Background
Methods
Study design and setting
Sample and exclusion criteria
Assessment tools
Interview and medical dossier
Anthropometric measurements
Statistical analysis
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics
Variables
|
Women (N = 148)
|
Men (N = 73)
|
Total (N = 221)
|
Chi -square
|
P
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
age, Mean (SD)
|
78.7 (7.5)
|
77.8 (8.1)
|
78.4 (7.7)
|
0.464
| |
Age Classification, n (%)
|
145 (66.5%)
|
73 (33.5%)
|
218
|
2.15
|
0.341
|
Young – old (60-74Y) |
36 (24.8%)
|
25 (34.2%)
|
61 (28%)
| ||
Old - Old (75–84 Y) |
76 (52.4%)
|
33 (45.2%)
|
109 (50%)
| ||
Oldest - Old (≥85 Y) |
33 (22.8%)
|
15 (20.5%)
|
48 (22%)
| ||
Length of stay in institution, n (%)
|
147 (67.1%)
|
72 (32.9%)
|
219
|
0.32
|
0.854
|
<6 months |
11 (7.5%)
|
5 (6.9%)
|
16 (7.3%)
| ||
6-12 months |
11 (7.5%)
|
4 (5.6%)
|
15 (6.8%)
| ||
>12 months |
125 (85%)
|
63 (87.5%)
|
188 (85.8%)
| ||
Education level*, n (%)
|
147 (66.8%)
|
73 (33.2%)
|
220
|
14.58
|
<0.001
|
Low |
97 (66.0%)
|
41 (56.2%)
|
138 (62.7%)
| ||
Intermediate |
46 (31.3%)
|
19 (26%)
|
65 (29.5%)
| ||
High |
4 (2.7%)
|
13 (17.8%)
|
17 (7.7%)
| ||
Marital status, n (%)
|
148 (67.89%)
|
73 (32.11%)
|
221
|
12.34
|
0.006
|
Single |
54 (36.5%)
|
31 (42.5%)
|
85 (38.5%)
| ||
Married |
8 (5.4%)
|
11 (15.1%)
|
19 (8.6%)
| ||
Widowed |
81 (54.7%)
|
25 (34.2%)
|
106 (48.0%)
| ||
Divorced |
5 (3.4%)
|
6 (8.2%)
|
11 (5.0%)
| ||
Previous occupation status**, n (%)
|
104 (69.3%)
|
46 (30.7%)
|
150
|
34
|
<0.001
|
Low |
53 (65.4%)
|
15 (21.7%)
|
68 (45.3%)
| ||
Intermediate |
21 (25.9%)
|
24 (34.8%)
|
45 (30.0%)
| ||
High |
7 (8.6%)
|
30 (43.5%)
|
37 (24.7%)
| ||
Currently working in nursing homes, n (%)
|
148 (67.89%)
|
73 (32.11%)
|
221
|
2.45
|
0.118
|
Yes |
26 (17.6%)
|
7 (9.6%)
|
33 (14.9%)
| ||
No |
122 (82.4%)
|
66 (90.4%)
|
188 (85.1%)
| ||
Financial dependence, n (%)
|
72 (66.6%)
|
36 (33.4%)
|
108
|
10.18
|
0.001
|
Yes |
59 (81.9%)
|
19 (52.8%)
|
78 (72.2%)
| ||
No |
13 (18.1%)
|
17 (47.2%)
|
30 (27.8%)
| ||
Health insurance, n (%)
|
138 (67.6%)
|
66 (32.4%)
|
204
|
0.82
|
0.774
|
Yes |
33 (23.9%)
|
17 (25.8%)
|
50 (24.5%)
| ||
No |
105 (76.1%)
|
49 (74.2%)
|
154 (75.5%)
|
Nutritional status and health characteristics
Variables | Women (N = 148) | Men (N = 73) | Total (N = 221) | Chi -square | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MNA, n (%)
|
148 (67.89%)
|
73 (32.11%)
|
221
|
0.22
|
0.89
|
Malnutrition (Full MNA < 17) | 5 (3.4%) | 2 (2.7%) | 7 (3.2%) | ||
At risk of malnutrition (Full MNA:17–23) | 42 (28.4%) | 19 (26.0%) | 61 (27.6%) | ||
Well-nourished (Full MNA ≥ 24 or MNA-SF ≥ 12) | 101 (68.2%) | 52 (71.2%) | 153 (69.2%) | ||
BMI, Mean (SD)
|
26.17 (5.72)
|
25.29 (4.64)
|
25.88 (5.39)
|
0.266
| |
BMI classification
, n (%)
|
139 (66.5%)
|
70 (33.5%)
|
209
|
4.84
|
0.184
|
Underweight (<21) | 23 (16.5%) | 10 (14.3%) | 33 (15.8%) | ||
Normal weight (21–24.99) | 38 (27.3%) | 27 (38.6%) | 65 (31.1%) | ||
Overweight (25–29.99) | 45 (32.4%) | 24 (34.3%) | 69 (33.0%) | ||
Obese (≥30) | 33 (23.7%) | 9 (12.9%) | 42 (20.1%) | ||
Self rated health
, n (%)
|
148 (67.3%)
|
72 (32.7%)
|
220
|
14.5
|
0.002
|
Very good* | 99 (66.9%) | 55 (76.4%) | 154 (70.0%) | ||
Good | 42 (28.4%) | 9 (12.5%) | 51 (23.2%) | ||
Poor | 7 (4.7%) | 8 (11.1%) | 15 (6.8%) | ||
Daily Drug intake
, n (%)
|
148 (67.89%)
|
73 (32.11%)
|
221
|
8.82
|
0.012
|
No | 12 (8.1%) | 16 (21.9%) | 28 (12.7%) | ||
≤3 drugs/day | 39 (26.4%) | 19 (26.0%) | 58 (26.2%) | ||
>3 drugs/day | 97 (65.5%) | 38 (52.1%) | 135 (61.1%) | ||
Insomnia
, n (%)
|
144 (66.7%)
|
72 (33.3%)
|
216
|
1.28
|
0.258
|
Yes | 101 (70.1%) | 45 (62.5%) | 146 (67.6%) | ||
No | 43 (29.9%) | 27 (37.5%) | 70 (32.4%) | ||
Number of diseases
, n (%)
|
148 (67.89%)
|
73 (32.11%)
|
221
|
4.39
|
0.111
|
No | 23 (15.5%) | 20 (27.4%) | 43 (19.5%) | ||
≤3 | 109 (73.6%) | 46 (63.0%) | 155 (70.1%) | ||
>3 | 16 (10.8%) | 7 (9.6%) | 23 (10.4%) | ||
Hospitalization during last year
, n (%)
|
147 (66.82%)
|
73 (33.18%)
|
220
|
0.25
|
0.617
|
Yes | 43 (29.3%) | 19 (26.0%) | 62 (28.2%) | ||
No | 104 (70.7%) | 54 (74.0%) | 158 (71.8%) | ||
Nutritional supplements intake
, n (%)
|
148 (67.89%)
|
73 (32.11%)
|
221
|
3.63
|
0.057
|
Yes | 85 (57.4%) | 32 (43.8%) | 117 (52.9%) | ||
No | 63 (42.6%) | 41 (56.2%) | 104 (47.1%) | ||
Physical activities
, n (%)
|
148 (67.89%)
|
73 (32.11%)
|
221
|
11.4
|
0.003
|
No | 88 (59.5%) | 29 (39.7%) | 117 (52.9%) | ||
Occasionally | 42 (28.4%) | 23 (31.5%) | 65 (29.4%) | ||
Regularly | 18(12.2%) | 21 (28.8%) | 39 (17.6%) | ||
Current smokers
, n (%)
|
148 (67.89%)
|
73 (32.11%)
|
221
|
11.22
|
0.001
|
Yes | 31 (20.9%) | 31 (42.5%) | 62 (28.1%) | ||
No | 117 (79.1%) | 42 (57.5%) | 159 (71.9%) | ||
Chronic pain
, n (%)
|
147 (66.82%)
|
73 (33.18%)
|
220
|
5.47
|
0.019
|
Yes | 81 (55.1%) | 28 (38.4%) | 109 (49.5%) | ||
No | 66 (44.9%) | 45 (61.6%) | 111 (50.5%) | ||
Oral health problems
, n (%)
|
148 (67.89%)
|
73 (32.11%)
|
221
|
4.5
|
0.034
|
Yes | 75 (50.7%) | 48 (65.8%) | 123 (55.7%) | ||
No | 73 (49.3%) | 25 (34.2%) | 98 (44.3%) |
Functional ability, psychological status and social relations
Variables | Women (N = 148) | Men (N = 73) | Total (N = 221) | Chi -square | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADL
, n (%)
|
148 (67.89%)
|
73 (32.11%)
|
221
|
3.78
|
0.151
|
Totally independent (=6) | 50 (33.8%) | 28 (38.4%) | 78 (35.3%) | ||
Moderate disability (2.5-5.5) | 74 (50.0%) | 40 (54.8%) | 114 (51.6%) | ||
Severe disability (≤2) | 24 (16.2%) | 5 (6.8%) | 29 (13.1%) | ||
Continence
, n (%)
|
145 (66.8%)
|
72 (33.2%)
|
217
|
4.92
|
0.086
|
Continent | 113 (77.9%) | 53 (73.6%) | 166 (76.5%) | ||
Partially incontinent | 16 (11%) | 15 (20.8%) | 31 (14.3%) | ||
Totally incontinent | 16 (11%) | 4 (5.6%) | 20 (9.2%) | ||
Mobility
, n (%)
|
148 (67.89%)
|
73 (32.11%)
|
221
|
4.13
|
0.127
|
Mobile | 103 (69.6%) | 59 (80.8%) | 162 (73.3%) | ||
Partially mobile | 32 (21.6%) | 12 (16.4%) | 44 (19.9%) | ||
Immobile | 13 (8.8%) | 2 (2.7%) | 15 (6.8%) | ||
Feed oneself
, n (%)
|
148 (67.89%)
|
73(32.11%)
|
221
|
2.05
|
0.359
|
Able | 103 (69.6%) | 59 (80.8%) | 206 (93.2%) | ||
Partially | 32 (21.6%) | 12 (16.4%) | 11 (5.0%) | ||
Unable | 13 (8.8%) | 2 (2.7%) | 4 (1.8%) | ||
Use the toilet
, n (%)
|
148 (67.3%)
|
72 (32.7%)
|
220
|
3.79
|
0.15
|
Able | 101 (68.2%) | 56 (77.8%) | 157 (71.4%) | ||
Partially | 20 (13.5%) | 10 (13.9%) | 30 (13.6%) | ||
Unable | 27 (18.2%) | 6 (8.3%) | 33 (15.0%) | ||
Dressing
, n (%)
|
148 (67.89%)
|
73 (32.11%)
|
221
|
8.47
|
0.014
|
Able | 85 (57.4%) | 50 (68.5%) | 135 (61.1%) | ||
Partially | 19 (12.8%) | 14 (19.2%) | 33 (14.9%) | ||
Unable | 44 (29.7%) | 9 (12.3%) | 53 (24.0%) | ||
Bathing
, n (%)
|
148 (67.89%)
|
73 (32.11%)
|
221
|
6.18
|
0.045
|
Able | 58 (39.9%) | 34 (46.6%) | 93 (42.1%) | ||
Partially | 37 (25.0%) | 25 (34.2%) | 62 (28.1%) | ||
Unable | 52 (35.1%) | 14 (19.2%) | 66 (29.9%) | ||
GDS
, n (%)
|
148 (67.89%)
|
73 (32.11%)
|
221
|
0.09
|
0.957
|
Normal/no depression (≤5) | 59 (39.9%) | 29 (39.7%) | 88 (39.8%) | ||
Mild/ moderate depression (6–10) | 73 (49.3%) | 37 (50.7%) | 110 (49.8%) | ||
Severe depression (≥11) | 16 (10.8%) | 7 (9.6%) | 23 (10.4%) | ||
Being visited
, n (%)
|
148 (67.89%)
|
73 (32.11%)
|
221
|
5.6
|
0.018
|
Yes | 130 (87.8%) | 55 (75.3%) | 185 (83.7%) | ||
No | 18 (12.2%) | 18 (24.7%) | 36 (16.3%) | ||
Visiting family & friends
, n (%)
|
148 (67.89%)
|
73 (32.11%)
|
221
|
0.2
|
0.656
|
Yes | 49 (33.1%) | 22 (30.1%) | 71 (32.1%) | ||
No | 99 (66.9%) | 51 (69.9%) | 150 (67.9%) | ||
Social relations
, n (%)
|
148 (67.89%)
|
73 (32.11%)
|
221
|
2.92
|
0.08
|
Yes | 132 (89.2%) | 59 (80.8%) | 191 (86.4%) | ||
No | 16 (10.8%) | 14 (19.2%) | 30 (13.6%) |