Background
Primary mechanism | LncRNA | Detailed mechanism | Function | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chromatin modification | LncPRESS1 | Disrupt deacetylation of H3K56 by sequestering SIRT6 from chromatin | Safeguard the stem cells pluripotency | [17] |
NEAT1 | Bind to EZH2 and mediate the trimethylation of H3K27 in their promoters. | Promote glioma cell growth and invasion by increasing β-catenin nuclear transport | [25] | |
HOTTIP | Maintain gene transcription by binding to adaptor WDR5 | Promote hepatic carcinoma tumorigenesis and disease progression | [26] | |
FOXC1 | Stabilize enhancer–promoter looping | Involved in many regulated programs in breast cancer | [15] | |
NBAT-1 | Activate the neuronal-specific transcription factor NRSF/REST | Contribute to aggressive neuroblastoma | [51] | |
Alternative splicing | SPA1, SPA2 | Bind to target mRNAs and sequester multiple RBPs to regulate alternative splicing | Involved in Prader-Willi syndrome pathogenesis | [21] |
LncRNA BC200 | Bind to Bcl-x pre-mRNA and recruit splicing factor hnRNP A2/B1 | Modulate Bcl-x alternative splicing in breast cancer | [28] | |
mRNA stability/modification | KRT7-AS | Form “lncRNA-mRNA” protective duplex at overlapping region | Promote gastric cancer cell migration | [27] |
MEG3 | Act as RNA scaffold to form PTBP1-mediated Shp RNA decay | Promote hepatocirrhosis in hepatocellular carcinoma | [29] | |
FOXM1-AS | Facilitate interaction of ALKBH5 and FOXM1 mRNA to demethylate FOXM1 mRNA | Enhance self-renewal and tumorigenesis of glioblastoma stem-like cells | [50] | |
miRNA sponge | TP73-AS1 | Increase HMGB1 expression by sponging miR-142 | Promote glioma proliferation and invasion | [76] |
CASC2 | Inhibit miR-181a activity with RISC complex participation | Sensitize TMZ-resistant glioma cells to TMZ | [45] | |
Change protein activity/localization | HULC | Scaffold of kinase and YB-1 to promote YB-1 phosphorylation | Accelerate the translation of tumorigenesis mRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma | [31] |
LINK-A | Facilitate BRK-dependent HIF1α phosphorylation | Promote breast cancer glycolysis reprogramming and tumorigenesis | [18] | |
SNHG5 | Trap MTA2 in the cytosol and prevent it translocation into nucleus. | Suppress gastric cancer progression | [32] | |
Encode functional micropeptides | LINC00948 | Translate myoregulin, which inhibit sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2 + -ATPase | Regulate Ca2+ uptake and skeletal muscle contractility | [34] |
LINC00961 | Generate SPAR, which interact with lysosomal v-ATPase | Modulate skeletal muscle regeneration after injury | [35]. | |
Intercellular communication | LncARSR | Transmit from sunitinib-resistance cell to sensitive cells | Confer Sunitinib resistance to sensitive cells in renal cancer | [39] |
H19 | Transmit from cancer stem-cell-like (CSC) to endothelial cells | Promote angiogenesis in hepatic carcinoma | [40] | |
ENST00000444164 ENST0000043768 | Transmit from epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) to endothelial cells | Promote epithelial ovarian cancer cells migration | [41] |
LncRNA categories and structures
LncRNA classification based on genomic location
LncRNA categories based on subcellular localization
New LncRNA species based on unique structures
Functional mechanisms of lncRNAs in glioma and other cancers
LncRNAs regulate genome activity
LncRNAs related to posttranscriptional regulation
LncRNA | Mechanisms | Function | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Up-regulated | NEAT1 | Bind to EZH2 and mediate H3K27me3 in target promoters. | Promote glioma cell growth and invasion | [25] |
HOTAIR | Interact with the PRC2 complex | Promotes glioblastoma cell cycle progression | [52] | |
HOTAIR/miR-326/FGF1 axis | Promotes malignant biological behaviors of glioma cells | [43] | ||
Bind to miR-148b-3p as ceRNA and enhance tight junction | Decrease the permeability of BTB in glioma | [62] | ||
TUG1 | Inhibit miR-144 and reverse miR-144 effect on occludin, ZO-1 and claudin-5 | Regulate BTB permeability in glioma | [63] | |
FOXM1-AS | Facilitate interaction of ALKBH5 and FOXM1 mRNA to demethylate FOXM1 mRNA | Enhance self-renewal and tumorigenesis of glioblastoma stem-like cells | [50] | |
CRNDE | Modulate the mTOR signaling pathway. | Promote glioma cell growth and invasion | [42] | |
Attenuate miR-384/PIWIL4/STAT3 axis | Facilitate glioma cells proliferation and invasion, while inhibited cells apoptosis | [30] | ||
Bind to miR-136-5p as ceRNA, thereby protecting Bcl-2 and Wnt2 | Enhance migratory and invasive capacities of glioma cells | [77] | ||
H19 | Up-regulate the VASH2 expression by decreasing miR-29a. | Promote glioblastoma cell invasion, angiogenesis and tube formation | [57] | |
Derive miR-675, which directly suppresses CDK6 | Promote glioma cell proliferation and migration | [78] | ||
SOX2OT | Bind to both miR-194-5p and miR-122, reverse SOX3 expression | Promote proliferation, migration and invasion of GSCs | [79] | |
ECONEXIN | Increase TOP2A by sponging miR-411-5p | Maintain aggressive proliferation of glioma cells | [46] | |
HCP5 | Form HCP5-miR-139-RUNX1 positive feedback loop | Induce proliferation, migration and invasion of glioma cells | [53] | |
XIST | Increase the expression of ZO-2 and transcription factor FOXC1 as miR-137 sponge | Decrease blood–tumor barrier permeability and promote glioma angiogenesis | [58] | |
Form RNA induced silencing complex RISC with miR-152 | Promote GSC proliferation, migration and invasion | [48] | ||
Downregulate miR-429 as sponge | promote glioma tumorigenicity and angiogenesis | [59] | ||
CASC2c | Compete to combine miR-101 by repelling CPEB1 | Promote the malignant characteristic of astrocytoma cells | [80] | |
Down-regulated | NBAT-1 | Suppress the neuronal-specific transcription factor NRSF/REST | Impair proliferation and increase differentiation of neuroblastoma | [51] |
TUG1 | Recruit polycomb to methylate locus-specific histone H3K27 | Maintain stemness features of GSCs | [47] | |
Induce the activation of caspase-3 and caspase -9 | Induced glioma apoptosis | [81] | ||
GAS5 | Form GAS5/miR-196a-5p/FOXO1 positive feedback loop | Suppress glioma stem cells proliferation, migration, and invasion | [44] | |
Increase the expression of bmf and Plexin C1 by downregulating miR-222 | Suppress glioma malignancy and tumor size | [82] | ||
MALAT1 | Downregulate miR-155 expression | Suppress the invasion and proliferation of glioma cells | [54] | |
Attenuate ERK/MAPK-mediated growth and MMP2-mediated invasiveness. | Suppress the growth and invasion of glioma cells | [56] | ||
Up-regulate EMT related proteins | Decrease the sensitivity of glioblastoma cells to TMZ | [65] | ||
CASC2 | Interact with miR-181a, increase the expression of PTEN | Inhibit glioma cells proliferation and amplify TMZ sensibility | [45] |