Noninvasive blood glucose measurement utilizing a newly designed system based on modulated ultrasound and infrared light

The approach of a new noninvasive innovation for blood glucose measurement will reform management of diabetes alongside expanded patient compliance, decline load on therapeutic crisis, and diabetes associated complications. In this present work, we represent a modulated ultrasound and infrared technique-based noninvasive system for blood glucose measurement over human subjects. The oral glucose tolerance test- and random blood glucose level test-based clinical study was performed over human subjects to measure the performance of our indigenously designed system. The accuracy was examined by pairing and comparing our noninvasive predicted data with the invasive reference data. The oral glucose tolerance test and random blood glucose test produced a total of 180 and 30 paired glucose values (noninvasive vs. invasive), respectively. The root mean squared error between the noninvasive and invasive glucose value for oral glucose tolerance test and random blood glucose measurement was 23.76 mg/dl and 28.20 mg/dl, respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the noninvasive and invasive glucose value for both the tests was 0.76 and 0.85, respectively. Similarly, the mean absolute error for both the tests was 15.92 mg/dl and 17.76 mg/dl, respectively. Further, the Clarke Error Grid analysis depicts that both the tests result occupy medically accurate and acceptable zones A and B, respectively (oral glucose tolerance test: zone A = 78.33 %; zone B = 21.66 % and random blood glucose measurement: zone A = 83.33 %; zone B = 16.66 %). Hence, the present study direct towards the potentiality of our technique for noninvasive blood glucose measurement. The instrument was medically safe and well tolerated.