Methods
Search strategy and criteria
Eligibility criteria
Data extraction and synthesis
Assessment of methodological quality
Year | Author | Study setting/model used | Aim of study | Assessment | Influencing factor/underling mechanism | Outcome/comment | MERSQI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Use of HRA or OCHRA for direct assessment of surgical procedures | |||||||
1998 | Joice et al. | Clinical setting (CS): Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) | Task analysis and technical errors documentation | HRA: first application of HRA to analyze surgical performance in the literature | External Error Modes (EEM) | 189 technical errors identified in 20 laparoscopic cholecystectomy. error frequency with tasks and in error frequency in the use of different instruments | 12 |
2003 | Malik et al. | Clinical setting: Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy | Detection of technical errors and external error mode (EEM) | HRA | EEM | Specific technical error resulted in nasal mucosa noted in 12 operations. execution error such as “too much force “was most commonly enacted | 10 |
2004 | Tang et al. | Clinical setting: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy | Identification and categorization of consequential and inconsequential technical errors, error probability, hazard zone, and EEM | OCHRA: first introduced and published OCHRA in the surgical literature | EEM | 38,062 movements within 200 LC performed by 26 surgeons analyzed and 2242 technical errors identified. consequential and inconsequential error, error probability within tasks, and concept of hazardous zone were first defined and categorized | 15 |
2004 | Tang et al. | Clinical setting: Laparoscopic pyloromyotomy (LPM) | Technical error analysis, error probability, and hazard zone | OCHRA | EEM | 50 cases of LPM (310 errors in 50 videotapes) analyzed—number of errors committed with different instruments, EEM underlying errors committed with different instrument, error probability for different tasks, hazard zones of an operation—50 videotapes | 13 |
2005 | Tang et al. | Laboratory setting: LC | Procedural and execution error, error pattern and error probability with specific instruments | OCHRA: Surgical performance of 60 surgical trainees analyzed | EEM: The important underling factors for the trainee errors were (1) omission or wrong sequence important steps (72%), (2) use of excessive or too little force (38%) | 60 lab-based laparoscopic cholecystectomy analyzed and 1067 technical error identified including 331 consequential errors. The underling factors for errors were: (1) omission of important steps, (2) execution of steps in the wrong sequence, and (3) use of excessive force. These 3 types of errors accounted for 92% of consequential errors and 57% of inconsequential errors. The error probability committed by trainees was 2 times higher than experts | 10 |
2008 | Cox et al. | Clinical setting: cataract surgery | Identify inconsequential error and document the most common error enacted during the phacoemulsification | HRA | EEM: Step is not done and step is done with too much force | Sixteen phacoemulsifications analyzed. 84 total error with 7 consequential errors in 16 consecutive phacoemulsification. The commonest single error was difficulty in “cracking” the nucleus | 10 |
2008 | Gauba et al. | Clinical setting: cataract Surgery | Technical errors analysis | HRA | EEM | Analysis of 330 constituent steps of 33 operation identified 228 errors, of which 151(66.2%) were executional and 77 (33.8%) were procedural. The finding of high executional error rate could be used to enhance and structure resident surgical training and future assessment tool | 9.5 |
2009 | Talebpour et al. | Clinical setting: Laparoscopic anastomosis | To study a proficiency curve of advanced laparoscopic anastomosis using OCHRA | OCHRA: First proficiency curve identified in the surgical literature | EEM: the important performance-shaping factors identified were: concentration lapse (n-1,321), misjudgments (n = 209), poor camera work (n = 193), fatigue (n = 1280, and impaired coordination (n = 108) | Twenty laparoscopic anastomosis performed and analyzed. For this surgeon proficiency in execution laparoscopic palliative bypass was reached after the 14th anastomosis when efficient execution was accompanied by significant reduction in technical errors and improved economy of movement | 12 |
2012 | Ahmed et al. | Clinical setting: Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass | Root cause analysis of internal hernia and Roux Limb compression | OCHRA | EEM: Missing intermesenteric stitches on both side of the Roux limb | Forty-six laparoscopic Roux-en-Y were analyzed. More errors occurred in the complication groups than in the control group(Internal hernia 5.85, Roux compression 3.53, control 0.90, P < 0.001) | 11.5 |
2012 | Miskovic et al. | Clinical setting: Competency assessment in laparoscopic colorectal surgery at the specialist level | Evaluated construct and concurrent validity of OCHRA for competency assessment at a specialist level | OCHRA: First time of use of OCHRA for competency assessment at a specialist level. Thirty-two consultant surgeons were assessed | EEM: Execution error accounted 73% of consequential errors | 399 technical errors identified in 32 cases performed by consultant surgeons. Delegates committed higher error rate than experts in tissue handling. Delegates had significantly dissection /exposing time ratio. OCHRA is a valid tool for assessing competency at a specialist level in advanced surgery | 15 |
2014 | Mendez et al. | Clinical setting: Neck dissection | Use of OCHRA to validate on high definition video teaching module for learning neck dissection | OCHRA | EEM | Six Residents each performed 2 operation. Residents performed significantly less errors following exposure to the high definition video module | 8.5 |
2016 | Foster et al. | Clinical setting: laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery | To investigate the application of OCHRA technique for assessing technical performance of laparoscopic rectal surgery and explore the validity and reliability of OCHRA | OCHRA: First study of use of OCHRA to analyze one of the most complex procedure in surgery | EEM: dominantly execution errors identified | 335 execution errors identified in 20 cases. More error were observed during the pelvic tasks compared with abdominal tasks (P < 0.001). Within the pelvis, more errors were observed during dissection on the right ride than the left (P < 0.03) OCHRA offers a valid and reliable method for evaluating technical performance of laparoscopic rectal surgery | 14 |
2017 | Rutte et al. | Clinical setting: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy | To detect the key elements of the sleeve gastrectomy and find the potential hazard zones of the procedure | OCHRA | EEM | A total of 213 technical identified in 60 sleeve gastrectomy (SG) procedure. 44.6% were consequential error in which 96 errors required additional actions. 13 key steps of the SG were defined. Most consequential errors enacted during the dissection of the greater curvature and during stapling of the stomach | 12.5 |
2017 | Hamour et al. | Clinical setting: thyroidectomy surgery | Use of OCHRA to validate a high definition video-based teaching module instructing thyroidectomy surgery to Otolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery trainees | OCHRA | EEM | Six participant performed 6 cases of thyroidectomy. The mean technical error rate was 8.8 errors per procedure before module exposure and 4.5 error per procedure after exposure | 8.5 |
Use of HRA or OCHRA technique as one of the techniques for assessment of task performance for other surgical researches | |||||||
2004 | Alijani et al. | Clinical setting: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy | To compare intraoperative cardiac function, postoperative cognitive recovery, and surgical performance of LC with abdominal wall lift (AWL)versus positive pressure capnoperitoneum (PPCpn) | HRA, Doppler machine, an auditory vigilance test. First time to use HRA for surgical scientific research in the literature | None | 40 operations was randomized into AWL and PPCpn. The AWL group had significantly higher instrument movements (550 ± 57 versus 198 ± 21; P = 0.00001), and higher number of errors with consequence (7.1 ± 1.1 versus 2.9 ± 0.4; P = 0.0001). AWL increases the level of difficulty in the execution of the operation | 11.5 |
2006 | Tang et al. | Lab setting: laparoscopic skills course one a wide range of operative skills | To develop a new approach to combine objective structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) and OCHRA to assess operative and cognitive skills during laparoscopic course | OCHRA and OSCE | EEM | Sixty participant recruited. OCHRA provides a discriminative feedback assessment of laparoscopic operative skills. OCHRA and OSCE are best regarded as complementary assessment tools for operative and cognitive skills | 11 |
2008 | Mishra A et al. | Clinical setting: team work, technical performance in laparoscopic cholecystectomy | To investigate the relationship between non-technical teamwork skills and technical errors | OCHRA and Oxford NOTECHES | None | Twenty-six LC performed by a team. Non-technical skills are an important component of surgical skill, particularly in relation to the development and maintenance of a surgeon’s situational awareness | 9.5 |
2008 | McCulloch et al. | Clinical setting: LC and carotid endarterectomy (CEA) | To study the effects of “non-technical skills” on attitudes, teamwork, technical performance and clinical outcome in LC and carotid endarterectomy (CEA) operations | OCHRA, Oxford NOTECHES, Crew Resource Management (CRM) | None | Twenty-six LC and 22 carotid endarterectomies were studied. Non-technical skills training improved technical performance in theater, but the effects varied between teams. Considerable cultural resistance to adoption was encountered, particularly among medical staff | 10 |
2008 | Catchpole et al. | Clinical setting: performance in operating room | To analyze the effects of surgical, anesthetic, and nursing teamwork skills on technical outcome | OCHRA and Oxford NOTECHES | None | Twenty-six LC and 22 carotid endarterectomies were studied. Detailed analysis of team interactions and dimensions is feasible and valuable, yielding important insights into relationships between non-technical skills, technical performance, and operative duration | 10 |
2009 | Manasnayakorn et al. | Lab setting: laparoscopic suturing to close a enterotomy | To investigate the influence of the working surface height on task performance and muscle workload in hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery | OCHRA and leakage pressure, visual analogue score, electromyography, and placement error score | None | Ten subjects participated the study. The optimum table height for hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery allows the working surface of the extracorporeal instrument handle to be at or 5 cm above the elbow level | 8.5 |
2015 | Ghazanfar et al. | Lab setting: laparoscopic operative tasks | To compare the effect of dividing attention of novices and experts on a laparoscopic task performance | OCHRA and operating time | None | Thirty-four subjects participated the study. 21,109 movement and 9036 errors were analyzed. Novices had increased mean task completing time (second) (171 ± 44 vs 149 ± 34, P < 0.05), number of errors (127 ± 51 vs. 96 ± 28). Junior surgeons are less able to focus their attention in a divided attention conditions in theater environment | 8 |
2017 | Tang et al. | Lab setting: transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) | To develop and validate a new and cost effective animal tissue model for practicing of TURP | OCHRA, 5-point Likert Scale questionnaire, and operating time | None | Thirty-five subjects were recruited in the study. In the construct validity study, the use of OCHRA identified that trainees committed more technical errors than the expert ( 11 vs 7, P < 0.001), produced more instrument movements ( 51 vs 33, P < 0.001), and required longer operating time ( 11.4 vs 6.2 min, P < 0.001) | 11.5 |
2018 | Boghdady et al. | Lab setting: laparoscopic intracorporeal knotting | To study the effect of a self-administered checklist on the laparoscopic task performance of novices during a standardized task | OCHRA used for error analysis | None | Twenty novices were recruited to the study. 2341 were detected during the 5 separate stages. The checklist group committed significant fewer errors as compared with the control group during all the later 4 stages | 9.5 |
2018 | Boghdady et al. | Lab setting: tests of spatial coordinates in two-dimensional (2D)and three dimensional(3D) image | To compare generic components of 2D versus 3D laparoscopic images | OCHRA | None | Twenty-four novice subjects participated the experiment. 3D performed more accurately in comparing volumes (P < 0.05). In spatial coordinates, there were statistically significant higher number of errors in 2D as compared to 3D (P < 0.002) | 9.5 |
2018 | Boghdady et al. | Clinical setting: laparoscopic cholecystectomy | To study the effect of a performance-based self-administered intra-procedural checklist on the performance of trainees during elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy | OCHRA and 5-point Likert scale questionnaire | None | Twenty-four novice participants performed statistically better with the application of the checklist compared to wen no checklist was used, respectively: Median (IQR) total number of errors 1.51 (0.80) versus 3.84(1.42) (P = 0.002) and consequential errors 0.20(0.12) versus 0.45(0.42) (P = 0.005) | 11.5 |
2018 | Francis et al. | Clinical setting: laparoscopic surgery | To develop a structure, practical method to report intraoperative adverse events during minimal access surgery procedures | A structured mixed methodology approach, expert opinion, OCHRA | None | Thirty-four European Association for Endoscopic Surgery experts. 217 h of TME surgery were analyzed to develop and continually refine the five-point hierarchical structure. 34 European Association for Endoscopic Surgery experts responded. The observed distribution of intraoperative adverse events was 60.1% grade I (non-consequential), 37.1% grade II (minor Corrective action), 2.4% grade III (Major correction or change in postoperative care) and 0.1% grade IV (life threatening) | 8 |