Background
Methods
Sample
Mental disorders
Occupational factors
-
binary variables in 2006: exposed versus non-exposed using the median cut-offs,
-
frequency variables in 2006: using the initial response categories, always/often/sometimes/never, for the factors based on one item or quartiles for those with more than one item, and
-
repeated exposure evaluated using both the binary variables in 2006 and 2010 for each occupational factor.
Covariates
Statistical analyses
Results
Men (N = 2389) | Women (N = 2328) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | %w | n | % | %w | p | |
Covariates in 2006
| |||||||
Age (years) | ns | ||||||
<30 | 286 | 11.97 | 17.94 | 257 | 11.04 | 17.64 | |
30-39 | 701 | 29.34 | 31.71 | 647 | 27.79 | 28.57 | |
40-49 | 832 | 34.83 | 32.79 | 866 | 37.20 | 33.26 | |
≥50 | 570 | 23.86 | 17.56 | 558 | 23.97 | 20.53 | |
Occupation | *** | ||||||
Managers/professionals | 401 | 16.80 | 16.66 | 318 | 13.67 | 11.86 | |
Associate professionals/technicians | 602 | 25.22 | 25.71 | 648 | 27.85 | 26.38 | |
Clerks/service workers | 327 | 13.70 | 17.30 | 1121 | 48.17 | 50.24 | |
Manual workers | 1057 | 44.28 | 40.13 | 240 | 10.31 | 11.53 | |
Living alone | 528 | 22.10 | 20.30 | 678 | 29.12 | 23.70 | * |
Presence of child(ren) under 3 y | 289 | 12.10 | 14.88 | 200 | 8.59 | 10.67 | *** |
Low social support outside work | 626 | 26.20 | 26.43 | 739 | 31.74 | 29.81 | * |
Life events during childhood (one or more) | 1077 | 45.08 | 45.80 | 1122 | 48.20 | 48.73 | ns |
Life events 2002–2006 (one or more) | 207 | 8.67 | 8.49 | 252 | 10.83 | 10.76 | * |
Occupational factors in 2006
| |||||||
Psychosocial work factors
| |||||||
High psychological demands | 998 | 41.77 | 41.80 | 840 | 36.08 | 35.66 | *** |
Low decision latitude | 780 | 32.65 | 35.15 | 728 | 31.27 | 32.49 | ns |
Low social support | 565 | 23.65 | 23.95 | 506 | 21.74 | 21.93 | ns |
Low reward | 716 | 29.97 | 31.12 | 732 | 31.44 | 31.64 | ns |
Emotional demands | 740 | 30.98 | 33.43 | 1084 | 46.56 | 46.45 | *** |
Role conflict | 1084 | 45.37 | 46.86 | 1066 | 45.79 | 45.43 | ns |
Ethical conflict | 857 | 35.87 | 35.92 | 654 | 28.09 | 27.86 | *** |
Tensions with the public | 959 | 40.14 | 41.83 | 1080 | 46.39 | 46.75 | ** |
Job insecurity | 520 | 21.77 | 22.22 | 468 | 20.10 | 21.10 | ns |
Work-life imbalance | 750 | 31.39 | 32.64 | 693 | 29.77 | 29.83 | ns |
Working time/hours
| |||||||
Long working hours | 1008 | 42.19 | 42.41 | 523 | 22.47 | 21.94 | *** |
Night work | 595 | 24.91 | 25.77 | 230 | 9.88 | 10.44 | *** |
Shift work | 414 | 17.33 | 17.96 | 322 | 14.26 | 15.35 | * |
Low predictability | 794 | 33.24 | 34.19 | 526 | 22.59 | 23.66 | *** |
Physical work factors
| |||||||
Biomechanical exposure | 1040 | 45.53 | 42.89 | 718 | 30.84 | 32.38 | *** |
Physical exposure | 1242 | 51.99 | 49.63 | 597 | 25.64 | 26.33 | *** |
Chemical exposure | 1104 | 46.21 | 44.07 | 579 | 24.87 | 26.56 | *** |
Mental disorders in 2010
| |||||||
MDD | 61 | 2.55 | 2.53 | 114 | 4.90 | 4.75 | *** |
GAD | 66 | 2.76 | 2.81 | 120 | 5.15 | 4.58 | ** |
Men and women (N = 4711) | MDD | GAD | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Models 1 | Model 2 | Models 1 | Model 2 | |||||
OR† | 95% CI | OR†† | 95% CI | OR† | 95% CI | OR†† | 95% CI | |
Psychosocial work factors
| ||||||||
High psychological demands | 1.27 | [0.85-1.91] | 1.13 | [0.68-1.86] |
2.34***
|
[1.64 -3.36]
|
1.78**
|
[1.20-2.64]
|
Low decision latitude | 1.38 | [0.95-2.00] | 1.24 | [0.86-1.81] | 1.29 | [0.89 -1.86] | 1.07 | [0.73-1.56] |
Low social support | 1.04 | [0.68-1.59] | 0.94 | [0.58-1.55] |
1.48*
|
[1.01 -2.18]
| 1.08 | [0.74-1.59] |
Low reward |
1.67**
|
[1.16-2.40]
|
1.60*
|
[1.08-2.39]
|
1.85***
|
[1.32 -2.60]
|
1.53*
|
[1.06-2.20]
|
Emotional demands | 1.16 | [0.79-1.71] | 1.10 | [0.73-1.67] |
2.14***
|
[1.51 -3.04]
|
1.66**
|
[1.14-2.40]
|
Role conflict | 0.98 | [0.67-1.44] | 0.81 | [0.53-1.24] | 1.29 | [0.91 -1.84] | 0.88 | [0.60-1.29] |
Ethical conflict | 1.01 | [0.68-1.50] | 0.91 | [0.59-1.40] |
1.42*
|
[1.00 -2.02]
| 0.98 | [0.67-1.44] |
Tensions with the public | 0.77 | [0.53-1.12] | 0.70 | [0.47-1.05] |
1.58**
|
[1.12 -2.24]
| 1.23 | [0.85-1.77] |
Job insecurity |
1.76**
|
[1.17-2.64]
|
1.63*
|
[1.08-2.48]
|
2.16***
|
[1.47 -3.18]
|
1.74**
|
[1.18-2.57]
|
Work life imbalance | 1.09 | [0.72-1.63] | 1.01 | [0.63-1.60] |
1.80**
|
[1.26 -2.59]
| 1.33 | [0.90-1.96] |
Working time/hours
| ||||||||
Long working hours | 1.19 | [0.80-1.78] | 1.22 | [0.78-1.91] | 1.33 | [0.91 -1.94] | 1.05 | [0.69-1.60] |
Night work | 1.04 | [0.62-1.74] | 0.90 | [0.52-1.57] | 0.89 | [0.52 -1.52] | 0.85 | [0.50-1.45] |
Shift work | 1.24 | [0.77-1.99] | 1.25 | [0.75-2.07] | 0.95 | [0.58 -1.56] | 0.92 | [0.57-1.48] |
Low predictability | 1.11 | [0.75-1.66] | 1.06 | [0.71-1.59] | 1.10 | [0.75 -1.62] | 0.85 | [0.56-1.27] |
Physical work factors
| ||||||||
Biomechanical exposure | 1.17 | [0.80-1.70] | 1.11 | [0.72-1.71] | 1.06 | [0.73 -1.55] | 0.87 | [0.59-1.28] |
Physical exposure | 1.17 | [0.79-1.72] | 1.07 | [0.70-1.65] | 1.15 | [0.79 -1.66] | 0.92 | [0.62-1.35] |
Chemical exposure | 0.92 | [0.63-1.33] | 0.85 | [0.55-1.31] | 1.14 | [0.79 -1.64] | 1.11 | [0.78-1.58] |
Men and women (N = 4711) | MDD | GAD | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Models 1 | Model 2 | Models 1 | Model 2 | |||||
OR† | 95% CI | OR‡ | 95% CI | OR† | 95% CI | OR‡ | 95% CI | |
Psychosocial work factors
| ||||||||
High psychological demands |
1.22*
|
[1.01-1.46]
| 1.15 | [0.92-1.44] |
1.69***
|
[1.43-1.99]
|
1.48***
|
[1.22-1.80]
|
Low decision latitude | 1.14 | [0.99-1.32] | 1.09 | [0.93-1.27] | 1.08 | [0.94-1.24] | 0.98 | [0.84-1.14] |
Low social support | 1.16 | [0.88-1.53] | 1.05 | [0.77-1.44] |
1.48**
|
[1.16-1.89]
| 1.28 | [0.99-1.66] |
Low reward |
1.20*
|
[1.01-1.42]
| 1.14 | [0.93-1.39] |
1.33***
|
[1.14-1.56]
|
1.22*
|
[1.01-1.46]
|
Emotional demands | 1.10 | [0.94-1.27] | 1.05 | [0.89-1.24] |
1.32***
|
[1.13-1.53]
| 1.15 | [0.97-1.38] |
Role conflict | 1.07 | [0.84-1.37] | 0.92 | [0.68-1.24] | 1.15 | [0.94-1.41] | 0.87 | [0.70-1.10] |
Ethical conflict | 1.10 | [0.83-1.47] | 0.96 | [0.69-1.32] |
1.39*
|
[1.08-1.79]
| 1.03 | [0.77-1.37] |
Tensions with the public | 0.90 | [0.69-1.18] | 0.80 | [0.61-1.05] |
1.26*
|
[1.05-1.52]
| 1.06 | [0.86-1.30] |
Job insecurity |
1.45***
|
[1.18-1.80]
|
1.37**
|
[1.10-1.72]
|
1.63***
|
[1.34-1.98]
|
1.46***
|
[1.18-1.80]
|
Work life imbalance | 1.06 | [0.84-1.33] | 0.94 | [0.72-1.23] |
1.32**
|
[1.10-1.59]
| 1.11 | [0.90-1.35] |
Working time/hours
| ||||||||
Long working hours | 1.09 | [0.91-1.30] | 1.09 | [0.90-1.33] | 1.14 | [0.97-1.34] | 1.02 | [0.84-1.23] |
Night work | 1.09 | [0.84-1.41] | 1.02 | [0.79-1.32] | 0.86 | [0.66-1.12] | 0.84 | [0.64-1.10] |
Shift work | 1.10 | [0.92-1.30] | 1.09 | [0.91-1.29] | 0.97 | [0.81-1.17] | 0.98 | [0.81-1.18] |
Low predictability | 1.07 | [0.88-1.30] | 1.02 | [0.84-1.25] | 1.09 | [0.90-1.33] | 0.94 | [0.76-1.16] |
Physical work factors
| ||||||||
Biomechanical exposure | 1.10 | [0.94-1.29] | 1.07 | [0.89-1.30] | 1.04 | [0.89-1.20] | 0.95 | [0.80-1.14] |
Physical exposure | 1.08 | [0.93-1.26] | 1.04 | [0.87-1.23] | 1.04 | [0.90-1.20] | 0.94 | [0.79-1.11] |
Chemical exposure | 0.97 | [0.81-1.17] | 0.90 | [0.73-1.11] | 1.09 | [0.93-1.29] | 1.08 | [0.91-1.28] |
Men and women (N = 4711) | MDD | GAD | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Models 1 | Model 2 | Models 1 | Model 2 | |||||
OR2006†95% CI | OR2010†95% CI | OR2006‡95% CI | OR2010‡95% CI | OR2006†95% CI | OR2010†95% CI | OR2006‡95% CI | OR2010‡95% CI | |
Psychosocial work factors
| ||||||||
High psychological demands | 0.88 [0.57-1.34] | 2.93*** [1.91-4.48] | 0.77 [0.46-1.27] | 2.00** [1.28-3.13] | 1.52* [1.02-2.28] | 3.61*** [2.46-5.31] | 1.33 [0.87-2.05] | 2.27*** [1.47-3.51] |
Low decision latitude | 1.11 [0.75-1.65] | 2.19*** [1.50-3.20] | 1.14 [0.77-1.70] | 1.55* [1.01-2.38] | 1.12 [0.77-1.62] | 1.67** [1.17-2.39] | 1.07 [0.72-1.59] | 1.25 [0.83-1.89] |
Low social support | 0.93 [0.59-1.47] | 1.58* [1.06-2.36] | 0.90 [0.54-1.50] | 1.09 [0.73-1.62] | 1.42 [0.95-2.12] | 1.19 [0.81-1.75] | 1.10 [0.74-1.64] | 0.83 [0.56-1.24] |
Low reward | 1.22 [0.85-1.75] | 2.91*** [1.99-4.26] | 1.37 [0.92-2.03] | 2.16*** [1.47-3.18] | 1.46* [1.02-2.11] | 2.14*** [1.43-3.20] | 1.46* [1.00-2.12] | 1.70** [1.15-2.52] |
Emotional demands | 0.75 [0.48-1.17] | 3.86*** [2.41-6.19] | 0.77 [0.47-1.26] | 3.16*** [1.91-5.22] | 1.57* [1.06-2.31] | 2.53*** [1.66-3.86] | 1.26 [0.84-1.90] | 1.69* [1.10-2.60] |
Role conflict | 0.86 [0.57-1.29] | 1.56* [1.06-2.31] | 0.70 [0.45-1.10] | 0.99 [0.66-1.47] | 1.32 [0.90-1.92] | 0.95 [0.64-1.41] | 0.89 [0.59-1.33] | 0.56** [0.36-0.87] |
Ethical conflict | 0.80 [0.52-1.23] | 2.20*** [1.46-3.32] | 0.81 [0.51-1.27] | 1.54* [1.01-2.35] | 1.07 [0.74-1.55] | 2.68*** [1.87-3.85] | 0.83 [0.55-1.24] | 1.90*** [1.31-2.78] |
Tensions with the public | 0.73 [0.49-1.07] | 1.18 [0.79-1.75] | 0.68 [0.45-1.04] | 0.74 [0.48-1.14] | 1.34 [0.90-1.98] | 1.57* [1.05-2.37] | 1.14 [0.74-1.76] | 0.98 [0.62-1.53] |
Job insecurity | 1.29 [0.82-2.04] | 2.41*** [1.60-3.64] | 1.25 [0.78-2.02] | 1.90** [1.23-2.93] | 1.46 [0.97-2.21] | 3.05*** [2.10-4.42] | 1.19 [0.77-1.84] | 2.30*** [1.54-3.43] |
Work-life imbalance | 0.90 [0.57-1.41] | 1.82** [1.20-2.78] | 0.91 [0.55-1.49] | 1.16 [0.74-1.80] | 1.38 [0.93-2.05] | 2.36*** [1.60-3.50] | 1.13 [0.74-1.72] | 1.41 [0.90-2.22] |
Working time/hours
| ||||||||
Long working hours | 1.09 [0.68-1.73] | 1.21 [0.76-1.93] | 1.07 [0.67-1.71] | 1.05 [0.66-1.67] | 1.07 [0.68-1.68] | 1.58* [1.02-2.43] | 0.80 [0.50-1.27] | 1.10 [0.70-1.74] |
Night work | 0.73 [0.41-1.31] | 1.88* [1.10-3.19] | 0.77 [0.43-1.40] | 1.43 [0.81-2.53] | 0.65 [0.35-1.18] | 1.76* [1.04-2.98] | 0.73 [0.40-1.32] | 1.30 [0.75-2.26] |
Shift work | 1.24 [0.72-2.15] | 0.99 [0.56-1.75] | 1.17 [0.64-2.14] | 0.96 [0.53-1.76] | 0.92 [0.50-1.69] | 1.05 [0.58-1.89] | 1.00 [0.55-1.80] | 0.79 [0.43-1.46] |
Low predictability | 1.13 [0.72-1.76] | 0.97 [0.62-1.53] | 1.06 [0.67-1.66] | 0.76 [0.47-1.23] | 0.84 [0.56-1.27] | 2.06*** [1.42-2.99] | 0.73 [0.48-1.10] | 1.39 [0.95-2.04] |
Physical work factors
| ||||||||
Biomechanical exposures | 1.09 [0.72-1.66] | 1.16 [0.78-1.73] | 1.04 [0.65-1.67] | 1.09 [0.68-1.75] | 0.96 [0.64-1.44] | 1.28 [0.85-1.92] | 0.74 [0.48-1.15] | 1.12 [0.72-1.74] |
Physical exposures | 1.09 [0.74-1.59] | 1.16 [0.81-1.68] | 1.09 [0.70-1.70] | 0.87 [0.55-1.35] | 0.91 [0.60-1.36] | 1.68* [1.12-2.51] | 0.82 [0.54-1.25] | 1.21 [0.78-1.87] |
Chemical exposures | 1.00 [0.65-1.55] | 0.81 [0.52-1.26] | 1.01 [0.63-1.63] | 0.72 [0.45-1.16] | 1.24 [0.82-1.87] | 0.82 [0.53-1.26] | 1.26 [0.84-1.89] | 0.75 [0.48-1.19] |