Introduction
Materials and methods
Study population
Measures
Body mass index
Antenatal depression
Dietary patterns
Gestational weight gain
Covariates
Statistical analyses
Missing data and multiple imputation
Main analyses
Results
Overall sample | Pre-pregnancy BMI category | Antenatal depression status | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal weight | Overweight | Obese |
p value | Not depressed | Depressed |
p value | |||
Total sample; % | 77.8 | 16.1 | 6.1 | – | 92.1 | 7.9 | – | ||
Socio-demographic factors | |||||||||
Age; % | <20 | 4.5 | 84.3 | 12.2 | 3.5 | <0.001 | 82.4 | 17.6 | <0.001 |
20–24 | 19.2 | 75.6 | 16.8 | 7.6 | 88.1 | 11.9 | |||
25–34 | 66.3 | 78.2 | 16.1 | 5.7 | 93.7 | 6.3 | |||
35–39 | 8.8 | 77.4 | 15.6 | 7.0 | 93.2 | 6.8 | |||
40+ | 1.2 | 73.8 | 20.5 | 5.8 | 93.1 | 6.9 | |||
Ethnicity; % | White | 97.3 | 77.8 | 16.1 | 6.1 | 0.292 | 92.3 | 7.7 | <0.001 |
Other | 2.7 | 80.6 | 14.2 | 5.2 | 83.6 | 16.4 | |||
Marital status; % | Unmarried | 25.6 | 80.3 | 14.2 | 5.5 | 0.001 | 86.3 | 13.7 | <0.001 |
Married | 74.4 | 77.0 | 16.7 | 6.3 | 94.1 | 5.9 | |||
Parity; % | Nulliparous | 44.9 | 80.8 | 14.5 | 4.7 | <0.001 | 92.9 | 7.1 | 0.004 |
Parous | 55.1 | 75.4 | 17.4 | 7.2 | 91.4 | 8.6 | |||
Pregnancy size; % | Singleton | 98.7 | 77.8 | 16.1 | 6.1 | 0.309 | 92.1 | 7.9 | 0.225 |
Multiple | 1.3 | 81.4 | 13.2 | 5.4 | 89.4 | 10.6 | |||
Education; % | Degree | 12.4 | 87.4 | 9.9 | 2.8 | <0.001 | 95.1 | 4.9 | <0.001 |
A level | 22.0 | 80.8 | 14.9 | 4.3 | 94.5 | 5.5 | |||
O level | 34.5 | 77.6 | 16.5 | 5.9 | 92.3 | 7.7 | |||
CSEa/vocational | 30.1 | 72.2 | 18.9 | 8.9 | 88.9 | 11.1 | |||
Occupationb; % | I or II | 33.5 | 81.7 | 13.9 | 4.4 | <0.001 | 94.3 | 5.7 | <0.001 |
IIa or IIIb | 51.1 | 76.8 | 16.7 | 6.5 | 92.0 | 8.0 | |||
IV or V | 15.4 | 72.8 | 18.9 | 8.3 | 87.5 | 12.5 | |||
Social support; % | Low | 35.7 | 75.8 | 17.0 | 7.3 | <0.001 | 85.0 | 15.0 | <0.001 |
Medium | 35.0 | 79.1 | 15.3 | 5.7 | 94.7 | 5.3 | |||
High | 29.4 | 78.9 | 16.0 | 5.1 | 97.6 | 2.5 | |||
Stressful life events; % | 0–2 | 38.7 | 78.3 | 16.0 | 5.7 | 0.602 | 97.1 | 2.9 | <0.001 |
3–5 | 40.1 | 77.4 | 16.4 | 6.2 | 92.8 | 7.2 | |||
6+ | 21.2 | 77.9 | 15.6 | 6.5 | 81.6 | 18.4 | |||
Health behaviours | |||||||||
Alcohol consumption; % | None | 45.4 | 76.5 | 16.7 | 6.8 | 0.003 | 92.2 | 7.8 | 0.006 |
<1 glass daily | 52.7 | 79.0 | 15.5 | 5.5 | 92.3 | 7.8 | |||
≥1 glass daily | 2.0 | 76.5 | 18.4 | 5.1 | 84.4 | 15.6 | |||
Smoking; % | No | 74.8 | 77.9 | 16.0 | 6.1 | 0.990 | 93.9 | 6.1 | <0.001 |
Yes | 25.2 | 77.8 | 16.2 | 6.0 | 86.6 | 13.4 | |||
Drug use; % | No | 97.3 | 77.5 | 16.3 | 6.2 | <0.001 | 92.5 | 7.6 | <0.001 |
Yes | 2.7 | 90.1 | 8.2 | 1.7 | 78.9 | 21.1 | |||
Physical activity; % | None | 15.4 | 74.2 | 17.8 | 8.0 | <0.001 | 89.8 | 10.2 | 0.006 |
≤1 h/week | 28.1 | 76.9 | 16.6 | 6.5 | 92.6 | 7.4 | |||
≥2 h/week | 56.5 | 79.3 | 15.4 | 5.4 | 92.4 | 7.6 |
Pre-pregnancy obesity and antenatal depression
Antenatal depression and dietary patterns
Unadjusted | Adjusted for socio-demographic factors | Additionally adjusted for health behaviours and BMI | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β coefficient (95%CI) |
p value | β coefficient (95%CI) |
p value | β coefficient (95%CI) |
p value | |
Healthy | −0.32 (−0.39 to −0.25) | <0.001 | −0.03 (−0.09 to 0.03) | 0.343 | 0.00 (−0.07 to 0.06) | 0.872 |
Traditional | −0.11 (−0.18 to −0.04) | 0.002 | −0.04 (−0.12 to 0.03) | 0.248 | −0.04 (−0.11 to 0.03) | 0.287 |
Processed | 0.22 (0.15 to 0.30) | <0.001 | 0.02 (−0.05 to 0.09) | 0.581 | 0.00 (−0.07 to 0.08) | 0.924 |
Confectionary | 0.06 (−0.01 to 0.14) | 0.091 | 0.09 (0.02 to 0.17) | 0.017 | 0.10 (0.02 to 0.17) | 0.014 |
Vegetarian | 0.16 (0.09 to 0.23) | <0.001 | 0.07 (−0.01 to 0.14) | 0.084 | 0.05 (−0.02 to 0.13) | 0.177 |