Background
Method
A glance at practice in maternal asthma research
Study | Publication dateª | LBW | SGA | PTB |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lao et al. [30] | 1990 | X | − | X |
Perlow et al. [31] | 1992 | X | X | X |
Doucette et al. [32] | 1993 | X | − | X |
Jana et al. [33] | 1995 | X | − | X |
Schatz et al. [34] | 1995 | X | X | X |
Stenius-Aarniala et al. [35] | 1995 | − | − | X |
Demissie et al. [36] | 1998 | X | X | X |
Liu et al. [37] | 2001 | − | X | X |
Bracken et al. [38] | 2003 | − | X | X |
Dombrowski et al. [39] | 2004 | − | X | X |
Acs et al. [40] | 2005 | X | − | X |
Bakhireva et al. [41] | 2005 | − | X | X |
Sheiner et al. [42] | 2005 | X | − | − |
Clark et al. [43] | 2007 | − | X | − |
Enriquez et al. [44] | 2007 | − | X | − |
Kallen et al. [45] | 2007 | X | X | X |
Karimi et al. [46] | 2008 | X | − | X |
Breton et al. [47] | 2009 | X | X | X |
Study | Publication dateª | (L)BW | SGA | PTB∕GA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Schatz et al. [48] | 1988 | X | X | X |
Lao et al. [15]b | 1990 | X | − | X |
Schatz et al. [49] | 1997 | X | X | − |
Alexander et al. [50] | 1998 | X | − | X |
Olesen et al. [51] | 2001 | X | − | X |
Braken et al. [23]b | 2003 | − | X | X |
Schatz et al. [52] | 2004 | X | X | X |
Bakhireva et al. [26]b | 2005 | X | X | X |
Clifton et al. [53] | 2006 | X | X | X |
Clark et al. [28]b | 2007 | X | X | − |
Design of primary simulations
Basic scenarios
Generation of outcomes (L)BW and SGA (basic scenarios)
Confounding scenarios
Generation of outcomes (L)BW and SGA (confounding scenarios)
Primary analyses (all scenarios)
Sensitivity analyses (all scenarios)
Results
Primary analysis results
Scenario (model, interpretation of effect) | mean | se | null ICS effect? |
---|---|---|---|
Basic 1 (M1, total) | −0.2374 | 0.2025 | yes |
Basic 1 (M2, direct) | −0.0152 | 0.1441 | yes |
Basic 1 (M3, total) | 0.0046 | 0.0027 | yes |
Basic 1 (M4, direct) | −0.0008 | 0.0015 | yes |
Basic 2 (M1, total) | −366.75 | 0.2025 | no |
Basic 2 (M2, direct) | −0.0098 | 0.1754 | yes |
Basic 2 (M3, total) | 1.2676 | 0.0022 | no |
Basic 2 (M4, direct) | −0.0008 | 0.0015 | yes |
Basic 3 (M1, total) | −100.24 | 0.2025 | no |
Basic 3 (M2, direct) | −100.02 | 0.1441 | no |
Basic 3 (M3, total) | 0.3283 | 0.0025 | no |
Basic 3 (M4, direct) | 0.5611 | 0.0014 | no |
Basic 4 (M1, total) | −466.75 | 0.2025 | no |
Basic 4 (M2, direct) | −100.01 | 0.1754 | no |
Basic 4 (M3, total) | 1.6370 | 0.0021 | no |
Basic 4 (M4, direct) | 0.5611 | 0.0014 | no |
Scenario (model, interpretation of effect) | mean | se | null ICS effect? | association confounded? |
---|---|---|---|---|
Confounding 1 (M1, total) | −513.25 | 0.2041 | no | yes |
Confounding 1 (M1,V, total) | −366.72 | 0.2189 | no | no |
Confounding 1 (M2, direct) | −0.1645 | 0.1814 | yes | no |
Confounding 1 (M2,V, direct) | −0.1614 | 0.1823 | yes | no |
Confounding 1 (M3, total) | 1.7763 | 0.0017 | no | yes |
Confounding 1 (M3,V, total) | 1.3296 | 0.0018 | no | no |
Confounding 1 (M4, direct) | −0.0011 | 0.0015 | yes | no |
Confounding 1 (M4,V, direct) | −0.0001 | 0.0016 | yes | no |
Confounding 2 (M1, total) | −366.44 | 0.2292 | no | no |
Confounding 2 (M1,V, total) | −366.56 | 0.1973 | no | no |
Confounding 2 (M2, direct) | 24.232 | 0.1690 | no | yes |
Confounding 2 (M2,V, direct) | −0.1271 | 0.1694 | yes | no |
Confounding 2 (M3, total) | 1.2508 | 0.0014 | no | no |
Confounding 2 (M3,V, total) | 1.3351 | 0.0014 | no | no |
Confounding 2 (M4, direct) | 0.0008 | 0.0013 | yes | no |
Confounding 2 (M4,V, direct) | 0.0010 | 0.0013 | yes | no |
Confounding 3 (M1, total) | −406.67 | 0.1950 | no | yes |
Confounding 3 (M1,V, total) | −366.72 | 0.2189 | no | no |
Confounding 3 (M2, direct) | −40.136 | 0.1714 | no | yes |
Confounding 3 (M2,V, direct) | −0.1614 | 0.1823 | yes | no |
Confounding 3 (M3, total) | 1.4315 | 0.0021 | no | yes |
Confounding 3 (M3,V, total) | 1.2931 | 0.0023 | no | no |
Confounding 3 (M4, direct) | 0.2212 | 0.0013 | no | yes |
Confounding 3 (M4,V, direct) | 0.0006 | 0.0014 | yes | no |
Confounding 4 (M1, total) | −553.24 | 0.2109 | no | yes |
Confounding 4 (M1,V, total) | −366.72 | 0.2189 | no | no |
Confounding 4 (M2, direct) | −10.382 | 0.1854 | no | yes |
Confounding 4 (M2,V, direct) | −0.1614 | 0.1823 | yes | no |
Confounding 4 (M3, total) | 1.8558 | 0.0016 | no | yes |
Confounding 4 (M3,V, total) | 1.3321 | 0.0016 | no | no |
Confounding 4 (M4, direct) | 0.2212 | 0.0013 | no | yes |
Confounding 4 (M4,V, direct) | 0.0006 | 0.0014 | yes | no |
Sensitivity analysis results
Scenario (model, interpretation of effect) | mean | se | null ICS effect? |
---|---|---|---|
Basic 1 (M1, total) | −0.2350 | 0.2398 | yes |
Basic 1 (M2, direct) | −0.0126 | 0.1931 | yes |
Basic 1 (M3, total) | 0.0029 | 0.0022 | yes |
Basic 1 (M4, direct) | −0.0008 | 0.0015 | yes |
Basic 2 (M1, total) | −366.75 | 0.2388 | no |
Basic 2 (M2, direct) | −0.0374 | 0.2258 | yes |
Basic 2 (M3, total) | 1.1826 | 0.0018 | no |
Basic 2 (M4, direct) | −0.0008 | 0.0015 | yes |
Basic 3 (M1, total) | −100.24 | 0.2398 | no |
Basic 3 (M2, direct) | −100.01 | 0.1931 | no |
Basic 3 (M3, total) | 0.3250 | 0.0020 | no |
Basic 3 (M4, direct) | 0.4236 | 0.0014 | no |
Basic 4 (M1, total) | −466.75 | 0.2388 | no |
Basic 4 (M2, direct) | −100.04 | 0.2258 | no |
Basic 4 (M3, total) | 1.5032 | 0.0018 | no |
Basic 4 (M4, direct) | 0.4316 | 0.0014 | no |
Scenario (model, interpretation of effect) | mean | se | null ICS effect? |
---|---|---|---|
Confounding 1 (M1, total) | −513.28 | 0.2388 | no |
Confounding 1 (M1,V, total) | −366.76 | 0.2579 | no |
Confounding 1 (M2, direct) | −0.2363 | 0.2328 | yes |
Confounding 1 (M2,V, direct) | −0.2306 | 0.2353 | yes |
Confounding 1 (M3, total) | 1.5614 | 0.0015 | no |
Confounding 1 (M3,V, total) | 1.1601 | 0.0016 | no |
Confounding 1 (M4, direct) | −0.0011 | 0.0015 | yes |
Confounding 1 (M4,V, direct) | −0.0001 | 0.0016 | yes |
Confounding 2 (M1, total) | −366.46 | 0.2600 | no |
Confounding 2 (M1,V, total) | −366.58 | 0.2312 | no |
Confounding 2 (M2, direct) | 24.188 | 0.2168 | no |
Confounding 2 (M2,V, direct) | −0.1823 | 0.2167 | yes |
Confounding 2 (M3, total) | 1.0759 | 0.0012 | no |
Confounding 2 (M3,V, total) | 1.1475 | 0.0012 | no |
Confounding 2 (M4, direct) | 0.0125 | 0.0013 | no |
Confounding 2 (M4,V, direct) | 0.0127 | 0.0013 | no |
Confounding 3 (M1, total) | −406.71 | 0.2335 | no |
Confounding 3 (M1,V, total) | −366.76 | 0.2593 | no |
Confounding 3 (M2, direct) | −40.210 | 0.2226 | no |
Confounding 3 (M2,V, direct) | −0.2394 | 0.2378 | yes |
Confounding 3 (M3, total) | 1.3095 | 0.0017 | no |
Confounding 3 (M3,V, total) | 1.1839 | 0.0019 | no |
Confounding 3 (M4, direct) | 0.1738 | 0.0014 | no |
Confounding 3 (M4,V, direct) | 0.0050 | 0.0016 | no |
Confounding 4 (M1, total) | −553.28 | 0.2444 | no |
Confounding 4 (M1,V, total) | −366.76 | 0.2579 | no |
Confounding 4 (M2, direct) | −10.454 | 0.2361 | no |
Confounding 4 (M2,V, direct) | −0.2306 | 0.2353 | yes |
Confounding 4 (M3, total) | 1.6301 | 0.0013 | no |
Confounding 4 (M3,V, total) | 1.1518 | 0.0014 | no |
Confounding 4 (M4, direct) | 0.1859 | 0.0014 | no |
Confounding 4 (M4,V, direct) | 0.0120 | 0.0015 | no |
Scenario (model, interpretation of effect) | mean | se | null ICS effect? |
---|---|---|---|
Basic 1 (M1, total) | −0.2921 | 0.2050 | yes |
Basic 1 (M2, direct) | −0.0693 | 0.1479 | yes |
Basic 1 (\( {M}_2^{\ast } \), direct) | −0.0137 | 0.1442 | yes |
Basic 1 (M3, total) | 0.0049 | 0.0026 | yes |
Basic 1 (M4, direct) | −0.0008 | 0.0015 | yes |
Basic 2 (M1, total) | −359.88 | 0.2132 | no |
Basic 2 (M2, direct) | 40.140 | 0.1773 | no |
Basic 2 (\( {M}_2^{\ast } \), direct) | −0.0502 | 0.1856 | yes |
Basic 2 (M3, total) | 1.3082 | 0.0021 | no |
Basic 2 (M4, direct) | −0.0008 | 0.0015 | yes |
Basic 3 (M1, total) | −100.29 | 0.2050 | no |
Basic 3 (M2, direct) | −100.07 | 0.1479 | no |
Basic 3 (\( {M}_2^{\ast } \), direct) | −100.01 | 0.1442 | no |
Basic 3 (M3, total) | 0.2730 | 0.0024 | no |
Basic 3 (M4, direct) | 0.5611 | 0.0014 | no |
Basic 4 (M1, total) | −459.88 | 0.2132 | no |
Basic 4 (M2, direct) | −59.860 | 0.1773 | no |
Basic 4 (\( {M}_2^{\ast } \), direct) | −100.05 | 0.1856 | no |
Basic 4 (M3, total) | 1.6259 | 0.0020 | no |
Basic 4 (M4, direct) | 0.5611 | 0.0014 | no |
Scenario (model, interpretation of effect) | mean | se | null ICS effect? |
---|---|---|---|
Confounding 1 (M1, total) | −560.30 | 0.2198 | no |
Confounding 1 (M1,V, total) | −400.33 | 0.2377 | no |
Confounding 1 (M2, direct) | 16.904 | 0.1866 | no |
Confounding 1 (M2,V, direct) | 15.329 | 0.1869 | no |
Confounding 1 (\( {M}_2^{\ast } \), direct) | −0.1993 | 0.1916 | yes |
Confounding 1 (\( {M}_{2,V}^{\ast } \), direct) | −0.1992 | 0.1917 | yes |
Confounding 1 (M3, total) | 1.9051 | 0.0017 | no |
Confounding 1 (M3,V, total) | 1.4397 | 0.0017 | no |
Confounding 1 (M4, direct) | −0.0011 | 0.0015 | yes |
Confounding 1 (M4,V, direct) | −0.0001 | 0.0016 | yes |
Confounding 2 (M1, total) | −400.02 | 0.2474 | no |
Confounding 2 (M1,V, total) | −400.15 | 0.2139 | no |
Confounding 2 (M2, direct) | 39.335 | 0.1709 | no |
Confounding 2 (M2,V, direct) | 19.839 | 0.1745 | no |
Confounding 2 (\( {M}_2^{\ast } \), direct) | 31.644 | 0.1712 | no |
Confounding 2 (\( {M}_{2,V}^{\ast } \), direct) | −0.1679 | 0.1774 | yes |
Confounding 2 (M3, total) | 1.3528 | 0.0013 | no |
Confounding 2 (M3,V, total) | 1.4636 | 0.0014 | no |
Confounding 2 (M4, direct) | 0.0008 | 0.0013 | yes |
Confounding 2 (M4,V, direct) | 0.0010 | 0.0013 | yes |
Confounding 3 (M1, total) | −399.77 | 0.2051 | no |
Confounding 3 (M1,V, total) | −359.81 | 0.2317 | no |
Confounding 3 (M2, direct) | −0.0345 | 0.1714 | no |
Confounding 3 (M2,V, direct) | 39.950 | 0.1846 | no |
Confounding 3 (\( {M}_2^{\ast } \), direct) | −40.216 | 0.1852 | no |
Confounding 3 (\( {M}_{2,V}^{\ast } \), direct) | −0.2350 | 0.1955 | yes |
Confounding 3 (M3, total) | 1.4528 | 0.0021 | no |
Confounding 3 (M3,V, total) | 1.3339 | 0.0023 | no |
Confounding 3 (M4, direct) | 0.2212 | 0.0013 | no |
Confounding 3 (M4,V, direct) | 0.0006 | 0.0014 | yes |
Confounding 4 (M1, total) | −600.29 | 0.2267 | no |
Confounding 4 (M1,V, total) | −400.33 | 0.2377 | no |
Confounding 4 (M2, direct) | 6.6866 | 0.1907 | no |
Confounding 4 (M2,V, direct) | 15.329 | 0.1869 | no |
Confounding 4 (\( {M}_2^{\ast } \), direct) | −1.6285 | 0.1930 | no |
Confounding 4 (\( {M}_{2,V}^{\ast } \), direct) | −0.1992 | 0.1917 | yes |
Confounding 4 (M3, total) | 1.9757 | 0.0015 | no |
Confounding 4 (M3,V, total) | 1.4531 | 0.0016 | no |
Confounding 4 (M4, direct) | 0.2212 | 0.0013 | no |
Confounding 4 (M4,V, direct) | 0.0006 | 0.0014 | yes |