographics, stage of disease, tumor histology, and treatment details. Some prognostic factors, e.g., the use of positron emission tomography (PET), were also available since 2011.
Study population and study design
Our study flow chart, designed to conform to the STROBE guidelines [10], is depicted in Fig. 1. The main study population consisted of locally advanced esophageal SqCC patients diagnosed from 2008 to 2015 who received neoadjuvant CCRT [radiotherapy dose 40–50.4 Gy] before esophagectomy, or CCRT [radiotherapy dose ≥ 50.4 Gy] without surgery. The explanatory variable of interest in this study was the surgery group (neoadjuvant CCRT followed by esophagectomy) vs the CCRT group (CCRT without surgery). We collected covariables based on our experiences in clinical care and related TCR studies [11‐13] for adjustment of potential nonrandomized treatment selection (as mentioned in the next section). We defined the date of diagnosis from the cancer registry as the index date and obtained the survival statuses of patients from the death registry [follow-up until Dec 31, 2016]. We then estimated propensity scores (PSs) using the covariables to construct a PS-matched sample. We used this PS-based method rather than a Cox regression model, as suggested in previous literature [14, 15].
Fig. 1
STROBE study flow chart and the numbers of individuals at each stage of the study. 1: We only included those treated (classes 1–2) by any single institution to ensure data consistency. 2: Cancer staging clinical stage T3N1M0. 3: Without missing information in the TCR and the death registry
×
Other explanatory covariables
Patient demographics [age, gender, residency region], disease characteristics [tumor size, differentiation, tumor location], radiotherapy (RT) delivery, institution, and period were included in our primary analysis. We also considered a prognostic factor [“use of PET”, available in the TCR since 2011] in the supplementary analyses. The definitions of covariables were as follows. Patient residency region was classified as northern Taiwan or elsewhere. Tumor size was classified by a diameter ≤ 5 or > 5 cm. Tumor differentiation was classified as well/moderately differentiated or poorly/undifferentiated. External beam radiotherapy delivery was classified as image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) or non-IGRT. The hospital was classified as a high- or low-volume institute via a threshold [20 esophagectomies per year] [16]. The time period was classified as 2008–2009 or 2010–2015. Tumor location was classified as cervical or not.
Anzeige
Statistical analysis
We performed the statistical analysis using the software SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) and STATA 12 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA). In the primary analysis, we used a logistic regression model based on covariables to evaluate the probability of receiving surgery (vs CCRT) and then used the logit of the probability as the PS in a PS-matched method. Tabulation and standardized difference [17, 18] were used to assess the balance of covariates between PS-matched groups. We used a robust variance estimator to compare the hazard ratios of events between surgery- and CCRT-matched groups during the entire follow-up period [14]. As suggested in the recent literature [19], we evaluated the robustness of our findings to potential unmeasured confounding factor(s) via the E-factor. We also evaluated the outcomes of patients for freedom from local regional recurrence (FFLRR) and esophageal cancer-specific survival (ECSS) according to the TCR and the death registry.
Supplementary analysis
In a subgroup of patients [diagnosed from 2011 to 2015] for whom additional information, i.e., use of PET, was available, we performed the first supplementary analysis (SA-1). In the second supplementary analysis (SA-2), we repeated what we did in SA-1 but limited the surgery group to those who received minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) because of its potential superiority [20, 21]. In the third supplementary analysis (SA-3), we reanalyzed the OS in the primary analysis when the index date was changed to the start of radiotherapy.
Results
Identification of the study population used in the primary analysis
As shown in Fig. 1, the identified initial study population consisted of 451 esophageal SqCC cancer patients divided into surgery or CCRT groups. After excluding the missing data in follow-up and applying a PS matching method, 298 patients were used as the final study population in the primary analysis. The patient characteristics are described in Table 1. All covariables after matching were well balanced with small standardized differences (< 0.25) [17].
Table 1
Characteristics of matched study population in the primary analysis
After a median follow-up of 20 months [range 3–98], death was observed for 79 patients in the surgery group and for 108 in the CCRT group. The hazard ratio (HR) of death when surgery was compared to CCRT was 0.56 [95% confidence interval (95CI) 0.42–0.75, p value < 0.001]. The observed HR 0.56 for OS could be explained by an unmeasured confounder associated with the selection of treatment (IMRT or 3DCRT) and live/death by a risk ratio of 2.35-fold each; however, weaker confounding factors could not do so. Furthermore, the confidence interval could be moved to include the null hypothesis by an unmeasured confounder by a risk ratio of 1.74, above and beyond the measured confounders; however, weaker confounding could not. The 5-year OS rate for surgery was 38% (vs 20% for CCRT). Figure 2 shows the Kaplan-Meier survival curve for OS. Surgery was also associated with better FFLRR [HR 0.17, 95CI 0.11–0.28, p value < .001] and ECSS [HR 0.56, 95CI 0.41–0.77, p value < .001].
Fig. 2
Kaplan-Meier survival curve (in years) for the final study population [primary analysis]
×
Supplementary analyses
In the SA-1, which incorporated the use of PET into the PS model, all of the covariables were well balanced and the standardized differences were small (< 0.25) (Table 2). From this analysis, we found that surgery was still associated with improved OS compared to CCRT [HR 0.51, 95CI 0.36–0.72, p value < 0.001]. Figure 3 shows the Kaplan-Meier survival curve for OS.
Table 2
Characteristics of the matched study population in the SA-1
Surgery
CCRT
Standardized differencea
Number or mean (sd)a
(%)a
Number or mean (sd)a
(%)a
Age
57.00 (7.63)
56.61 (9.62)
0.05
Gender
Female
6
(5)
3
(3)
0.14
Male
104
(95)
107
(97)
Residency
Non-north
76
(69)
80
(73)
0.08
North
34
(31)
30
(27)
Tumor size
≤ 5 cm
43
(39)
42
(38)
0.02
> 5 cm
67
(61)
68
(62)
Differentiation
Poorly/undifferentiated
41
(37)
42
(38)
0.02
Well/moderately
69
(63)
68
(62)
RT delivery
Non-IGRT
94
(85)
96
(87)
0.05
IGRT
16
(15)
14
(13)
Institution
Low volume
40
(36)
45
(41)
0.09
High volume
70
(64)
65
(59)
Use of PET
Without
12
(11)
12
(11)
0.00
With
98
(89)
98
(89)
Location
Cervical
1
(1)
1
(1)
0.00
Noncervical
109
(99)
109
(99)
sd standard deviation, RT radiotherapy, IGRT image-guided RT, PET positron emission tomography, CCRT concurrent chemoradiotherapy
aRounded
Fig. 3
Kaplan-Meier survival curve (in years) for a PS-matched subgroup diagnosed from 2011 to 2015 [SA-1]
×
In the SA-2, in which neoadjuvant CCRT followed by MIE was compared to CCRT without surgery, all of the covariables were still well balanced with small standardized differences (< 0.25) (Table 3). The HR of death when surgery [MIE] was compared to CCRT was 0.44 [95CI 0.28–0.70, p value < 0.001]. Figure 4 shows the Kaplan-Meier survival curve for OS.
Table 3
Characteristics of the matched study population in the SA-2
Surgery [MIE]
CCRT
Standardized differencea
Number or mean (sd)a
(%)a
Number or mean (sd)a
(%)a
Age
56.38 (8.21)
55.35 (10.58)
0.11
Gender
Female
4
(5)
4
(5)
0.00
Male
78
(95)
78
(95)
Residency
Non-north
57
(70)
52
(63)
0.13
North
25
(30)
30
(37)
Tumor size
≤ 5 cm
31
(38)
31
(38)
0.00
> 5 cm
51
(62)
51
(62)
Differentiation
Poorly/undifferentiated
31
(38)
30
(37)
0.03
Well/moderately
51
(62)
52
(63)
RT delivery
Non-IGRT
70
(85)
68
(83)
0.07
IGRT
12
(15)
14
(17)
Institution
Low volume
23
(28)
25
(30)
0.05
High volume
59
(72)
57
(70)
Use of PET
Without
7
(9)
11
(13)
0.16
With
75
(91)
71
(87)
The nonoverlapped covariable (location) was not included in this matching
sd standard deviation, RT radiotherapy, IGRT image-guided RT, PET positron emission tomography, MIE minimally invasive esophagectomy, CCRT concurrent chemoradiotherapy
aRounded
Fig. 4
Kaplan-Meier survival curve (in years) for a PS-matched subgroup diagnosed from 2011 to 2015, but with the surgery group limited to those who received MIE [SA-2]
×
In the SA-3 in which we used the RT-start date as the index date, the HR for death when surgery was compared with CCRT was similar [0.55, 95CI 0.41–0.74, p value < 0.001]. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves for OS are shown in Fig. 5.
Fig. 5
Kaplan-Meier survival curve (in years) for the final study population when the index date was changed to the start of radiotherapy [SA-3]
×
Discussion
In this population-based study PS-matched analysis from Asia (Taiwan), we found that for locally advanced esophageal SqCC, neoadjuvant CCRT followed by esophagectomy was associated with improved OS when compared to CCRT without surgery.
Anzeige
Statistically, our results were not consistent with available RCTs [6, 7]; however, survival was actually numerically better for the surgical arm when compared to that for the nonsurgical arms in both RCTs, although not statistically significant. The 2-year OS was 39.9 vs 35.4% in the German trial [7] and 37.1 vs 36.5% [per protocol] in the French trial [6]. In our study, it was 63 vs 39%. Therefore, the outcome of CCRT in our study was similar to both RCTs, but the outcome of neoadjuvant CCRT followed by esophagectomy was higher in our study [63%] (although close to the 67% OS reported in the modern CROSS study [5]).
We feel that our findings are compatible with the prevalent concept that esophagectomy is an integral part of treatment for locally advanced esophageal cancer [1], possibly through improved disease control (demonstrated by the improved FFLRR and ECSS), as better local/regional control in the surgical arm had also been reported in the above RCTs [6, 7]. However, given the abovementioned RCTs and that our result was sensitive to potential unmeasured confounders [E-factor 1.74], we feel that our results should not be interpreted as conclusive and that further modern RCTs are needed. When we searched in “https://clinicaltrials.gov/” using [“esophagectomy” AND “concurrent chemoradiotherapy”] on May 21, 2018, we found two relevant ongoing trials [NCT02972372, NCT01740375]; however, these trials were relevant but not identical. NCT02972372 investigated definitive CCRT vs surgery without neoadjuvant CCRT, whereas NCT01740375 investigated upfront surgery or observation for those patients who achieved complete clinical response. Therefore, the results of our study could be valuable for contemporary patient decision-making until other modern high-level evidence becomes available.
There were some limitations in our study. First, we shared the inherent limitation of observation study. Although we tried our best to follow the STROBE guidelines for observational study [10] and examined extensive supplementary analyses, potential unmeasured confounder(s), such as presenting body weight loss [6] or operability, might still threaten our results. Second, the generalizability of our finding to regions where SqCC was not the predominant histology might be questionable.
Conclusions
We found that for locally advanced esophageal SqCC, neoadjuvant CCRT followed by esophagectomy was associated with improved OS when compared to CCRT without surgery. However, given the nonrandomized nature of the study and sensitivity to potential unmeasured confounder(s), our results should be interpreted cautiously.
Anzeige
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful for the conceptual input from Dr. Tsang-Wu Liu and all of the members in the Health Promotion Administration, National Health Research Institute Esophageal Cancer Committee for their conceptual contributions. The authors thank “American Journal Experts” for editorial assistance. The corresponding author would like to thank Dr. Ya-Chen Tina Shih for her mentoring in Health Services Research.
Funding
This work was supported by the Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan (R.O.C.) [source of this funding is the health and welfare surcharge of tobacco products] and China Medical University Hospital [CRS-106-040 to Chien C.R.].
Availability of data and materials
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the Taiwan Cancer Registry; however, restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are, however, available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of the Taiwan Cancer Registry.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by Research Ethics Committee, National Health Research Institutes [EC1041006-E].
Anzeige
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Das Karpaltunnelsyndrom ist die häufigste Kompressionsneuropathie peripherer Nerven. Obwohl die Anamnese mit dem nächtlichen Einschlafen der Hand (Brachialgia parästhetica nocturna) sehr typisch ist, ist eine klinisch-neurologische Untersuchung und Elektroneurografie in manchen Fällen auch eine Neurosonografie erforderlich. Im Anfangsstadium sind konservative Maßnahmen (Handgelenksschiene, Ergotherapie) empfehlenswert. Bei nicht Ansprechen der konservativen Therapie oder Auftreten von neurologischen Ausfällen ist eine Dekompression des N. medianus am Karpaltunnel indiziert.
Das Webinar beschäftigt sich mit Fragen und Antworten zu Diagnostik und Klassifikation sowie Möglichkeiten des Ausschlusses von Zusatzverletzungen. Die Referenten erläutern, welche Frakturen konservativ behandelt werden können und wie. Das Webinar beantwortet die Frage nach aktuellen operativen Therapiekonzepten: Welcher Zugang, welches Osteosynthesematerial? Auf was muss bei der Nachbehandlung der distalen Radiusfraktur geachtet werden?
Inhalte des Webinars zur S1-Leitlinie „Empfehlungen zur Therapie der akuten Appendizitis bei Erwachsenen“ sind die Darstellung des Projektes und des Erstellungswegs zur S1-Leitlinie, die Erläuterung der klinischen Relevanz der Klassifikation EAES 2015, die wissenschaftliche Begründung der wichtigsten Empfehlungen und die Darstellung stadiengerechter Therapieoptionen.
