Background
Methods
Study population
Outcome measures
Statistical analysis
Odds ratios (ORs) for outcome variables and adjustments
Subgroup analysis
Results
Characteristics of the study population
All (N = 1455): | Male (N = 524): | Female (N = 931): | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Category | Absolute number | Relative frequency (%) | Absolute number | Relative frequency (%) | Absolute number | Relative frequency (%) | P-valued (gender) |
BMI | < 18.5 | 30 | 2.1 | 4 | 0.76 | 26 | 2.8 | < 0.001 |
18.5–25 | 786 | 54.0 | 226 | 43.1 | 560 | 60.1 | ||
25–30 | 452 | 31.1 | 219 | 41.8 | 233 | 25.0 | ||
30–35 | 135 | 9.3 | 58 | 11.1 | 77 | 8.3 | ||
35–40 | 34 | 2.3 | 9 | 1.7 | 25 | 2.7 | ||
≥40 | 18 | 1.2 | 8 | 1.5 | 10 | 1.1 | ||
missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
Age (years) | < 30 | 140 | 9.6 | 24 | 4.6 | 116 | 12.5 | < 0.001 |
30–40 | 170 | 11.7 | 39 | 7.4 | 131 | 14.1 | ||
40–50 | 367 | 25.2 | 110 | 21.0 | 257 | 27.6 | ||
50–60 | 403 | 27.7 | 162 | 30.9 | 241 | 25.9 | ||
≥60 | 375 | 25.8 | 189 | 36.1 | 186 | 20.0 | ||
Educational level | none | 4 | 0.28 | 1 | 0.19 | 3 | 0.32 | < 0.001 |
Hauptschulea | 287 | 19.8 | 141 | 27.0 | 146 | 15.8 | ||
Realschule/Mittlere Reifeb | 470 | 32.4 | 122 | 23.3 | 348 | 37.5 | ||
Abiturc | 261 | 18.0 | 66 | 12.6 | 195 | 21.0 | ||
university degree | 428 | 29.5 | 193 | 36.9 | 235 | 25.4 | ||
missing | 5 | 1 | 4 | |||||
Smoking status | never | 789 | 54.3 | 248 | 47.4 | 541 | 58.1 | < 0.001 |
former smoker | 461 | 10.0 | 190 | 39.0 | 271 | 9.1 | ||
current smoker | 204 | 31.7 | 85 | 36.3 | 119 | 29.1 | ||
missing | 1 | 1 | 0 | |||||
Contact with children | never | 162 | 11.2 | 73 | 14.0 | 89 | 9.6 | < 0.001 |
rarely | 574 | 39.5 | 236 | 45.1 | 338 | 36.4 | ||
weekly | 292 | 20.1 | 90 | 17.2 | 202 | 21.7 | ||
daily | 424 | 29.2 | 124 | 23.7 | 300 | 32.3 | ||
missing | 3 | 1 | 2 | |||||
Co-morbidities: | ||||||||
COPD/Lung emphysema | yes | 35 | 2.4 | 23 | 4.4 | 12 | 1.3 | < 0.001 |
missing | 10 | 3 | 7 | |||||
Asthma | yes | 89 | 6.2 | 32 | 6.1 | 57 | 6.2 | 1.000 |
missing | 14 | 3 | 11 | |||||
Renal disease | yes | 16 | 1.1 | 9 | 1.7 | 7 | 0.76 | 0.116 |
missing | 13 | 3 | 10 | |||||
Blood disease | yes | 21 | 1.5 | 7 | 1.4 | 14 | 1.5 | 1.000 |
missing | 13 | 6 | 7 | |||||
Liver disease | yes | 55 | 3.8 | 27 | 5.2 | 28 | 3.0 | 0.046 |
missing | 13 | 2 | 11 | |||||
Rheumatoid disease | yes | 52 | 3.6 | 14 | 2.7 | 38 | 4.1 | 0.187 |
missing | 14 | 6 | 8 | |||||
Chronic intestinal disease | yes | 45 | 3.1 | 19 | 3.6 | 26 | 2.8 | 0.431 |
missing | 11 | 3 | 8 | |||||
Diabetes mellitus | yes | 46 | 3.2 | 23 | 4.4 | 23 | 2.5 | 0.060 |
missing | 13 | 4 | 9 |
Reported RTIs over 18 months covering three winter seasons
a) | |||||||
All (N = 1455): | Male (N = 524): | Female (N = 931): | |||||
Outcome indicators | Prevalence (%) | 95% CI | Prevalence (%) | 95% CI | Prevalence (%) | 95% CI | P-valuea (gender) |
Monthly level: | |||||||
AnyRTI | 36.3 | (34.9;37.7) | 35.1 | (32.7;37.5) | 37.0 | (35.2;38.7) | 0.223 |
AnyURTI | 31.5 | (30.2;32.9) | 29.9 | (27.6;32.1) | 32.4 | (30.7;34.1) | 0.077 |
AnyLRTI | 7.9 | (7.1; 8.8) | 9.0 | (7.3;10.6) | 7.4 | (6.4; 8.3) | 0.097 |
Sinusitis | 7.0 | (6.2; 7.8) | 5.3 | (4.1; 6.5) | 7.9 | (6.9; 8.9) | < 0.001 |
Rhinitis | 26.6 | (25.4;27.9) | 25.8 | (23.7;27.9) | 27.0 | (25.4;28.6) | 0.368 |
Otitis media | 0.94 | (0.67; 1.21) | 0.87 | (0.49; 1.24) | 0.98 | (0.61; 1.35) | 0.674 |
Pharyngitis/Laryngitis | 10.5 | (9.6;11.3) | 9.7 | (8.2;11.2) | 10.9 | (9.8;11.9) | 0.218 |
Tonsillitis | 1.9 | (1.6; 2.3) | 1.4 | (0.8; 2.0) | 2.2 | (1.8; 2.7) | 0.040 |
Influenza-like illness | 11.4 | (10.6;12.1) | 11.3 | (10.1;12.6) | 11.4 | (10.4;12.4) | 0.942 |
Bronchitis | 7.8 | (7.0; 8.7) | 8.9 | (7.2;10.5) | 7.3 | (6.3; 8.2) | 0.102 |
Pneumonia | 0.21 | (0.11; 0.30) | 0.26 | (0.07; 0.45) | 0.17 | (0.08; 0.27) | 0.433 |
Pleurisy | 0.10 | (0.03; 0.17) | 0.17 | (0.00; 0.34) | 0.06 | (0.01; 0.11) | 0.220 |
Other acute resp. Infections | 2.4 | (2.0; 2.8) | 1.9 | (1.1; 2.7) | 2.6 | (2.1; 3.1) | 0.137 |
≥ 3 RTIs | 8.6 | (7.8; 9.4) | 8.1 | (6.8; 9.4) | 8.9 | (7.9; 9.8) | 0.362 |
Long RTIs | 13.0 | (11.9;14.0) | 12.7 | (10.8;14.6) | 13.1 | (11.8;14.4) | 0.737 |
Upper 10% in diary score | 10.0 | (9.1;10.9) | 10.0 | (8.4;11.6) | 10.0 | (8.9;11.1) | 0.992 |
Seasonal level: | |||||||
≥ 4 months RTIs | 19.3 | (17.6;21.0) | 18.6 | (15.9;21.4) | 19.6 | (17.5;21.8) | 0.566 |
≥ 3 long RTIs | 9.2 | (8.1;10.4) | 9.9 | (7.8;11.9) | 8.9 | (7.4;10.3) | 0.445 |
Upper 10% in diary score | 10.2 | (8.9;11.5) | 10.7 | (8.3;13.1) | 9.9 | (8.3;11.5) | 0.602 |
Individual-level: | |||||||
Upper 10% in diary score | 10.0 | (8.4;11.5) | 9.9 | (7.4;12.5) | 10.0 | (8.1;11.9) | 0.968 |
b) | |||||||
All (N = 1455): | Male (N = 524): | Female (N = 931): | |||||
Frequencyb (%) | 95% CI | Frequencyb (%) | 95% CI | Frequencyb (%) | 95% CI | P-valuea (gender) | |
Outcome indicators | |||||||
Any long RTI | 35.5 | (33.4;37.6) | 36.2 | (32.4;39.9) | 35.2 | (32.7;37.7) | 0.674 |
Sinusitis | 41.1 | (36.7;45.5) | 45.0 | (35.4;54.6) | 39.6 | (34.8;44.5) | 0.326 |
Rhinitis | 26.2 | (24.0;28.4) | 27.4 | (23.4;31.4) | 25.5 | (22.9;28.1) | 0.435 |
Otitis media | 32.6 | (22.7;42.6) | 36.7 | (18.1;55.4) | 31.1 | (19.1;43.0) | 0.616 |
Pharyngitis/Laryngitis | 27.8 | (24.6;30.9) | 32.6 | (26.7;38.6) | 25.5 | (22.0;29.1) | 0.043 |
Tonsillitis | 16.7 | (11.7;21.8) | 23.7 | (12.3;35.2) | 14.4 | (8.9;20.0) | 0.153 |
Influenza-like illness | 26.0 | (23.1;28.8) | 28.8 | (23.8;33.7) | 24.5 | (21.1;28.0) | 0.175 |
Bronchitis | 48.2 | (44.5;51.9) | 48.3 | (41.7;54.9) | 48.1 | (44.0;52.2) | 0.965 |
Pneumonia | 59.0 | (42.0;75.9) | 66.7 | (44.4;88.9) | 52.4 | (29.4;75.4) | 0.382 |
Other acute resp. infections | 46.5 | (39.7;53.3) | 55.8 | (42.5;69.0) | 42.9 | (35.5;50.4) | 0.097 |
Association between obesity and reported RTIs
a) | |||||||
Prevalence (%) | (Obese vs non-obese) | (Obese vs non-obese) | |||||
Outcome indicators | BMI < 25 (N = 816) | Overweight (N = 452) | Obese (N = 187) | Crude OR | 95% CI | Adjusteda OR | 95% CI |
Monthly level: | |||||||
Any RTI | 33.2 | 39.0 | 43.5 | 1.48 | (1.18; 1.85) | 1.49 | (1.18; 1.87) |
Any URTI | 28.9 | 33.6 | 38.4 | 1.48 | (1.17; 1.87) | 1.55 | (1.22; 1.96) |
Any LRTI | 6.0 | 9.8 | 12.1 | 2.54 | (1.69; 3.80) | 2.02 | (1.36; 3.00) |
Sinusitis | 5.7 | 7.9 | 10.6 | 1.99 | (1.29; 3.08) | 2.12 | (1.36; 3.31) |
Rhinitis | 24.2 | 28.4 | 32.8 | 1.43 | (1.13; 1.80) | 1.53 | (1.21; 1.94) |
Otitis media | 0.68 | 1.18 | 1.49 | 2.22 | (0.90; 5.47) | 2.31 | (0.95; 5.63) |
Pharyngitis/Laryngitis | 9.3 | 11.3 | 13.5 | 1.69 | (1.23; 2.33) | 1.70 | (1.23; 2.36) |
Tonsillitis | 1.7 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 1.36 | (0.67; 2.79) | 1.56 | (0.77; 3.16) |
Influenza-like illness | 9.8 | 12.7 | 15.2 | 1.58 | (1.23; 2.03) | 1.58 | (1.23; 2.03) |
Bronchitis | 5.9 | 9.8 | 11.7 | 2.38 | (1.58; 3.59) | 1.89 | (1.26; 2.83) |
Pneumonia | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.45 | 6.06 | (1.35;27.21) | 6.01 | (1.30;27.90) |
Other acute resp. infections | 2.1 | 2.9 | 2.0 | 0.80 | (0.41; 1.57) | 0.73 | (0.37; 1.43) |
≥ 3 RTIs | 6.8 | 10.2 | 12.8 | 2.15 | (1.52; 3.03) | 2.12 | (1.50; 3.00) |
Long RTIs | 9.9 | 15.4 | 20.4 | 2.41 | (1.72; 3.39) | 2.14 | (1.52; 3.02) |
Upper 10% in diaryscore | 7.5 | 12.2 | 15.7 | 2.21 | (1.57; 3.12) | 2.09 | (1.48; 2.96) |
Seasonal level: | |||||||
≥ 4 months RTIs | 15.5 | 22.4 | 28.4 | 2.69 | (1.62; 4.45) | 2.54 | (1.53; 4.21) |
≥ 3 long RTIs | 6.7 | 11.0 | 17.4 | 3.13 | (2.01; 4.88) | 2.81 | (1.79; 4.40) |
Upper 10% in diary score | 6.3 | 13.4 | 19.2 | 4.85 | (2.53; 9.32) | 3.95 | (2.08; 7.51) |
Individual level: | |||||||
Upper 10% in diary score | 6.0 | 13.7 | 18.2 | 2.32 | (1.52; 3.52) | 1.97 | (1.28; 3.04) |
b) | |||||||
Frequencyb (%) | (Obese vs non-obese) | (Obese vs non-obese) | |||||
Outcome indicators | BMI < 25 (N = 816) | Overweight (N = 452) | Obese (N = 187) | Crude OR | 95% CI | Adjusteda OR | 95% CI |
Any long RTIs | 29.9 | 39.1 | 46.6 | 2.24 | (1.64; 3.05) | 1.93 | (1.42; 2.63) |
Sinusitis | 35.9 | 44.3 | 41.8 | 1.77 | (0.94; 3.31) | 1.51 | (0.80; 2.86) |
Rhinitis | 22.1 | 28.1 | 35.6 | 1.84 | (1.29; 2.62) | 1.71 | (1.20; 2.44) |
Otitis media | 31.1 | 34.1 | 36.9 | 4.12 | (0.38;45.18) | 2.87 | (0.26;31.54) |
Pharyngitis/Laryngitis | 21.9 | 31.8 | 37.4 | 2.42 | (1.48; 3.97) | 2.15 | (1.32; 3.51) |
Tonsillitis | 16.2 | 14.7 | 22.5 | 3.21 | (0.64;16.15) | 2.98 | (0.59;15.05) |
Influenza-like illness | 21.6 | 28.2 | 34.4 | 2.13 | (1.34; 3.38) | 1.86 | (1.18; 2.94) |
Bronchitis | 44.0 | 47.5 | 59.8 | 2.08 | (1.33; 3.24) | 2.06 | (1.32; 3.23) |
Pneumonia | 52.4 | 57.1 | 72.7 | 4.18 | (0.25;81.73) | 3.40 | (0.17;68.52) |
Other acute resp. infections | 44.6 | 47.6 | 53.3 | 2.42 | (0.58;10.14) | 2.09 | (0.51; 8.56) |
Robustness of associations to confounding
Effect modification by gender, sports activity and nutritional pattern
Male (N = 524) | Female (N = 931) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prevalence (%) | Prevalence (%) | ||||||||||
Outcome indicators | Approach | Non-obese (N = 449) | Obese (N = 75) | OR | 95% CI | Non-obese (N = 819) | Obese (N = 112) | OR | 95% CI | OR male/OR female | P-value |
Monthly level: | |||||||||||
Any RTI | crude | 34.4 | 39.3 | 1.24 | (0.86; 1.79) | 35.7 | 45.9 | 1.66 | (1.24; 2.22) | 0.75 | 0.221 |
adjusteda | 1.23 | (0.86; 1.78) | 1.67 | (1.25; 2.23) | 0.74 | 0.196 | |||||
Any URTI | crude | 29.2 | 33.9 | 1.18 | (0.80; 1.73) | 31.2 | 41.1 | 1.72 | (1.27; 2.31) | 0.69 | 0.129 |
adjusteda | 1.22 | (0.84; 1.79) | 1.79 | (1.33; 2.41) | 0.68 | 0.121 | |||||
Any LRTI | crude | 8.5 | 11.7 | 1.97 | (1.02; 3.78) | 6.7 | 12.1 | 2.92 | (1.75; 4.87) | 0.67 | 0.351 |
adjusteda | 1.47 | (0.78; 2.80) | 2.43 | (1.47; 4.03) | 0.60 | 0.225 | |||||
Sinusitis | crude | 4.8 | 8.1 | 1.51 | (0.69; 3.29) | 7.3 | 12.1 | 2.36 | (1.38; 4.01) | 0.64 | 0.353 |
adjusteda | 1.55 | (0.71; 3.40) | 2.48 | (1.45; 4.25) | 0.63 | 0.331 | |||||
Rhinitis | crude | 25.3 | 29.3 | 1.10 | (0.76; 1.61) | 25.9 | 35.0 | 1.68 | (1.25; 2.26) | 0.66 | 0.089 |
adjusteda | 1.19 | (0.82; 1.73) | 1.79 | (1.33; 2.40) | 0.66 | 0.091 | |||||
Otitis media | crude | 0.85 | 0.92 | 0.60 | (0.11; 3.19) | 0.86 | 1.81 | 3.89 | (1.34;11.24) | 0.15 | 0.066 |
adjusteda | 0.62 | (0.12; 3.20) | 4.20 | (1.47;12.02) | 0.15 | 0.054 | |||||
Pharyngitis/Laryngitis | crude | 9.4 | 11.4 | 1.54 | (0.91; 2.61) | 10.3 | 14.8 | 1.82 | (1.22; 2.73) | 0.84 | 0.616 |
adjusteda | 1.50 | (0.88; 2.55) | 1.84 | (1.22; 2.77) | 0.81 | 0.542 | |||||
Tonsillitis | crude | 1.49 | 0.79 | 0.56 | (0.12; 2.55) | 2.11 | 2.93 | 1.82 | (0.83; 4.00) | 0.31 | 0.177 |
adjusteda | 0.66 | (0.15; 2.98) | 1.99 | (0.90; 4.37) | 0.33 | 0.205 | |||||
Influenza-like illness | crude | 10.8 | 14.6 | 1.35 | (0.90; 2.03) | 10.8 | 15.4 | 1.73 | (1.26; 2.38) | 0.78 | 0.347 |
adjusteda | 1.38 | (0.92; 2.07) | 1.72 | (1.25; 2.36) | 0.81 | 0.406 | |||||
Bronchitis | crude | 8.5 | 11.3 | 1.77 | (0.91; 3.46) | 6.6 | 11.9 | 2.83 | (1.69; 4.76) | 0.63 | 0.277 |
adjusteda | 1.32 | (0.68; 2.55) | 2.35 | (1.41; 3.92) | 0.56 | 0.172 | |||||
Pneumonia | crude | 0.24 | 0.40 | 2.30 | (0.22;23.53) | 0.13 | 0.46 | 10.94 | (1.47;81.47) | 0.21 | 0.316 |
adjusteda | 2.62 | (0.24;28.13) | 9.92 | (1.34;73.33) | 0.26 | 0.391 | |||||
Other acute resp. infections | crude | 2.12 | 0.59 | 0.15 | (0.03; 0.76) | 2.55 | 2.90 | 1.29 | (0.62; 2.72) | 0.11 | 0.018 |
adjusteda | 0.13 | (0.03; 0.68) | 1.18 | (0.56; 2.50) | 0.11 | 0.017 | |||||
≥ 3 RTIs | crude | 7.6 | 10.7 | 1.44 | (0.81; 2.58) | 8.2 | 13.9 | 2.68 | (1.74; 4.13) | 0.54 | 0.093 |
adjusteda | 1.37 | (0.77; 2.45) | 2.70 | (1.75; 4.15) | 0.51 | 0.066 | |||||
Long RTIs | crude | 11.9 | 18.0 | 2.05 | (1.18; 3.59) | 11.9 | 21.8 | 2.69 | (1.74; 4.15) | 0.76 | 0.454 |
adjusteda | 1.72 | (0.98; 2.99) | 2.47 | (1.60; 3.81) | 0.69 | 0.309 | |||||
Upper 10% in diary score | crude | 9.4 | 13.9 | 1.49 | (0.84; 2.65) | 9.1 | 16.7 | 2.78 | (1.81; 4.27) | 0.54 | 0.089 |
adjusteda | 1.35 | (0.76; 2.39) | 2.69 | (1.75; 4.14) | 0.50 | 0.057 | |||||
Seasonal level: | |||||||||||
≥ 4 months RTIs | crude | 17.6 | 25.0 | 2.26 | (1.00; 5.09) | 18.1 | 30.3 | 2.99 | (1.58; 5.66) | 0.76 | 0.592 |
adjusteda | 1.99 | (0.88; 4.46) | 2.94 | (1.56; 5.56) | 0.68 | 0.450 | |||||
≥ 3 long RTIs | crude | 8.2 | 15.8 | 2.57 | (1.24; 5.34) | 8.3 | 18.3 | 3.51 | (2.02; 6.09) | 0.73 | 0.502 |
adjusteda | 2.24 | (1.07; 4.70) | 3.20 | (1.83; 5.60) | 0.70 | 0.449 | |||||
Upper 10% in diary score | crude | 9.7 | 16.8 | 2.45 | (0.82; 7.31) | 8.4 | 20.6 | 7.13 | (3.15;16.12) | 0.34 | 0.124 |
adjusteda | 1.89 | (0.64; 5.57) | 5.95 | (2.67;13.26) | 0.32 | 0.093 | |||||
Individual level: | |||||||||||
Upper 10% in diary score | crude | 9.8 | 10.7 | 1.10 | (0.50; 2.44) | 8.2 | 23.2 | 3.39 | (2.05; 5.62) | 0.32 | 0.019 |
adjusteda | 0.90 | (0.40; 2.03) | 2.95 | (1.76; 4.95) | 0.31 | 0.015 |
Less active (lower third, N = 485) | High active (upper third, N = 488) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prevalence (%) | Prevalence (%) | ||||||||||
Outcome indicators | Approach | Non-obese (N = 379) | Obese (N = 106) | OR | 95% CI | Non-obese (N = 454) | Obese (N = 34) | OR | 95% CI | OR less/OR more active | P-value |
Monthly level: | |||||||||||
Any RTI | crude | 37.9 | 38.8 | 0.98 | (0.72; 1.35) | 33.7 | 51.6 | 2.56 | (1.54; 4.26) | 0.38 | 0.002 |
adjusteda | 1.00 | (0.73; 1.37) | 2.58 | (1.56; 4.27) | 0.39 | 0.002 | |||||
Any URTI | crude | 32.0 | 33.8 | 1.03 | (0.75; 1.42) | 29.2 | 46.7 | 2.63 | (1.56; 4.43) | 0.39 | 0.003 |
adjusteda | 1.08 | (0.78; 1.49) | 2.70 | (1.61; 4.52) | 0.40 | 0.003 | |||||
Any LRTI | crude | 10.3 | 10.3 | 1.19 | (0.67; 2.13) | 6.1 | 14.6 | 5.17 | (2.14;12.49) | 0.23 | 0.006 |
Sinusitis | adjusteda | 0.94 | (0.53; 1.67) | 4.31 | (1.82;10.21) | 0.22 | 0.004 | ||||
crude | 6.9 | 9.3 | 1.36 | (0.72; 2.58) | 6.1 | 15.1 | 4.35 | (1.70;11.13) | 0.31 | 0.045 | |
adjusteda | 1.42 | (0.75; 2.70) | 4.16 | (1.62;10.69) | 0.34 | 0.063 | |||||
Rhinitis | crude | 27.1 | 29.0 | 1.02 | (0.74; 1.41) | 24.2 | 39.3 | 2.46 | (1.47; 4.09) | 0.42 | 0.004 |
adjusteda | 1.09 | (0.79; 1.50) | 2.52 | (1.52; 4.16) | 0.43 | 0.005 | |||||
Otitis media | crude | 0.84 | 0.71 | 1.03 | (0.28; 3.75) | 0.84 | 1.60 | 1.69 | (0.28;10.22) | 0.61 | 0.659 |
adjusteda | 0.97 | (0.27; 3.45) | 1.80 | (0.32;10.02) | 0.54 | 0.570 | |||||
Pharyngitis/Laryngitis | crude | 10.1 | 10.4 | 1.15 | (0.73; 1.81) | 10.2 | 22.8 | 3.98 | (2.03; 7.80) | 0.29 | 0.003 |
adjusteda | 1.14 | (0.72; 1.80) | 3.85 | (1.96; 7.57) | 0.30 | 0.003 | |||||
Tonsillitis | crude | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.07 | (0.37; 3.13) | 2.1 | 3.9 | 4.25 | (1.24;14.61) | 0.25 | 0.098 |
adjusteda | 1.28 | (0.45; 3.60) | 5.33 | (1.56;18.15) | 0.24 | 0.079 | |||||
Influenza-like illness | crude | 12.0 | 13.6 | 1.08 | (0.77; 1.52) | 10.4 | 22.6 | 3.45 | (2.08; 5.75) | 0.31 | < 0.001 |
adjusteda | 1.08 | (0.77; 1.52) | 3.46 | (2.08; 5.75) | 0.31 | < 0.001 | |||||
Bronchitis | crude | 10.3 | 10.0 | 1.09 | (0.60; 1.97) | 6.0 | 14.2 | 4.78 | (1.94;11.78) | 0.23 | 0.007 |
adjusteda | 0.86 | (0.48; 1.54) | 3.93 | (1.62; 9.51) | 0.22 | 0.005 | |||||
Pneumonia | crude | 0.18 | 0.43 | 5.07 | (0.64;40.15) | 0.18 | 0.95 | 27.64 | (1.02;751.94) | 0.18 | 0.372 |
adjusteda | 5.02 | (0.56;44.91) | 19.80 | (0.95;410.73) | 0.25 | 0.449 | |||||
Other acute resp. infections | crude | 3.1 | 1.8 | 0.48 | (0.18; 1.32) | 1.9 | 2.2 | 1.53 | (0.37; 6.41) | 0.31 | 0.196 |
adjusteda | 0.44 | (0.16; 1.21) | 1.33 | (0.32; 5.46) | 0.33 | 0.214 | |||||
≥ 3 RTIs | crude | 9.0 | 10.6 | 1.26 | (0.78; 2.05) | 7.5 | 19.9 | 5.57 | (2.73;11.34) | 0.23 | < 0.001 |
adjusteda | 1.20 | (0.74; 1.94) | 5.07 | (2.50;10.27) | 0.24 | < 0.001 | |||||
Long RTIs | crude | 14.9 | 16.5 | 1.19 | (0.73; 1.93) | 10.4 | 26.4 | 5.37 | (2.53;11.40) | 0.22 | 0.001 |
adjusteda | 1.07 | (0.66; 1.75) | 4.91 | (2.31;10.43) | 0.22 | < 0.001 | |||||
Upper 10% in diary score | crude | 11.1 | 13.3 | 1.21 | (0.74; 1.96) | 8.2 | 21.9 | 5.53 | (2.65;11.52) | 0.22 | < 0.001 |
adjusteda | 1.13 | (0.70; 1.84) | 5.10 | (2.45;10.61) | 0.22 | < 0.001 | |||||
Seasonal level: | |||||||||||
≥ 4 months RTIs | crude | 21.1 | 24.3 | 1.32 | (0.66; 2.64) | 14.8 | 32.8 | 6.27 | (2.07;18.95) | 0.21 | 0.019 |
adjusteda | 1.30 | (0.65; 2.61) | 5.86 | (1.94;17.69) | 0.22 | 0.023 | |||||
≥ 3 long RTIs | crude | 10.2 | 13.2 | 1.59 | (0.82; 3.12) | 7.6 | 26.0 | 7.54 | (2.88;19.69) | 0.21 | 0.009 |
adjusteda | 1.35 | (0.69; 2.65) | 6.59 | (2.53;17.16) | 0.20 | 0.007 | |||||
Upper 10% in diary score | crude | 10.9 | 14.5 | 1.63 | (0.64; 4.16) | 7.1 | 33.7 | 39.36 | (8.94;173.29) | 0.04 | < 0.001 |
adjusteda | 1.27 | (0.50; 3.23) | 31.05 | (7.52;128.22) | 0.04 | < 0.001 | |||||
Individual level: | |||||||||||
Upper 10% in diary score | crude | 12.1 | 13.2 | 1.10 | (0.58; 2.09) | 6.6 | 35.3 | 7.71 | (3.48;17.07) | 0.14 | < 0.001 |
adjusteda | 0.94 | (0.49; 1.81) | 7.00 | (3.12;15.75) | 0.13 | < 0.001 |
More unfavourable nutrition (lower third, N = 379) | More favourable nutrition (upper third, N = 530) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prevalence (%) | Prevalence (%) | ||||||||||
Outcome indicators | Approach | Non-obese (N = 325) | Obese (N = 54) | OR | 95% CI | Non-obese (N = 467) | Obese (N = 63) | OR | 95% CI | OR unfavourable/OR favourable nutrition | P-value |
Monthly level: | |||||||||||
Any RTI | crude | 34.8 | 37.4 | 1.10 | (0.72; 1.68) | 35.8 | 49.3 | 1.99 | (1.34; 2.94) | 0.55 | 0.045 |
adjusteda | 1.13 | (0.74; 1.74) | 2.02 | (1.36; 2.99) | 0.56 | 0.049 | |||||
Any URTI | crude | 30.0 | 32.9 | 1.13 | (0.73; 1.77) | 31.0 | 43.8 | 2.01 | (1.34; 3.01) | 0.57 | 0.064 |
adjusteda | 1.22 | (0.78; 1.91) | 2.10 | (1.40; 3.14) | 0.58 | 0.075 | |||||
Any LRTI | crude | 7.5 | 8.4 | 1.75 | (0.79; 3.85) | 8.0 | 14.5 | 3.13 | (1.58; 6.19) | 0.56 | 0.274 |
adjusteda | 1.22 | (0.56; 2.67) | 2.43 | (1.24; 4.74) | 0.50 | 0.187 | |||||
Sinusitis | crude | 5.9 | 7.7 | 1.54 | (0.64; 3.67) | 7.2 | 14.2 | 2.40 | (1.14; 5.04) | 0.64 | 0.443 |
adjusteda | 1.55 | (0.64; 3.75) | 2.33 | (1.09; 4.94) | 0.67 | 0.491 | |||||
Rhinitis | crude | 26.7 | 28.3 | 1.04 | (0.67; 1.62) | 25.5 | 37.5 | 1.99 | (1.33; 2.97) | 0.52 | 0.034 |
adjusteda | 1.17 | (0.75; 1.82) | 2.14 | (1.43; 3.19) | 0.55 | 0.044 | |||||
Otitis media | crude | 1.35 | 0.60 | 0.46 | (0.06; 3.43) | 0.82 | 1.16 | 1.73 | (0.36; 8.27) | 0.27 | 0.312 |
adjusteda | 0.61 | (0.08; 4.63) | 2.17 | (0.48; 9.84) | 0.28 | 0.320 | |||||
Pharyngitis/Laryngitis | crude | 8.6 | 8.5 | 1.10 | (0.58; 2.09) | 10.3 | 18.3 | 2.80 | (1.65; 4.77) | 0.39 | 0.028 |
adjusteda | 1.08 | (0.57; 2.06) | 2.79 | (1.63; 4.76) | 0.39 | 0.025 | |||||
Tonsillitis | crude | 2.25 | 0.46 | 0.14 | (0.02; 1.04) | 1.72 | 2.09 | 1.63 | (0.47; 5.66) | 0.09 | 0.042 |
adjusteda | 0.19 | (0.03; 1.40) | 1.99 | (0.57; 6.95) | 0.10 | 0.050 | |||||
Influenza-like illness | crude | 11.9 | 13.9 | 1.22 | (0.77; 1.95) | 10.4 | 20.3 | 2.43 | (1.60; 3.70) | 0.50 | 0.032 |
adjusteda | 1.23 | (0.77; 1.98) | 2.42 | (1.58; 3.71) | 0.51 | 0.035 | |||||
Bronchitis | crude | 7.5 | 8.4 | 1.77 | (0.80; 3.94) | 7.9 | 13.8 | 2.71 | (1.34; 5.45) | 0.65 | 0.434 |
adjusteda | 1.23 | (0.55; 2.70) | 2.09 | (1.05; 4.17) | 0.58 | 0.312 | |||||
Pneumonia | crude | 0.06 | 0.00 | 1.00 | (.;.) | 0.25 | 0.99 | 14.92 | (1.10;202.01) | 0.07 | 0.042 |
adjusteda | 1.00 | (.;.) | 7.30 | (0.89;59.69) | 0.14 | 0.064 | |||||
Other acute resp. infections | crude | 2.5 | 1.4 | 0.73 | (0.19; 2.75) | 2.1 | 3.3 | 1.38 | (0.46; 4.13) | 0.53 | 0.464 |
adjusteda | 0.64 | (0.17; 2.43) | 1.22 | (0.41; 3.61) | 0.52 | 0.456 | |||||
≥ 3 RTIs | crude | 8.6 | 7.9 | 1.01 | (0.51; 2.00) | 8.0 | 17.3 | 3.72 | (2.11; 6.55) | 0.27 | 0.004 |
adjusteda | 1.01 | (0.51; 2.00) | 3.53 | (2.00; 6.25) | 0.29 | 0.005 | |||||
Long RTIs | crude | 11.4 | 14.8 | 1.77 | (0.89; 3.50) | 12.0 | 26.4 | 3.87 | (2.12; 7.05) | 0.46 | 0.091 |
adjusteda | 1.50 | (0.76; 2.99) | 3.31 | (1.81; 6.05) | 0.46 | 0.088 | |||||
Upper 10% in diary score | crude | 9.6 | 9.9 | 1.26 | (0.64; 2.47) | 9.3 | 21.3 | 3.58 | (2.01; 6.36) | 0.35 | 0.021 |
adjusteda | 1.14 | (0.58; 2.24) | 3.24 | (1.82; 5.78) | 0.35 | 0.020 | |||||
Seasonal level: | |||||||||||
≥ 4 months RTIs | crude | 18.5 | 19.8 | 1.11 | (0.41; 3.05) | 18.1 | 38.5 | 6.31 | (2.59;15.41) | 0.18 | 0.012 |
adjusteda | 1.10 | (0.40; 3.02) | 5.82 | (2.39;14.18) | 0.19 | 0.014 | |||||
≥ 3 long RTIs | crude | 8.0 | 10.7 | 1.64 | (0.63; 4.32) | 8.8 | 24.5 | 5.52 | (2.55;11.95) | 0.30 | 0.052 |
adjusteda | 1.38 | (0.51; 3.73) | 4.72 | (2.15;10.34) | 0.29 | 0.053 | |||||
Upper 10% in diary score | crude | 9.5 | 9.1 | 0.89 | (0.18; 4.36) | 8.9 | 28.7 | 14.73 | (4.41;49.21) | 0.06 | 0.006 |
adjusteda | 0.61 | (0.12; 3.02) | 10.65 | (3.41;33.28) | 0.06 | 0.004 | |||||
Individual level: | |||||||||||
Upper 10% in diary score | crude | 9.5 | 9.3 | 0.97 | (0.36; 2.61) | 8.3 | 25.4 | 3.74 | (1.94; 7.19) | 0.26 | 0.026 |
adjusteda | 0.77 | (0.28; 2.10) | 3.12 | (1.58; 6.15) | 0.25 | 0.022 |