Neuromodulation techniques in traumatic brain injury: a narrative review of the current state

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability throughout the world. Despite significant advances in medical care, many TBI survivors continue to have cognitive, physical, and psychological deficits that have a significant impact on their quality of life. Neuromodulation techniques, which use electrical or magnetic stimulation to modulate brain activity, have shown promise in the treatment of TBI symptoms. The purpose of this narrative review is to provide an overview of the current state of neuromodulation techniques for TBI, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, deep brain stimulation, and vagus nerve stimulation. This review summarizes the evidence for using these techniques, as well as their potential mechanisms of action and limitations. Additionally, the review discusses future research directions in this field, as well as the possibility of combining neuromodulation techniques with other interventions to improve outcomes for TBI patients.