Background
Methods
Setting, sample and case recruitment
Data collection instruments and strategy
% respondents' opinions* | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Potential triggers | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
The wife saying unpleasant things to husband in front of others | 88.5 | 7.1 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.2 |
The wife putting on unsuitable clothes in front of others | 86.9 | 8.3 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 0.5 |
The husband suspecting the wife of infidelity | 75.9 | 12.4 | 2.5 | 5.3 | 1.6 |
The wife arguing back | 72.9 | 20.5 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 0.9 |
The wife not obeying the husband | 69.2 | 23.2 | 1.6 | 3.4 | 0.9 |
Quarrelling about each other's family | 65.7 | 24.1 | 3.4 | 3.9 | 0.7 |
The wife not caring adequately for the children | 44.8 | 41.8 | 2.5 | 7.4 | 1.8 |
The wife not having food ready on time | 44.6 | 32.0 | 2.1 | 14.7 | 5.1 |
The wife suspecting the husband of infidelity | 42.1 | 31.5 | 4.4 | 14.9 | 5.5 |
The wife not taking good care of the home | 41.4 | 38.6 | 3.2 | 11.0 | 4.1 |
The wife questioning the husband about money | 38.9 | 29.4 | 3.4 | 16.1 | 10.6 |
The wife questioning the husband about his friends | 23.0 | 21.8 | 5.1 | 23 | 25.1 |
Disagreement about leisure time activities | 14.3 | 20.7 | 4.6 | 21.6 | 36.8 |
% respondents' opinions* | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Potential causes | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Addiction of a partner | 92.2 | 4.8 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.5 |
Mental disorder of a partner | 88.7 | 8.5 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.0 |
Husband's long term unemployment | 83.0 | 10.3 | 2.3 | 3.2 | 0.0 |
Unsatisfying sexual relationship | 75.9 | 12.2 | 3.0 | 6.9 | 0.5 |
Difficulties at husband's work | 62.1 | 20.5 | 2.3 | 11.5 | 0.3 |
Large age difference between husband and wife | 53.3 | 29.0 | 2.8 | 11.5 | 2.3 |
Unsolved marital conflict | 53.3 | 27.1 | 4.8 | 12.0 | 2.1 |
Economic problems in the household | 45.7 | 30.6 | 1.6 | 18.6 | 2.3 |
Difference in social class between husband and wife | 45.3 | 28.7 | 5.5 | 16.6 | 2.8 |
Poor verbal communication between husband and wife | 43.7 | 33.8 | 3.7 | 10.3 | 7.6 |
Marital instability (threat to survival of the marriage) | 40.2 | 30.1 | 6.2 | 18.9 | 3.9 |
Young age of the partners | 32.9 | 31.5 | 5.1 | 22.8 | 6.7 |
Difficulties in raising children | 29.7 | 44.1 | 3.7 | 16.6 | 4.4 |
Absence of male child | 26.0 | 17.9 | 6.0 | 26.4 | 22.8 |
Amount of dowry/mahrieh | 15.2 | 23.2 | 4.6 | 24.4 | 31.0 |
Disagreement about the share of housework | 12.9 | 18.4 | 5.5 | 22.8 | 38.9 |
% respondents' opinions* | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Potential consequences | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Mental problems of children | 81.4 | 12.4 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.2 |
Long-lasting mental problems for the wife | 80.2 | 14.0 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.5 |
Learning problems of children at school | 69.9 | 22.3 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 0.5 |
Inability of the wife/mother to look after her children and family matters | 67.4 | 23.0 | 1.4 | 3.9 | 0.5 |
Husband's mental problem | 63.2 | 19.5 | 2.5 | 6.9 | 3.9 |
Marital instability (threat to the survival of the marriage) | 61.8 | 25.7 | 2.8 | 4.1 | 1.6 |
Economic problems | 25.1 | 28.7 | 6.4 | 19.1 | 16.8 |
Data treatment
Results
Potential causes and triggers
Consequences
Comparisons between opinions expressed by groups of women
Characteristics | Groups | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 25–29 | 39.5 | |
30–34 | 30.1 | ||
35–39 | 17.5 | ||
40–45 | 12.9 | ||
Marriage duration (years) | 5–9 | 44.1 | |
10–14 | 22.3 | ||
15–19 | 17.9 | ||
19+ | 15.4 | ||
Situation of job | Housewife | 85.7 | |
Employed or student | 14.3 | ||
Education level | Illiterate, primary and guidance school (up to 8th grade) | 54.5 | |
High school (9th to 12th grade) | 32.0 | ||
Under- and postgraduate | 13.3 | ||
Education level of husband | Illiterate, primary and guidance school (up to 8th grade) | 41.6 | |
High school (9th to 12th grade) | 36.6 | ||
Under- and postgraduate | 21.6 | ||
Ethnicity | Kurd | 65.5 | |
Fars | 20.0 | ||
Lak | 12.6 | ||
Others | 1.8 | ||
Kind of violence | % yes in all respondents | ||
Shouting at the respondent by her husband | 52.2 | ||
Being afraid by the way husband looks at the respondent or gestures | 50.2 | ||
Slamming the doors at home by respondent's husband | 25.3 | ||
Acting like "I have nothing to lose" by respondent's husband | 20.9 | ||
Destroying property by the respondent's husband | 14.7 |
Potential triggers, causes and consequences | All | Experience of non-physical violencea
| Occupation | Husband's education | Husband's ethnicity | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | House wife | Work or study | Up to grade 8 | High school | Graduate | Kurd | Fars | Lak | ||
Number of respondentsb
| 435 | 319 | 115 | 373 | 62 | 181 | 159 | 94 | 294 | 73 | 56 |
Triggers | |||||||||||
Unpleasant verbal communication | 88.5 | 89.3 | 87.0 | 89.0 | 85.5 | 89.0 | 89.3 | 86.2 | 87.4 | 87.7 | 94.6 |
Unsuitable clothes | 86.9 | 88.1 | 84.3 |
88.7*
|
75.8*
|
90.1*
| 86.8 |
80.9*
| 85.7 | 89.0 | 91.1 |
Suspicion of infidelity | 75.9 | 77.4 | 72.2 | 76.9 | 69.4 | 78.5 | 74.8 | 72.3 |
75.2*
|
69.9°
|
87.5*°
|
Arguing back | 72.9 |
76.5°
|
63.5°
|
75.1*
|
59.7*
|
80.7*
|
73.6°
|
57.4*°
| 71.8 | 78.1 | 73.2 |
Not obeying | 69.2 |
72.7°
|
59.1°
|
71.8*
|
53.2*
|
77.9*
|
68.6°
|
54.3*°
| 68.4 | 75.3 | 69.6 |
Quarrel about in-laws | 65.7 |
69.6°
|
55.7°
|
67.8*
|
53.2*
|
67.4*
|
70.4°
|
55.3*°
| 65.0 | 71.2 | 66.1 |
Causes
| |||||||||||
Addiction | 92.2 | 92.8 | 91.3 | 92.8 | 88.7 | 93.4 | 91.8 | 90.4 | 93.2 | 90.4 | 91.1 |
Mental disease | 88.7 |
91.2°
|
82.6°
|
90.1*
|
80.6*
| 89.5 | 87.4 | 89.4 | 89.8 | 86.3 | 85.7 |
Unemployment | 83 | 83.4 | 82.6 | 83.4 | 80.6 | 82.9 | 84.9 | 79.8 | 82.0 | 90.4 | 78.6 |
Unsatisfying sexual relationship | 75.9 | 74.6 | 80.0 | 76.7 | 71.0 | 77.9 | 76.1 | 72.3 | 73.1 | 80.8 | 82.1 |
Husband's work problems | 62.1 | 63.9 | 57.4 |
64.9*
|
45.2*
|
66.3*
|
67.9°
|
44.7*°
| 61.6 | 65.8 | 57.1 |
Age difference | 53.3 | 54.5 | 50.4 | 54.7 | 45.2 | 56.9 | 52.2 | 48.9 | 51.4 | 61.6 | 51.8 |
Marital conflict | 53.3 | 54.2 | 51.3 | 51.7 | 62.9 | 53.0 | 52.2 | 55.3 | 52.7 | 60.3 | 53.6 |
Consequences
| |||||||||||
Mental problems of children | 81.4 | 82.1 | 80.0 |
83.1*
|
71.0*
|
84.5*
|
83.0°
|
72.3*°
| 81.3 | 86.3 | 75.0 |
Mental problems of wife | 80.2 | 81.8 | 76.5 |
82.3*
|
67.7*
|
84.5*
|
81.8°
|
69.1*°
| 80.6 | 82.2 | 78.6 |
Learning problems of children | 69.9 | 69.9 |
70.4
| 71.0 | 62.9 | 74.6 | 67.9 | 63.8 |
68.4*
|
82.2*°
|
58.9°
|
Inability of wife/mother to do her duties | 67.4 | 68.7 | 64.3 |
70.8*
|
46.8*
|
71.8*
|
71.7°
|
51.1*°
| 68.7 | 68.5 | 62.5 |
Mental problems of husband | 63.2 |
66.5°
|
54.8°
| 63.3 | 62.9 | 61.3 | 64.2 | 64.9 | 62.6 | 71.2 | 57.1 |
Marital instability | 61.8 | 64.6 | 54.8 | 63.3 | 53.2 | 61.3 | 66.0 | 55.3 | 62.2 | 67.1 | 55.4 |