Background
Methods
Study population
Conduct of the study
Classification criteria for diabetic neuropathies
Clinical measurements
Statistical analysis
Results
Clinical characteristics of study participants
ND | DNN | DShP | DSHP | DMN | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic characteristics |
N = 375 |
N = 26 |
N = 121 |
N = 55 |
N = 41 |
Age (years) | 56 (49–63) bc
| 50 (42–59) c
| 58 (52–63) ab
| 56 (52–61) abc
| 61 (55–65) a
|
Female gender (%) | 75 (281/375) a
| 69 (18/26) ab
| 63 (76/121) b
| 62 (34/55) ab
| 56 (23/41) b
|
Medical history | |||||
Duration of Diabetes (years) | - | 4 (2–8) b
| 8 (3–13) ab
| 10 (4–15) a
| 13 (5–18) a
|
Hypertension (%) | - | 12 (3/26) a
| 21 (25/121) a
| 24 (13/55) a
| 27 (11/41) a
|
Medical treatment | |||||
Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs (%) | - | 96 (25/26) ab
| 93 (112/121) a
| 89 (49/55) ab
| 78 (32/41) b
|
Insulin treatment (%) | - | 8 (2/26) b
| 17 (21/121) b
| 27 (15/55) ab
| 34 (14/41) a
|
PPAR-α/γ Activators pioglitazone or bezafibrate (%) | - | 42 (11/26) a
| 20 (24/121) b
| 16 (9/55) b
| 22 (9/41) ab
|
HMGCoA reductase Inhibitors (%) | - | 23 (6/26) a
| 12 (15/121) a
| 11 (6/55) a
| 15 (6/41) a
|
ND | DNN | DShP | DSHP | DMN | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 27 (25–29) b
| 30 (28–33) a
| 28 (26–33) a
| 29 (26–33) ab
| 27 (25–30) ab
|
(N = 267) | (N = 17) | (N = 87) | (N = 39) | (N = 38) | |
Mean Arterial Pressure (mm Hg) | 90.0 (83.3–93.3) b
| 90.0 (83.3–96.7) ab
| 93.3 (86.7–103.3) a
| 96.7 (91.7–103.3) a
| 95.0 (86.7–103.3) a
|
(N = 165) | (N = 17) | (N = 87) | (N = 39) | (N = 38) | |
Glucose (mg/dl) | 86 (77–97) b
| 124 (104–151) a
| 130 (100–172) a
| 143 (112–182) a
| 136 (113–192) a
|
(N = 363) | (N = 20) | (N = 109) | (N = 50) | (N = 40) | |
HbA1c (%) | 5.42 (4.96–5.99) b
| 6.59 (6.26–7.88) a
| 7.39 (6.06–9.41) a
| 8.84 (6.82–10.62) a
| 8.58 (6.89–10.18) a
|
(N = 360) | (N = 20) | (N = 108) | (N = 50) | (N = 39) |
Glucose homeostasis and dyslipidemia in neuropathic patients
ND | DNN | DShP | DSHP | DMN | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 116 (86–159) b
| 166 (106–203) ab
| 144 (123–198) a
| 153 (116–219) a
| 171 (129–232) a
|
(N = 363) | (N = 20) | (N = 109) | (N = 50) | (N = 40) | |
Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 180 (149–207) a
| 153 (132–201) a
| 167 (147–198) a
| 190 (156–213) a
| 172 (162–214) a
|
(N = 363) | (N = 20) | (N = 109) | (N = 50) | (N = 40) | |
HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 46 (38–57) a
| 42 (38–50) ab
| 42 (35–50) b
| 43 (34–53) ab
| 47 (38–57) ab
|
(N = 361) | (N = 19) | (N = 108) | (N = 50) | (N = 40) | |
LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 119 (98–140) a
| 113 (87–148) a
| 114 (96–138) a
| 130 (107–159) a
| 112 (95–132) a
|
(N = 359) | (N = 19) | (N = 107) | (N = 50) | (N = 40) | |
HDL / LDL | 0.39 (0.31–0.51) a
| 0.39 (0.28–0.53) ab
| 0.35 (0.30–0.45) ab
| 0.32 (0.27–0.39) b
| 0.37 (0.30–0.50) ab
|
(N = 359) | (N = 19) | (N = 107) | (N = 50) | (N = 40) |
Hormonal and inflammatory signals are altered in diabetic neuropathies
Cell-adhesion molecules levels vary according to the type of diabetic neuropathy
ND | DNN | DShP | DSHP | DMN | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vascular adhesion molecule-1 (ng/ml) | 127 (83–263) a
| 296 (272–327) bc
| 293 (259–335) c
| 312 (284–367) bc
| 353 (298–389) b
|
(N = 160) | (N = 21) | (N = 98) | (N = 49) | (N = 40) | |
Inter-cellular adhesion molecule-1 (ng/ml) | 103 (60–143) b
| 185 (158–227) a
| 178 (150–213) c
| 191 (167–240) a
| 194 (156–243) a
|
(N = 159) | (N = 21) | (N = 98) | (N = 49) | (N = 40) | |
E-Selectin (ng/ml) | 17 (9–23) b
| 38 (19–60) a
| 46 (29–68) a
| 60 (32–105) a
| 68 (39–97) a
|
(N = 160) | (N = 21) | (N = 98) | (N = 49) | (N = 40) |