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Erschienen in: Der Nervenarzt 4/2021

31.03.2021 | Neuromyelitis-optica-Spektrum-Erkrankung | Leitthema

Aquaporin-4-Antikörper-positive-Neuromyelitis-optica-Spektrum-Erkrankungen und Myelinoligodendrozytenglykoprotein-Antikörper-assoziierte Enzephalomyelitis. Eine Kurzübersicht

verfasst von: Sven Jarius, Prof. Dr. Brigitte Wildemann

Erschienen in: Der Nervenarzt | Ausgabe 4/2021

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Zusammenfassung

Die Aquaporin-4(AQP4)-Immunglobulin-G(IgG)-assoziierte Neuromyelitis-optica-Spektrum-Erkrankungen („neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders“, NMOSD) und die Myelinoligodendrozytenglykoprotein(MOG)-IgG-assoziierte Enzephalomyelitis (MOG-EM) sind wichtige autoimmune Differenzialdiagnosen der Multiplen Sklerose und unterscheiden sich von dieser u. a. im Hinblick auf Therapie und Prognose. Die AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD verläuft fast immer, die MOG-EM in mindestens 80 % der adulten Fälle relapsierend. Beide Erkrankungen können unbehandelt rasch zu bleibender Behinderung führen, wobei die MOG-EM insgesamt mit einer besseren Langzeitprognose assoziiert zu sein scheint. Die Antikörpertestung muss mittels sog. zellbasierter Assays erfolgen; vor Diagnosestellung müssen sog. „red flags“ geprüft und, falls vorliegend, eine Bestätigungstestung durchgeführt werden. Die Akuttherapie erfolgt mittels hoch dosierter Glukokortikoide und, ggf. rasch eskalierend, mittels Plasmapherese oder Immunadsorption, die Schubprophylaxe meist off-label mit Rituximab und anderen Immunsuppressiva. Seit kurzem ist zudem Eculizumab in der EU zur Behandlung von Patienten mit AQP4-IgG-positiver NMOSD zugelassen. In diesem Artikel geben wir einen aktuellen Kurzüberblick über Klinik, Diagnose, Behandlung und Verlauf dieser beiden seltenen Entitäten.
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Metadaten
Titel
Aquaporin-4-Antikörper-positive-Neuromyelitis-optica-Spektrum-Erkrankungen und Myelinoligodendrozytenglykoprotein-Antikörper-assoziierte Enzephalomyelitis. Eine Kurzübersicht
verfasst von
Sven Jarius
Prof. Dr. Brigitte Wildemann
Publikationsdatum
31.03.2021
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Der Nervenarzt / Ausgabe 4/2021
Print ISSN: 0028-2804
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-0407
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-021-01106-z

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