Skip to main content
Erschienen in: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 3/2012

01.03.2012 | Rhinology

OLAF: standardization of international olfactory tests

verfasst von: C. Hummel, G. M. Zucco, E. Iannilli, W. Maboshe, B. N. Landis, T. Hummel

Erschienen in: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology | Ausgabe 3/2012

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Developed in the 1990s, the “Sniffin ‘Sticks” test for the assessment of olfactory threshold, odor identification and discrimination has become a widely used tool both in clinical and research settings. Originally pencil-and-paper documented, it may now be applied using a computer program. The “Filemaker” based software “OLAF” guides the examiner through any user-defined arrangement of the test battery, stores all data in a database, and offers results sheets to be printed out for convenience. The royalty-free program may be downloaded from http://​www.​tu-dresden.​de/​medkhno/​riechen_​schmecken/​olaf.​zip as a runtime solution application. It is currently available in four languages (English, French, German, and Italian) which can be toggled by a single mouse click, and is suitable for Windows as well as Apple platforms. In conclusion, the currently described software is expected to further facilitate and standardize olfactory testing with the “Sniffin’ Sticks” test battery.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Albrecht J, Anzinger A, Kopietz R, Schopf V, Kleemann AM, Pollatos O, Wiesmann M (2008) Test-retest reliability of the olfactory detection threshold test of the Sniffin’ sticks. Chem Senses 33(5):461–467PubMedCrossRef Albrecht J, Anzinger A, Kopietz R, Schopf V, Kleemann AM, Pollatos O, Wiesmann M (2008) Test-retest reliability of the olfactory detection threshold test of the Sniffin’ sticks. Chem Senses 33(5):461–467PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Albrecht J, Schreder T, Kleemann AM, Schopf V, Kopietz R, Anzinger A, Demmel M, Linn J, Kettenmann B, Wiesmann M (2009) Olfactory detection thresholds and pleasantness of a food-related and a non-food odour in hunger and satiety. Rhinology 47(2):160–165PubMed Albrecht J, Schreder T, Kleemann AM, Schopf V, Kopietz R, Anzinger A, Demmel M, Linn J, Kettenmann B, Wiesmann M (2009) Olfactory detection thresholds and pleasantness of a food-related and a non-food odour in hunger and satiety. Rhinology 47(2):160–165PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Aschenbrenner K, Scholze N, Joraschky P, Hummel T (2008) Gustatory and olfactory sensitivity in patients with anorexia and bulimia in the course of treatment. J Psychiatr Res 43(2):129–137PubMedCrossRef Aschenbrenner K, Scholze N, Joraschky P, Hummel T (2008) Gustatory and olfactory sensitivity in patients with anorexia and bulimia in the course of treatment. J Psychiatr Res 43(2):129–137PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Boesveldt S, Verbaan D, Knol DL, Visser M, van Rooden SM, van Hilten JJ, Berendse HW (2008) A comparative study of odor identification and odor discrimination deficits in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 23(14):1984–1990PubMedCrossRef Boesveldt S, Verbaan D, Knol DL, Visser M, van Rooden SM, van Hilten JJ, Berendse HW (2008) A comparative study of odor identification and odor discrimination deficits in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 23(14):1984–1990PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Clepce M, Gossler A, Reich K, Kornhuber J, Thuerauf N (2010) The relation between depression, anhedonia and olfactory hedonic estimates—a pilot study in major depression. Neurosci Lett 471(3):139–143PubMedCrossRef Clepce M, Gossler A, Reich K, Kornhuber J, Thuerauf N (2010) The relation between depression, anhedonia and olfactory hedonic estimates—a pilot study in major depression. Neurosci Lett 471(3):139–143PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Croy I, Schellong J, Joraschky P, Hummel T (2010) PTSD, but not childhood maltreatment, modifies responses to unpleasant odors. Int J Psychophysiol 75(3):326–331PubMedCrossRef Croy I, Schellong J, Joraschky P, Hummel T (2010) PTSD, but not childhood maltreatment, modifies responses to unpleasant odors. Int J Psychophysiol 75(3):326–331PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Doty R (1991) Olfactory system. In: Getchell TV, Doty R, Bartoshuk LM, Snow JB (eds) Smell and taste in health and disease. Raven Press, New York, p 1803 Doty R (1991) Olfactory system. In: Getchell TV, Doty R, Bartoshuk LM, Snow JB (eds) Smell and taste in health and disease. Raven Press, New York, p 1803
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Doty RL, Shaman P, Dann M (1984) Development of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test: a standardized microencapsulated test of olfactory function. Physiol Behav 32(3):489–502PubMedCrossRef Doty RL, Shaman P, Dann M (1984) Development of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test: a standardized microencapsulated test of olfactory function. Physiol Behav 32(3):489–502PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Doty RL, Shaman P, Kimmelman CP, Dann MS (1984) University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test: a rapid quantitative olfactory function test for the clinic. Laryngoscope 94(2 Pt 1):176–178PubMedCrossRef Doty RL, Shaman P, Kimmelman CP, Dann MS (1984) University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test: a rapid quantitative olfactory function test for the clinic. Laryngoscope 94(2 Pt 1):176–178PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Frasnelli J, Lundstrom JN, Boyle JA, Djordjevic J, Zatorre RJ, Jones-Gotman M (2010) Neuroanatomical correlates of olfactory performance. Exp Brain Res 201(1):1–11PubMedCrossRef Frasnelli J, Lundstrom JN, Boyle JA, Djordjevic J, Zatorre RJ, Jones-Gotman M (2010) Neuroanatomical correlates of olfactory performance. Exp Brain Res 201(1):1–11PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Fusetti M, Fioretti AB, Silvagni F, Simaskou M, Sucapane P, Necozione S, Eibenstein A (2010) Smell and preclinical Alzheimer disease: study of 29 patients with amnesic mild cognitive impairment. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 39(2):175–181PubMed Fusetti M, Fioretti AB, Silvagni F, Simaskou M, Sucapane P, Necozione S, Eibenstein A (2010) Smell and preclinical Alzheimer disease: study of 29 patients with amnesic mild cognitive impairment. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 39(2):175–181PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Guarneros M, Hummel T, Martinez-Gomez M, Hudson R (2009) Mexico City air pollution adversely affects olfactory function and intranasal trigeminal sensitivity. Chem Senses 34(9):819–826PubMedCrossRef Guarneros M, Hummel T, Martinez-Gomez M, Hudson R (2009) Mexico City air pollution adversely affects olfactory function and intranasal trigeminal sensitivity. Chem Senses 34(9):819–826PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Gudziol V, Paech I, Hummel T (2010) Unilateral reduced sense of smell is an early indicator for global olfactory loss. J Neurol 257(6):959–963PubMedCrossRef Gudziol V, Paech I, Hummel T (2010) Unilateral reduced sense of smell is an early indicator for global olfactory loss. J Neurol 257(6):959–963PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Gudziol V, Wolff-Stephan S, Aschenbrenner K, Joraschky P, Hummel T (2009) Depression resulting from olfactory dysfunction is associated with reduced sexual appetite—a cross-sectional cohort study. J Sex Med 6(7):1924–1929PubMedCrossRef Gudziol V, Wolff-Stephan S, Aschenbrenner K, Joraschky P, Hummel T (2009) Depression resulting from olfactory dysfunction is associated with reduced sexual appetite—a cross-sectional cohort study. J Sex Med 6(7):1924–1929PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Gugleta K, Kochkorov A, Katamay R, Husner A, Welge-Lussen A, Flammer J, Orgul S (2010) Olfactory function in primary open-angle glaucoma patients. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 227(4):277–279PubMedCrossRef Gugleta K, Kochkorov A, Katamay R, Husner A, Welge-Lussen A, Flammer J, Orgul S (2010) Olfactory function in primary open-angle glaucoma patients. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 227(4):277–279PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Haehner A, Boesveldt S, Berendse HW, Mackay-Sim A, Fleischmann J, Silburn PA, Johnston AN, Mellick GD, Herting B, Reichmann H, Hummel T (2009) Prevalence of smell loss in Parkinson’s disease—a multicenter study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 15(7):490–494PubMedCrossRef Haehner A, Boesveldt S, Berendse HW, Mackay-Sim A, Fleischmann J, Silburn PA, Johnston AN, Mellick GD, Herting B, Reichmann H, Hummel T (2009) Prevalence of smell loss in Parkinson’s disease—a multicenter study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 15(7):490–494PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Haehner A, Mayer AM, Landis BN, Pournaras I, Lill K, Gudziol V, Hummel T (2009) High test-retest reliability of the extended version of the “Sniffin’ Sticks” test. Chem Senses 34(8):705–711PubMedCrossRef Haehner A, Mayer AM, Landis BN, Pournaras I, Lill K, Gudziol V, Hummel T (2009) High test-retest reliability of the extended version of the “Sniffin’ Sticks” test. Chem Senses 34(8):705–711PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Heckmann JG, Hocherl C, Dutsch M, Lang C, Schwab S, Hummel T (2009) Smell and taste disorders in polyneuropathy: a prospective study of chemosensory disorders. Acta Neurol Scand 120(4):258–263PubMedCrossRef Heckmann JG, Hocherl C, Dutsch M, Lang C, Schwab S, Hummel T (2009) Smell and taste disorders in polyneuropathy: a prospective study of chemosensory disorders. Acta Neurol Scand 120(4):258–263PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Hedner M, Larsson M, Arnold N, Zucco GM, Hummel T (2010) Cognitive factors in odor detection, odor discrimination, and odor identification tasks. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 30: 1–6 Hedner M, Larsson M, Arnold N, Zucco GM, Hummel T (2010) Cognitive factors in odor detection, odor discrimination, and odor identification tasks. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 30: 1–6
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Herting B, Schulze S, Reichmann H, Haehner A, Hummel T (2008) A longitudinal study of olfactory function in patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol 255(3):367–370PubMedCrossRef Herting B, Schulze S, Reichmann H, Haehner A, Hummel T (2008) A longitudinal study of olfactory function in patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol 255(3):367–370PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Hummel T, Bensafi M, Nikolaus J, Knecht M, Laing DG, Schaal B (2007) Olfactory function in children assessed with psychophysical and electrophysiological techniques. Behav Brain Res 180(2):133–138PubMedCrossRef Hummel T, Bensafi M, Nikolaus J, Knecht M, Laing DG, Schaal B (2007) Olfactory function in children assessed with psychophysical and electrophysiological techniques. Behav Brain Res 180(2):133–138PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Hummel T, Guel H, Delank W (2004) Olfactory sensitivity of subjects working in odorous environments. Chem Senses 29(6):533–536PubMedCrossRef Hummel T, Guel H, Delank W (2004) Olfactory sensitivity of subjects working in odorous environments. Chem Senses 29(6):533–536PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Hummel T, Kobal G, Gudziol H, Mackay-Sim A (2007) Normative data for the“Sniffin’ Sticks” including tests of odor “identification, odor discrimination, and olfactory thresholds: an upgrade based on a group of more than 3,000 subjects. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 264(3):237–243PubMedCrossRef Hummel T, Kobal G, Gudziol H, Mackay-Sim A (2007) Normative data for the“Sniffin’ Sticks” including tests of odor “identification, odor discrimination, and olfactory thresholds: an upgrade based on a group of more than 3,000 subjects. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 264(3):237–243PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Hummel T, Konnerth CG, Rosenheim K, Kobal G (2001) Screening of olfactory function with a four-minute odor identification test: reliability, normative data, and investigations in patients with olfactory loss. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 110(10):976–981PubMed Hummel T, Konnerth CG, Rosenheim K, Kobal G (2001) Screening of olfactory function with a four-minute odor identification test: reliability, normative data, and investigations in patients with olfactory loss. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 110(10):976–981PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Hummel T, Sekinger B, Wolf SR, Pauli E, Kobal G (1997) ‘Sniffin’ sticks’: olfactory performance assessed by the combined testing of odor identification, odor discrimination and olfactory threshold. Chem Senses 22(1):39–52PubMedCrossRef Hummel T, Sekinger B, Wolf SR, Pauli E, Kobal G (1997) ‘Sniffin’ sticks’: olfactory performance assessed by the combined testing of odor identification, odor discrimination and olfactory threshold. Chem Senses 22(1):39–52PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Irani S, Thomasius M, Schmid-Mahler C, Holzmann D, Goetzmann L, Speich R, Boehler A (2010) Olfactory performance before and after lung transplantation: quantitative assessment and impact on quality of life. J Heart Lung Transplant 29(3):265–272PubMedCrossRef Irani S, Thomasius M, Schmid-Mahler C, Holzmann D, Goetzmann L, Speich R, Boehler A (2010) Olfactory performance before and after lung transplantation: quantitative assessment and impact on quality of life. J Heart Lung Transplant 29(3):265–272PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Katotomichelakis M, Balatsouras D, Tripsianis G, Tsaroucha A, Homsioglou E, Danielides V (2007) Normative values of olfactory function testing using the ‘sniffin’ sticks’. Laryngoscope 117(1):114–120PubMedCrossRef Katotomichelakis M, Balatsouras D, Tripsianis G, Tsaroucha A, Homsioglou E, Danielides V (2007) Normative values of olfactory function testing using the ‘sniffin’ sticks’. Laryngoscope 117(1):114–120PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Kobal G, Hummel T, Sekinger B, Barz S, Roscher S, Wolf S (1996) “Sniffin’ sticks”: screening of olfactory performance. Rhinology 34(4):222–226PubMed Kobal G, Hummel T, Sekinger B, Barz S, Roscher S, Wolf S (1996) “Sniffin’ sticks”: screening of olfactory performance. Rhinology 34(4):222–226PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Kobal G, Klimek L, Wolfensberger M, Gudziol H, Temmel A, Owen CM, Seeber H, Pauli E, Hummel T (2000) Multicenter investigation of 1,036 subjects using a standardized method for the assessment of olfactory function combining tests of odor identification, odor discrimination, and olfactory thresholds. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 257(4):205–211PubMedCrossRef Kobal G, Klimek L, Wolfensberger M, Gudziol H, Temmel A, Owen CM, Seeber H, Pauli E, Hummel T (2000) Multicenter investigation of 1,036 subjects using a standardized method for the assessment of olfactory function combining tests of odor identification, odor discrimination, and olfactory thresholds. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 257(4):205–211PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Konstantinidis I, Printza A, Genetzaki S, Mamali K, Kekes G, Constantinidis J (2008) Cultural adaptation of an olfactory identification test: the Greek version of Sniffin’ Sticks. Rhinology 46(4):292–296PubMed Konstantinidis I, Printza A, Genetzaki S, Mamali K, Kekes G, Constantinidis J (2008) Cultural adaptation of an olfactory identification test: the Greek version of Sniffin’ Sticks. Rhinology 46(4):292–296PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Landis BN, Cao Van H, Guinand N, Horvath J, Haehner A, Savva E, Hugentobler M, Lacroix JS, Burkhard PR (2009) Retronasal olfactory function in Parkinson’s disease. Laryngoscope 119(11):2280–2283PubMedCrossRef Landis BN, Cao Van H, Guinand N, Horvath J, Haehner A, Savva E, Hugentobler M, Lacroix JS, Burkhard PR (2009) Retronasal olfactory function in Parkinson’s disease. Laryngoscope 119(11):2280–2283PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Landis BN, Scheibe M, Weber C, Berger R, Bramerson A, Bende M, Nordin S, Hummel T (2010) Chemosensory interaction: acquired olfactory impairment is associated with decreased taste function. J Neurol 257(8):1303–1308PubMedCrossRef Landis BN, Scheibe M, Weber C, Berger R, Bramerson A, Bende M, Nordin S, Hummel T (2010) Chemosensory interaction: acquired olfactory impairment is associated with decreased taste function. J Neurol 257(8):1303–1308PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Landis BN, Vodicka J, Hummel T (2010) Olfactory dysfunction following herpetic meningoencephalitis. J Neurol 257(3):439–443PubMedCrossRef Landis BN, Vodicka J, Hummel T (2010) Olfactory dysfunction following herpetic meningoencephalitis. J Neurol 257(3):439–443PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Lin SH, Chu ST, Yuan BC, Shu CH (2009) Survey of the frequency of olfactory dysfunction in Taiwan. J Chin Med Assoc 72(2):68–71PubMedCrossRef Lin SH, Chu ST, Yuan BC, Shu CH (2009) Survey of the frequency of olfactory dysfunction in Taiwan. J Chin Med Assoc 72(2):68–71PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Mackay-Sim A, Grant L, Owen C, Chant D, Silburn P (2004) Australian norms for a quantitative olfactory function test. J Clin Neurosci 11(8):874–879PubMedCrossRef Mackay-Sim A, Grant L, Owen C, Chant D, Silburn P (2004) Australian norms for a quantitative olfactory function test. J Clin Neurosci 11(8):874–879PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Marioni G, Ottaviano G, Staffieri A, Zaccaria M, Lund VJ, Tognazza E, Coles S, Pavan P, Brugin E, Ermolao A (2010) Nasal functional modifications after physical exercise: olfactory threshold and peak nasal inspiratory flow. Rhinology 48(3):277–280PubMed Marioni G, Ottaviano G, Staffieri A, Zaccaria M, Lund VJ, Tognazza E, Coles S, Pavan P, Brugin E, Ermolao A (2010) Nasal functional modifications after physical exercise: olfactory threshold and peak nasal inspiratory flow. Rhinology 48(3):277–280PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Miyamoto T, Miyamoto M, Iwanami M, Hirata K, Kobayashi M, Nakamura M, Inoue Y (2010) Olfactory dysfunction in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep Med 11(5):458–461PubMedCrossRef Miyamoto T, Miyamoto M, Iwanami M, Hirata K, Kobayashi M, Nakamura M, Inoue Y (2010) Olfactory dysfunction in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep Med 11(5):458–461PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Mozaffarieh M, Hauenstein D, Schoetzau A, Konieczka K, Flammer J (2010) Smell perception in normal tension glaucoma patients. Mol Vis 16:506–510PubMed Mozaffarieh M, Hauenstein D, Schoetzau A, Konieczka K, Flammer J (2010) Smell perception in normal tension glaucoma patients. Mol Vis 16:506–510PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Mueller CA, Grassinger E, Naka A, Temmel AF, Hummel T, Kobal G (2006) A self-administered odor identification test procedure using the “Sniffin’ Sticks”. Chem Senses 31(6):595–598PubMedCrossRef Mueller CA, Grassinger E, Naka A, Temmel AF, Hummel T, Kobal G (2006) A self-administered odor identification test procedure using the “Sniffin’ Sticks”. Chem Senses 31(6):595–598PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Rapps N, Giel KE, Sohngen E, Salini A, Enck P, Bischoff SC, Zipfel S (2010) Olfactory deficits in patients with anorexia nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev 18(5):385–389PubMedCrossRef Rapps N, Giel KE, Sohngen E, Salini A, Enck P, Bischoff SC, Zipfel S (2010) Olfactory deficits in patients with anorexia nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev 18(5):385–389PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Rombaux P, Huart C, Collet S, Eloy P, Negoias S, Hummel T (2010) Presence of olfactory event-related potentials predicts recovery in patients with olfactory loss following upper respiratory tract infection. Laryngoscope 120(10):2115–2118PubMedCrossRef Rombaux P, Huart C, Collet S, Eloy P, Negoias S, Hummel T (2010) Presence of olfactory event-related potentials predicts recovery in patients with olfactory loss following upper respiratory tract infection. Laryngoscope 120(10):2115–2118PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Santin R, Fonseca VF, Bleil CB, Rieder CR, Hilbig A (2010) Olfactory function and Parkinson’s disease in Southern Brazil. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 68(2):252–257PubMedCrossRef Santin R, Fonseca VF, Bleil CB, Rieder CR, Hilbig A (2010) Olfactory function and Parkinson’s disease in Southern Brazil. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 68(2):252–257PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Schreder T, Albrecht J, Kleemann AM, Schopf V, Kopietz R, Anzinger A, Demmel M, Linn J, Pollatos O, Wiesmann M (2008) Olfactory performance of patients with anorexia nervosa and healthy subjects in hunger and satiety. Rhinology 46(3):175–183PubMed Schreder T, Albrecht J, Kleemann AM, Schopf V, Kopietz R, Anzinger A, Demmel M, Linn J, Pollatos O, Wiesmann M (2008) Olfactory performance of patients with anorexia nervosa and healthy subjects in hunger and satiety. Rhinology 46(3):175–183PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Scinska A, Wrobel E, Korkosz A, Zatorski P, Sienkiewicz-Jarosz H, Lojkowska W, Swiecicki L, Kukwa W (2008) Depressive symptoms and olfactory function in older adults. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 62(4):450–456PubMedCrossRef Scinska A, Wrobel E, Korkosz A, Zatorski P, Sienkiewicz-Jarosz H, Lojkowska W, Swiecicki L, Kukwa W (2008) Depressive symptoms and olfactory function in older adults. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 62(4):450–456PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Shoenfeld N, Agmon-Levin N, Flitman-Katzevman I, Paran D, Katz BS, Kivity S, Langevitz P, Zandman-Goddard G, Shoenfeld Y (2009) The sense of smell in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 60(5):1484–1487PubMedCrossRef Shoenfeld N, Agmon-Levin N, Flitman-Katzevman I, Paran D, Katz BS, Kivity S, Langevitz P, Zandman-Goddard G, Shoenfeld Y (2009) The sense of smell in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 60(5):1484–1487PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Shu CH, Yuan BC, Lin SH, Lin CZ (2007) Cross-cultural application of the “Sniffin’ Sticks” odor identification test. Am J Rhinol 21(5):570–573PubMedCrossRef Shu CH, Yuan BC, Lin SH, Lin CZ (2007) Cross-cultural application of the “Sniffin’ Sticks” odor identification test. Am J Rhinol 21(5):570–573PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Silveira-Moriyama L, Sirisena D, Gamage P, Gamage R, de Silva R, Lees AJ (2009) Adapting the Sniffin’ Sticks to diagnose Parkinson’s disease in Sri Lanka. Mov Disord 24(8):1229–1233PubMedCrossRef Silveira-Moriyama L, Sirisena D, Gamage P, Gamage R, de Silva R, Lees AJ (2009) Adapting the Sniffin’ Sticks to diagnose Parkinson’s disease in Sri Lanka. Mov Disord 24(8):1229–1233PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Steinbach S, Hummel T, Bohner C, Berktold S, Hundt W, Kriner M, Heinrich P, Sommer H, Hanusch C, Prechtl A, Schmidt B, Bauerfeind I, Seck K, Jacobs VR, Schmalfeldt B, Harbeck N (2009) Qualitative and quantitative assessment of taste and smell changes in patients undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer or gynecologic malignancies. J Clin Oncol 27(11):1899–1905PubMedCrossRef Steinbach S, Hummel T, Bohner C, Berktold S, Hundt W, Kriner M, Heinrich P, Sommer H, Hanusch C, Prechtl A, Schmidt B, Bauerfeind I, Seck K, Jacobs VR, Schmalfeldt B, Harbeck N (2009) Qualitative and quantitative assessment of taste and smell changes in patients undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer or gynecologic malignancies. J Clin Oncol 27(11):1899–1905PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Steinbach S, Reindl W, Kessel C, Ott R, Zahnert T, Hundt W, Heinrich P, Saur D, Huber W (2010) Olfactory and gustatory function in irritable bowel syndrome. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 267(7):1081–1087PubMedCrossRef Steinbach S, Reindl W, Kessel C, Ott R, Zahnert T, Hundt W, Heinrich P, Saur D, Huber W (2010) Olfactory and gustatory function in irritable bowel syndrome. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 267(7):1081–1087PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Yang L, Wei Y, Yu D, Zhang J, Liu Y (2010) Olfactory and gustatory function in healthy adult Chinese subjects. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 143(4):554–560PubMedCrossRef Yang L, Wei Y, Yu D, Zhang J, Liu Y (2010) Olfactory and gustatory function in healthy adult Chinese subjects. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 143(4):554–560PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Zucco GM, Militello C, Doty RL (2008) Discriminating between organic and psychological determinants of multiple chemical sensitivity: a case study. Neurocase 14(6):485–493PubMedCrossRef Zucco GM, Militello C, Doty RL (2008) Discriminating between organic and psychological determinants of multiple chemical sensitivity: a case study. Neurocase 14(6):485–493PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
OLAF: standardization of international olfactory tests
verfasst von
C. Hummel
G. M. Zucco
E. Iannilli
W. Maboshe
B. N. Landis
T. Hummel
Publikationsdatum
01.03.2012
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology / Ausgabe 3/2012
Print ISSN: 0937-4477
Elektronische ISSN: 1434-4726
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-011-1770-0

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2012

European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 3/2012 Zur Ausgabe

Update HNO

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert – ganz bequem per eMail.