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2018 | Ultraschall in der Gynäkologie | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

11. Niere und Urogenitaltrakt

verfasst von : Prof. Dr. med. U. Gembruch

Erschienen in: Ultraschalldiagnostik in Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Zusammenfassung

Fehlbildungen und Erkrankungen des fetalen Urogenitalsytems sind aufgrund seiner komplexen Entwicklung nicht selten und werden im Laufe der Schwangerschaft auch häufig diagnostiziert. Ihre Diagnostik, Prognose und mögliche intrauterine Therapie werden beschrieben. Die meisten Fehlbildungen der Nieren und des harnableitenden Systems werden als CAKUT (»congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract«) zusammengefasst. Eine zweite große Gruppe umfasst die zystischen Erkrankungen der Nieren, die als Ziliopathien Multiorganerkrankungen sind. Auch im Rahmen syndromaler Erkrankungen können die Nieren involviert sein. Daneben finden sich bei Feten auch Kloakenfehlbildungen und anorektale Malformationen, ferner auch Störungen der sexuellen Differenzierung, die detailliert beschrieben werden.
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Zurück zum Zitat Ogilvy-Stuart AL, Brain CE (2004) Early assessment of ambiguous genitalia. Arch Dis Child 89: 401–407 Ogilvy-Stuart AL, Brain CE (2004) Early assessment of ambiguous genitalia. Arch Dis Child 89: 401–407
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Zurück zum Zitat Oram RA, Edghill EL, Blackman J, Taylor MJ, Kay T, Flanagan SE, Ismail-Pratt I, Creighton SM, Ellard S, Hattersley AT, Bingham C (2010) Mutations in the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1β (HNF1B) gene are common with combined uterine and renal malformations but are not found with isolated uterine malformations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 203: 364.e1–364.e5 Oram RA, Edghill EL, Blackman J, Taylor MJ, Kay T, Flanagan SE, Ismail-Pratt I, Creighton SM, Ellard S, Hattersley AT, Bingham C (2010) Mutations in the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1β (HNF1B) gene are common with combined uterine and renal malformations but are not found with isolated uterine malformations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 203: 364.e1–364.e5
Zurück zum Zitat Otukesh H, Sharifiaghdas F, Hoseini R, Fereshtehnejad SM, Rabiee N, Kiaiee MF, Javadi R, Mojtahedzadeh M, Simfroosh N, Basiri A, Hooman N, Nasiri J, Delshad S, Farhood P (2010) Long-term upper and lower urinary tract functions in children with posterior urethral valves. J Pediatr Urol 6: 143–147 Otukesh H, Sharifiaghdas F, Hoseini R, Fereshtehnejad SM, Rabiee N, Kiaiee MF, Javadi R, Mojtahedzadeh M, Simfroosh N, Basiri A, Hooman N, Nasiri J, Delshad S, Farhood P (2010) Long-term upper and lower urinary tract functions in children with posterior urethral valves. J Pediatr Urol 6: 143–147
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Zurück zum Zitat Pajkrt E, Petersen OB, Chitty LS (2008) Fetal genital anomalies: an aid to diagnosis. Prenat Diagn 28: 389–398 Pajkrt E, Petersen OB, Chitty LS (2008) Fetal genital anomalies: an aid to diagnosis. Prenat Diagn 28: 389–398
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Zurück zum Zitat Pinette MG, Wax JR, Blackstone J, Cartin A (2003) Normal growth and development of fetal external genitalia demonstrated by sonography. J Clin Ultrasound 31: 465–472 Pinette MG, Wax JR, Blackstone J, Cartin A (2003) Normal growth and development of fetal external genitalia demonstrated by sonography. J Clin Ultrasound 31: 465–472
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Zurück zum Zitat Putoux A, Mougou-Zerelli S, Thomas S, Elkhartoufi N, Audollent S, Le Merrer M, Lachmeijer A, Sigaudy S, Buenerd A, Fernandez C, Delezoide AL, Gubler MC, Salomon R, Saad A, Cordier MP, Vekemans M, Bouvier R, Attie-Bitach T (2010) BBS10 mutations are common in »Meckel«-type cystic kidneys. J Med Genet 47: 848–852 Putoux A, Mougou-Zerelli S, Thomas S, Elkhartoufi N, Audollent S, Le Merrer M, Lachmeijer A, Sigaudy S, Buenerd A, Fernandez C, Delezoide AL, Gubler MC, Salomon R, Saad A, Cordier MP, Vekemans M, Bouvier R, Attie-Bitach T (2010) BBS10 mutations are common in »Meckel«-type cystic kidneys. J Med Genet 47: 848–852
Zurück zum Zitat Robyr R, Benachi A, Daikha-Dahmane F, Martinovich J, Dumez Y, Ville Y (2005) Correlation between ultrasound and anatomical findings in fetuses with lower urinary tract obstruction in the first half of pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 25: 478–482 Robyr R, Benachi A, Daikha-Dahmane F, Martinovich J, Dumez Y, Ville Y (2005) Correlation between ultrasound and anatomical findings in fetuses with lower urinary tract obstruction in the first half of pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 25: 478–482
Zurück zum Zitat Ronzoni S, Melamed N, Kingdom JC, Ryan G, Jaeggi E, Windrim RC (2015) Prenatal diagnosis of inguinoscrotal hernia associated with bowel dilatation: a pathogenetic hypothesis. Prenat Diagn 35: 1151–1153 Ronzoni S, Melamed N, Kingdom JC, Ryan G, Jaeggi E, Windrim RC (2015) Prenatal diagnosis of inguinoscrotal hernia associated with bowel dilatation: a pathogenetic hypothesis. Prenat Diagn 35: 1151–1153
Zurück zum Zitat Ruano R (2011) Fetal surgery for severe lower urinary tract obstruction. Prenat Diagn 31: 667–674 Ruano R (2011) Fetal surgery for severe lower urinary tract obstruction. Prenat Diagn 31: 667–674
Zurück zum Zitat Ruano R, Yoshisaki CT, Salustiano EM, Giron AM, Srougi M, Zugaib M (2011) Early fetal cystoscopy for first-trimester severe megacystis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 37: 696–701 Ruano R, Yoshisaki CT, Salustiano EM, Giron AM, Srougi M, Zugaib M (2011) Early fetal cystoscopy for first-trimester severe megacystis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 37: 696–701
Zurück zum Zitat Ruano R, Sananes N, Sangi-Haghpeykar H, Hernandez-Ruano S, Moog R, Becmeur F, Zaloszyc A, Giron AM, Morin B, Favre R (2015) Fetal intervention for severe lower urinary tract obstruction: a multicenter case-control study comparing fetal cystoscopy with vesicoamniotic shunting. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 45: 452–458 Ruano R, Sananes N, Sangi-Haghpeykar H, Hernandez-Ruano S, Moog R, Becmeur F, Zaloszyc A, Giron AM, Morin B, Favre R (2015) Fetal intervention for severe lower urinary tract obstruction: a multicenter case-control study comparing fetal cystoscopy with vesicoamniotic shunting. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 45: 452–458
Zurück zum Zitat Ruano R, Safdar A, Au J, Koh CJ, Gargollo P, Shamshirsaz AA, Espinoza J, Cass DL, Olutoye OO, Olutoye OA, Welty S, Roth DR, Belfort MA, Braun MC (2016) Defining and predicting ‘intrauterine fetal renal failure’ in congenital lower urinary tract obstruction. Pediatr Nephrol 31: 605–612 Ruano R, Safdar A, Au J, Koh CJ, Gargollo P, Shamshirsaz AA, Espinoza J, Cass DL, Olutoye OO, Olutoye OA, Welty S, Roth DR, Belfort MA, Braun MC (2016) Defining and predicting ‘intrauterine fetal renal failure’ in congenital lower urinary tract obstruction. Pediatr Nephrol 31: 605–612
Zurück zum Zitat Saleem SN, Zaki MS, Soliman NA, Momtaz M (2011) Prenatal magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of molar tooth sign at 17 to 18 weeks of gestation in two fetuses at risk for Joubert syndrome and related cerebellar disorders. Neuropediatrics 42: 35–38 Saleem SN, Zaki MS, Soliman NA, Momtaz M (2011) Prenatal magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of molar tooth sign at 17 to 18 weeks of gestation in two fetuses at risk for Joubert syndrome and related cerebellar disorders. Neuropediatrics 42: 35–38
Zurück zum Zitat Sananes N, Cruz-Martinez R, Favre R, Ordorica-Flores R, Moog R, Zaloszy A, Giron AM, Ruano R (2016) Two-year outcomes after diagnostic and therapeutic fetal cystoscopy for lower urinary tract obstruction. Prenat Diagn 36: 297–303 Sananes N, Cruz-Martinez R, Favre R, Ordorica-Flores R, Moog R, Zaloszy A, Giron AM, Ruano R (2016) Two-year outcomes after diagnostic and therapeutic fetal cystoscopy for lower urinary tract obstruction. Prenat Diagn 36: 297–303
Zurück zum Zitat Sarhan O, Zaccaria I, Macher MA, Muller F, Vuillard E, Delezoide AL, Sebag G, Oury JF, Aigrain Y, El-Ghoneimi A (2008) Long-term outcome of prenatally detected posterior urethral valves: single center study of 65 cases managed by primary valve ablation. J Urol 179: 307–312 Sarhan O, Zaccaria I, Macher MA, Muller F, Vuillard E, Delezoide AL, Sebag G, Oury JF, Aigrain Y, El-Ghoneimi A (2008) Long-term outcome of prenatally detected posterior urethral valves: single center study of 65 cases managed by primary valve ablation. J Urol 179: 307–312
Zurück zum Zitat Sattar S, Gleeson JG (2011) The ciliopathies in neuronal development: a clinical approach to investigation of Joubert syndrome and Joubert syndrome related disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol 53: 793–798 Sattar S, Gleeson JG (2011) The ciliopathies in neuronal development: a clinical approach to investigation of Joubert syndrome and Joubert syndrome related disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol 53: 793–798
Zurück zum Zitat Schaefer IM, Männer J, Faber R, Loertzer H, Füzesi L, Seeliger S (2010) Giant umbilical cord edema caused by retrograde micturition through an open patent urachus. Pediatr Dev Pathol 13: 404–407 Schaefer IM, Männer J, Faber R, Loertzer H, Füzesi L, Seeliger S (2010) Giant umbilical cord edema caused by retrograde micturition through an open patent urachus. Pediatr Dev Pathol 13: 404–407
Zurück zum Zitat Schaefer E, Durand M, Stoetzel C, Doray B, Viville B, Hellé S, Danse JM, Hamel C, Bitoun P, Goldenberg A, Finck S, Faivre L, Sigaudy S, Holder M, Vincent MC, Marion V, Bonneau D, Verloes A, Nisand I, Mandel JL, Dollfus H (2011) Molecular diagnosis reveals genetic heterogeneity for the overlapping MKKS and BBS phenotypes. Eur J Med Genet 54: 157–160 Schaefer E, Durand M, Stoetzel C, Doray B, Viville B, Hellé S, Danse JM, Hamel C, Bitoun P, Goldenberg A, Finck S, Faivre L, Sigaudy S, Holder M, Vincent MC, Marion V, Bonneau D, Verloes A, Nisand I, Mandel JL, Dollfus H (2011) Molecular diagnosis reveals genetic heterogeneity for the overlapping MKKS and BBS phenotypes. Eur J Med Genet 54: 157–160
Zurück zum Zitat Schreuder MF, Westland R, van Wijk JAE (2009) Unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney: a meta-analysis of observational studies on the incidence, associated urinary tract malformations and the contralateral kidney. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24: 1810–1818 Schreuder MF, Westland R, van Wijk JAE (2009) Unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney: a meta-analysis of observational studies on the incidence, associated urinary tract malformations and the contralateral kidney. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24: 1810–1818
Zurück zum Zitat Sepulveda W, Rompel SM, Cafici D, Carstens E, Dezerega V (2010) Megacystis associated with an umbilical cord cyst: a sonographic feature of a patent urachus in the first trimester. J Ultrasound Med 29: 295–300 Sepulveda W, Rompel SM, Cafici D, Carstens E, Dezerega V (2010) Megacystis associated with an umbilical cord cyst: a sonographic feature of a patent urachus in the first trimester. J Ultrasound Med 29: 295–300
Zurück zum Zitat Song R, Yosypiv IV (2011) Genetics of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. Pediatr Nephrol 26: 353–364 Song R, Yosypiv IV (2011) Genetics of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. Pediatr Nephrol 26: 353–364
Zurück zum Zitat Spaggiari E, Faure G, Dreux S, Czerkiewicz I, Stirnemann JJ, Guimiot F, Heidet L, Favre R, Salomon LJ, Oury JF, Ville Y, Muller F (2017) Sequential fetal serum β2-microglobulin to predict postnatal renal function in bilateral or low urinary tract obstruction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 49: 617–622 Spaggiari E, Faure G, Dreux S, Czerkiewicz I, Stirnemann JJ, Guimiot F, Heidet L, Favre R, Salomon LJ, Oury JF, Ville Y, Muller F (2017) Sequential fetal serum β2-microglobulin to predict postnatal renal function in bilateral or low urinary tract obstruction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 49: 617–622
Zurück zum Zitat Stadié R, Strizek B, Gottschalk I, Geipel A, Gembruch U, Berg C (2016) Intrauterine vesicoamniotic shunting for fetal megacystis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 294: 1175–1182 Stadié R, Strizek B, Gottschalk I, Geipel A, Gembruch U, Berg C (2016) Intrauterine vesicoamniotic shunting for fetal megacystis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 294: 1175–1182
Zurück zum Zitat Stathopoulos L, Merrot T, Chaumoître K, Bretelle F, Michel F, Alessandrini P (2010) Prenatal urinoma related to ureteropelvic junction obstruction: poor prognosis of the affected kidney. Urology 76: 190–194 Stathopoulos L, Merrot T, Chaumoître K, Bretelle F, Michel F, Alessandrini P (2010) Prenatal urinoma related to ureteropelvic junction obstruction: poor prognosis of the affected kidney. Urology 76: 190–194
Zurück zum Zitat Sumi A, Sato Y, Kakui K, Tatsumi K, Fujiwara H, Konishi I (2011) Prenatal diagnosis of anterior sacral meningocele. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 37: 493–496 Sumi A, Sato Y, Kakui K, Tatsumi K, Fujiwara H, Konishi I (2011) Prenatal diagnosis of anterior sacral meningocele. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 37: 493–496
Zurück zum Zitat Sun J, Wang F, Deng G, Mo J (2010) Does intervention in utero preserve the obstructed kidneys of fetal lambs? A radiological and pathological study. Fetal Diagn Ther 28: 196–200 Sun J, Wang F, Deng G, Mo J (2010) Does intervention in utero preserve the obstructed kidneys of fetal lambs? A radiological and pathological study. Fetal Diagn Ther 28: 196–200
Zurück zum Zitat Taori K, Krishnan V, Sharbidre KG, Andhare A, Kulkarni BR, Bopche S, Patil V (2010) Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of fetal persistent urogenital sinus with congenital hydrocolpos. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 36: 641–643 Taori K, Krishnan V, Sharbidre KG, Andhare A, Kulkarni BR, Bopche S, Patil V (2010) Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of fetal persistent urogenital sinus with congenital hydrocolpos. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 36: 641–643
Zurück zum Zitat Taylor SA, Whitington PF (2016) Neonatal acute liver failure. Liver Transpl 22: 677–685 Taylor SA, Whitington PF (2016) Neonatal acute liver failure. Liver Transpl 22: 677–685
Zurück zum Zitat Tardy-Guidollet V, Menassa R, Costa JM, David M, Bouvattier-Morel C, Baumann C, Houang M, Lorenzini F, Philip N, Odent S, Guichet A, Morel Y (2014) New management strategy of pregnancies at risk of congenital adrenal hyperplasia using fetal sex determination in maternal serum: French cohort of 258 cases (2002–2011). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99: 1180–1188 Tardy-Guidollet V, Menassa R, Costa JM, David M, Bouvattier-Morel C, Baumann C, Houang M, Lorenzini F, Philip N, Odent S, Guichet A, Morel Y (2014) New management strategy of pregnancies at risk of congenital adrenal hyperplasia using fetal sex determination in maternal serum: French cohort of 258 cases (2002–2011). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99: 1180–1188
Zurück zum Zitat Tiblad E, Wilson RD, Carr M, Flake AW, Hedrick H, Johnson MP, Bebbington MW, Mann S, Adzick NS (2008) OEIS sequence – a rare congenital anomaly with prenatal evaluation and postnatal outcome in six cases. Prenat Diagn 28: 141–147 Tiblad E, Wilson RD, Carr M, Flake AW, Hedrick H, Johnson MP, Bebbington MW, Mann S, Adzick NS (2008) OEIS sequence – a rare congenital anomaly with prenatal evaluation and postnatal outcome in six cases. Prenat Diagn 28: 141–147
Zurück zum Zitat Torres VE, Harris PC, Pirson Y (2007) Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Lancet 369: 1287–1301 Torres VE, Harris PC, Pirson Y (2007) Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Lancet 369: 1287–1301
Zurück zum Zitat Torres Montebruno X, Martinez JM, Eixarch E, Gómez O, García Aparicio L, Castañón M, Gratacós E (2015) Fetoscopic laser surgery to decompress distal urethral obstruction caused by prolapsed ureterocele. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 46: 623–626 Torres Montebruno X, Martinez JM, Eixarch E, Gómez O, García Aparicio L, Castañón M, Gratacós E (2015) Fetoscopic laser surgery to decompress distal urethral obstruction caused by prolapsed ureterocele. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 46: 623–626
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Zurück zum Zitat van Vuuren SH, Damen-Elias HA, Stigter RH, van der Doef R, Goldschmeding R, de Jong TP, Westers P, Visser GH, Pistorius LR (2012) Size and volume charts of fetal kidney, renal pelvis and adrenal gland. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 40: 659–664 van Vuuren SH, Damen-Elias HA, Stigter RH, van der Doef R, Goldschmeding R, de Jong TP, Westers P, Visser GH, Pistorius LR (2012) Size and volume charts of fetal kidney, renal pelvis and adrenal gland. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 40: 659–664
Zurück zum Zitat Vivante A, Kohl S, Hwang DY, Dworschak GC, Hildebrandt F (2014) Single-gene causes of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) in humans. Pediatr Nephrol 29: 695–704 Vivante A, Kohl S, Hwang DY, Dworschak GC, Hildebrandt F (2014) Single-gene causes of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) in humans. Pediatr Nephrol 29: 695–704
Zurück zum Zitat Vlak MH, Algra A, Brandenburg R, Rinkel GJ (2011) Prevalence of unruptured intracranial aneurysms, with emphasis on sex, age, comorbidity, country, and time period: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol 10: 626–636 Vlak MH, Algra A, Brandenburg R, Rinkel GJ (2011) Prevalence of unruptured intracranial aneurysms, with emphasis on sex, age, comorbidity, country, and time period: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol 10: 626–636
Zurück zum Zitat Vollersen E, Hof M, Gembruch U (1996) Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of fetal adrenal gland hemorrhage. Fetal Diagn Ther 11: 286–291 Vollersen E, Hof M, Gembruch U (1996) Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of fetal adrenal gland hemorrhage. Fetal Diagn Ther 11: 286–291
Zurück zum Zitat Wangler MF, Gonzaga-Jauregui C, Gambin T, Penney S, Moss T, Chopra A, Probst FJ, Xia F, Yang Y, Werlin S, Eglite I, Kornejeva L, Bacino CA, Baldridge D, Neul J, Lehman EL, Larson A, Beuten J, Muzny DM, Jhangiani S; Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics, Gibbs RA, Lupski JR, Beaudet A (2014) Heterozygous de novo and inherited mutations in the smooth muscle actin (ACTG2) gene underlie megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome. PLoS Genet 10: e1004258 Wangler MF, Gonzaga-Jauregui C, Gambin T, Penney S, Moss T, Chopra A, Probst FJ, Xia F, Yang Y, Werlin S, Eglite I, Kornejeva L, Bacino CA, Baldridge D, Neul J, Lehman EL, Larson A, Beuten J, Muzny DM, Jhangiani S; Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics, Gibbs RA, Lupski JR, Beaudet A (2014) Heterozygous de novo and inherited mutations in the smooth muscle actin (ACTG2) gene underlie megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome. PLoS Genet 10: e1004258
Zurück zum Zitat Weber S, Thiele H, Mir S, Toliat MR, Sozeri B, Reutter H, Draaken M, Ludwig M, Altmüller J, Frommolt P, Stuart HM, Ranjzad P, Hanley NA, Jennings R, Newman WG, Wilcox DT, Thiel U, Schlingmann KP, Beetz R, Hoyer PF, Konrad M, Schaefer F, Nürnberg P, Woolf AS (2011) Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 mutation causes urinary bladder disease and a prune-belly-like syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 89: 668–674 Weber S, Thiele H, Mir S, Toliat MR, Sozeri B, Reutter H, Draaken M, Ludwig M, Altmüller J, Frommolt P, Stuart HM, Ranjzad P, Hanley NA, Jennings R, Newman WG, Wilcox DT, Thiel U, Schlingmann KP, Beetz R, Hoyer PF, Konrad M, Schaefer F, Nürnberg P, Woolf AS (2011) Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 mutation causes urinary bladder disease and a prune-belly-like syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 89: 668–674
Zurück zum Zitat Weber SK, Müller A, Geipel A, Berg C, Gembruch U (2014) Prenatal renal vein thrombosis in dichorionic twin pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet; 290: 587–590 Weber SK, Müller A, Geipel A, Berg C, Gembruch U (2014) Prenatal renal vein thrombosis in dichorionic twin pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet; 290: 587–590
Zurück zum Zitat Whitington PF (2012) Gestational alloimmune liver disease and neonatal hemochromatosis. Semin Liver Dis 32: 325–332 Whitington PF (2012) Gestational alloimmune liver disease and neonatal hemochromatosis. Semin Liver Dis 32: 325–332
Zurück zum Zitat Wiesel A, Queisser-Luft A, Clementi M, Bianca S, Stoll C (2005) EUROSCAN Study Group: Prenatal detection of congenital renal malformations by fetal ultrasonographic examination: an analysis of 709,030 births in 12 European countries. Eur J Med Genet 48: 131–144 Wiesel A, Queisser-Luft A, Clementi M, Bianca S, Stoll C (2005) EUROSCAN Study Group: Prenatal detection of congenital renal malformations by fetal ultrasonographic examination: an analysis of 709,030 births in 12 European countries. Eur J Med Genet 48: 131–144
Zurück zum Zitat Yinon Y, Kingdom JC, Proctor LK, Kelly EN, Salle JL, Wherrett D, Keating S, Nevo O, Chitayat D (2010) Hypospadias in males with intrauterine growth restriction due to placental insufficiency: the placental role in the embryogenesis of male external genitalia. Am J Med Genet A 152 A: 75–83 Yinon Y, Kingdom JC, Proctor LK, Kelly EN, Salle JL, Wherrett D, Keating S, Nevo O, Chitayat D (2010) Hypospadias in males with intrauterine growth restriction due to placental insufficiency: the placental role in the embryogenesis of male external genitalia. Am J Med Genet A 152 A: 75–83
Zurück zum Zitat Zaccara A, Giorlandino C, Mobili L, Brizzi C, Bilancioni E, Capolupo I, Capitanucci ML, Gennaro DEM (2005) Amniotic fluid index and fetal bladder outlet obstruction. Do we really need more? J Urol 174: 1657–1660 Zaccara A, Giorlandino C, Mobili L, Brizzi C, Bilancioni E, Capolupo I, Capitanucci ML, Gennaro DEM (2005) Amniotic fluid index and fetal bladder outlet obstruction. Do we really need more? J Urol 174: 1657–1660
Zurück zum Zitat Zerres K, Hansmann M, Mallmann R, Gembruch U (1988) Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. Problems of prenatal diagnosis. Prenat Diagn 8: 215–229 Zerres K, Hansmann M, Mallmann R, Gembruch U (1988) Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. Problems of prenatal diagnosis. Prenat Diagn 8: 215–229
Zurück zum Zitat Zerres K, Mücher G, Becker J, Steinkamm C, Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Heikkilä P, Rapola J, Salonen R, Germino GG, Onuchic L, Somlo S, Avner ED, Harman LA, Stockwin JM, Guay-Woodford LM (1998) Prenatal diagnosis of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD): molecular genetics, clinical experience, and fetal morphology. Am J Med Genet 76: 137–144 Zerres K, Mücher G, Becker J, Steinkamm C, Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Heikkilä P, Rapola J, Salonen R, Germino GG, Onuchic L, Somlo S, Avner ED, Harman LA, Stockwin JM, Guay-Woodford LM (1998) Prenatal diagnosis of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD): molecular genetics, clinical experience, and fetal morphology. Am J Med Genet 76: 137–144
Metadaten
Titel
Niere und Urogenitaltrakt
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. med. U. Gembruch
Copyright-Jahr
2018
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53662-9_11

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