Background
Methods
Setting
Participants
Measures
Neuropsychological battery tests and training
Data analysis
Results
Characteristics | HIV Positive N = 155 | HIV Negative N = 76 | p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | ||
HIV status | |||||
Negative | 76 | 32.9% | |||
Positive | 155 | 67.1% | |||
Sex | 0.270 | ||||
Male | 46 | 29.7% | 28 | 36.8% | |
Female | 109 | 70.3% | 48 | 63.2% | |
Age Group | 0.010 | ||||
18–25 | 31 | 20.0% | 25 | 32.9% | |
26–45 | 82 | 52.9% | 42 | 55.3% | |
46 and above | 42 | 27.1% | 9 | 11.8% | |
Marital Status | 0.001 | ||||
Married/partner | 62 | 43.4% | 41 | 55.4% | |
Divorced/widowed | 47 | 32.9% | 4 | 5.4% | |
Single | 34 | 23.8% | 29 | 39.2% | |
Completed Education | 0.001 | ||||
7 years | 30 | 19.4% | 8 | 10.5% | |
8 to 10 years | 52 | 33.6% | 11 | 14.5% | |
11 to 13 years | 62 | 40.0% | 35 | 46.1% | |
14 years and above | 11 | 7.1% | 22 | 29.0% | |
Current Employment Status | 0.030 | ||||
Unemployed | 95 | 65.5% | 41 | 54.7% | |
Student | 3 | 2.1% | 9 | 12.0% | |
Permanent | 25 | 17.2% | 13 | 17.3% | |
Casual/Self Employed | 22 | 15.2% | 12 | 16.0% | |
Repeated a grade in school | 0.910 | ||||
No | 117 | 80.7% | 61 | 81.3% | |
Yes | 28 | 19.3% | 14 | 18.7% |
Characteristic | Median (IQR) |
---|---|
aCD4 count (cells/mm3) | 520 (300–699) |
Nadir CD4 count (cells/mm3) | 250 (135–430) |
Time since HIV Diagnosis (Months) | 73 (30–113) |
Time since ART Initiation (Months) | 69 (29–107) |
bAdherence Self Report Score | 24.5 (21–25) |
Current ART Regimen | Frequency |
First Line ART regimen | |
Stavudine/Lamivudine/Nevirapine | 2% |
Tenofovir/Lamivudine/Nevirapine | 2% |
Zidovudine/Lamivudine/Nevirapine | 1% |
Tenofovir/Lamivudine/Efavirenz | 93% |
Second Line ART regimen | |
Abacavir/Lamivudine/Atazanavir | 2% |
Medication Switched Since Initiation | |
Yes | 30% |
No | 70% |
Domain | Test | HIV Positive | HIV Negative | p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | 95% CI | Mean (SD) | 95% CI | |||
Executive Function | Wisconsin card sorting test total | 60.4 (20.4) | 57.1–63.7 | 61.6 (19.6) | 57.1–66.0 | 0.680 |
Wisconsin card sorting test trials | 53.3 (47.7) | 45.7–61.0 | 46.1 (46.8) | 35.4–56.8 | 0.280 | |
Color Trails 2b | 159.6 (59.0) | 139.9–155.2 | 122.9 (42.5) | 113.2–132.6 | 0.001 | |
Attention | Digit Span | 12.1 (3.3) | 12.2–13.0 | 13.7(2.6) | 13.1–14.3 | 0.001 |
Spatial Span | 8.8 (3.5) | 8.2–9.3 | 10.9 (3.0) | 10.2–11.6 | 0.001 | |
PASATa | 21.1 (9.3) | 19.6–22.5 | 26.9 (12.6) | 24.1–29.8 | 0.001 | |
Speed of Information Processing | Digit Symbol | 33.3 (11.6) | 31.5–35.2 | 43.2 (15.0) | 39.8–46.7 | 0.001 |
Symbol Search | 18.9 (5.7) | 18.0–19.8 | 22.6 (7.0) | 21.0–24.2 | 0.001 | |
TMTAa, b | 66.0 (23.0) | 57.9–63.9 | 50.5 (16.3) | 46.8–54.3 | 0.001 | |
Color Trails 1b | 73.8 (30.0) | 68.9–78.8 | 59.4 (24.2) | 53.9–65.0 | 0.001 | |
Learning | BVMTa | 8.1 (4.9) | 7.4–8.9 | 10.6 (5.4) | 9.3–11.8 | 0.001 |
HVLTa | 20.5 (3.3) | 20.0–21.1 | 21.8 (3.5) | 21.0–22.6 | 0.007 | |
Memory | BVMTa Recall | 3.4 (2.2) | 3.0–3.8 | 4.5 (2.5) | 4.0–5.0 | 0.001 |
HVLTa Recall | 6.2 (1.9) | 5.9–6.5 | 6.9(1.9) | 6.5–7.3 | 0.009 | |
Motor Function | Grooved pegboard nondominantb | 104.0 (25.8) | 99.9–108.1 | 91.8 (23.3) | 86.5–97.2 | 0.001 |
Grooved Pegboard dominantb | 91.6 (31.4) | 86.6–96.6 | 80.6 (23.2) | 75.3–85.9 | 0.008 | |
Successive Finger Tapping non dominantb | 11.0 (5.0) | 10.2–11.8 | 11.9 (8.2) | 10.1–13.8 | 0.280 | |
Successive Finger Tapping dominantb | 11.1 (5.0) | 10.3–11.9 | 10.8 (3.8) | 10.0–11.7 | 0.650 | |
Verbal Fluency | Fruit and Vegetable List | 12.7 (3.6) | 12.1–13.2 | 14.0 (3.2) | 13.2–14.7 | 0.001 |
Animal List | 13.2 (3.2) | 12.7–13.7 | 14.6 (3.2) | 13.9–15.3 | 0.002 |
Total | Univariable analysis | Adjusted Analysis | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | OR | 95% Cl | p-value | OR | 95% Cl | p-value | |
HIV status | 0.001* | 0.005 | ||||||
Negative | 76 | 32.9% | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
positive | 155 | 67.1% | 3.70 | 1.96–6.99 | 2.67 | 1.35–5.27 | ||
Sex | 0.040* | 0.277 | ||||||
Male | 46 | 29.7% | 0.48 | 0.24–0.97 | 0.70 | 0.37–1.32 | ||
Female | 109 | 70.3% | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Education | 0.040* | 0.002 | ||||||
7 years | 30 | 19.4% | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
8 to 10 years | 52 | 33.6% | 0.40 | 0.15–1.03 | 0.40 | 0.19–1.05 | ||
11–13 years | 62 | 40.0% | 0.38 | 0.15–0.95 | 0.35 | 0.16–0.79 | ||
14 and above | 11 | 7.1% | 0.10 | 0.17–0.53 | 0.05 | 0.10–0.25 | ||
Age | 0.700 | |||||||
18–25 | 31 | 20.0% | 1.00 | |||||
26–45 | 82 | 52.9% | 1.16 | 0.51–2.65 | ||||
46 and above | 42 | 27.1% | 1.47 | 0.57–3.73 | ||||
Time since ART Initiation | 0.440 | |||||||
6 months and less | 15 | 9.8% | 1.00 | |||||
7 to 24 months | 19 | 12.4% | 0.88 | 0.29–3.52 | ||||
25 to 48 months | 22 | 14.4% | 1.25 | 0.33–4.73 | ||||
49 months and above | 97 | 63.4% | 1.77 | 0.59–5.37 | ||||
Time Since Diagnosis | 0.900 | |||||||
6 months and less | 13 | 8.6% | 1.00 | |||||
7 to 24 months | 21 | 13.9% | 0.64 | 0.16–2.58 | ||||
25 to 48 months | 19 | 12.6% | 0.77 | 0.19–3.17 | ||||
49 months and above | 98 | 64.9% | 0.89 | 0.28–2.85 | ||||
Marital Status | 0.240 | |||||||
Divorced/Widowed | 47 | 30.3% | 1.00 | |||||
Married/Partner | 62 | 40.0% | 0.98 | 0.46–2.10 | ||||
Single | 34 | 21.9% | 0.50 | 0.20–1.23 | ||||
Repeated Grade | 0.340 | |||||||
No | 117 | 75.5% | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 28 | 18.1% | 0.67 | 0.29–1.53 | ||||
Employment Status | 0.160 | |||||||
Permanent | 25 | 16.1% | 1.00 | |||||
Self Employed | 22 | 14.2% | 1.23 | 0.38–4.00 | ||||
Student | 3 | 1.94% | 0.88 | 0.07–11.22 | ||||
Unemployed | 95 | 61.3% | 2.44 | 0.98–1.27 |
Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | |||||
Between Groups | 0.61 | 2 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.270 |
Within Groups | 0.34 | 152 | 0.2 | ||
Total | 35.1 | 154 | 0.2 | ||
Education | |||||
Between Groups | 4.0 | 3 | 1.3 | 6.4 | 0.001 |
Within Groups | 31.1 | 151 | 0.2 | ||
Total | 35.1 | 154 | 0.2 |