Background
Methods
Opioid drug codes from NAMCS drug database | Generic drug name |
---|---|
25510, 5660, 8335 | Propoxyphene |
2387, 97062 | Remifentanil |
1187, 50040 | Sufentanil |
9286 | Tapentadol |
2333, 5081, 5091, 8246, 9582, 22303, 91047, 96109, 97181 | Oxycodone |
7117, 7223, 21575 | Oxymorphone |
23285, 30535, 30540 | Pentazocine |
8338 | Phenerol |
7420, 8475, 8490, 10115 | Propoxyphene |
91046, 92044, 92070, 98144, 99123 | Morphine |
21550, 60990 | Nalbuphine |
8606, 98067 | Narcotic Analgesics |
3064, 9969, 21860, 21870, 21875, 21880, 22720, 22845 | Opium |
22850 | Opium-Sodium Bicarbonate |
1288, 1314 | Oxycodone |
95085 | Hydroxyzine-Meperidine |
17340, 17362 | Levorphanol |
200, 8785, 18760, 96045 | Meperidine |
10130, 18985 | Methadone |
85, 2852, 3228, 8079, 10743, 19650, 19699, 26763, 41420, 60940, 70214 | Morphine |
91071 | Dezocine |
9574 | Dihydrocodeine |
2067, 3307, 7197, 9508, 29645, 60565, 92024, 94188 | Fentanyl |
14770, 92041, 92042 | Homatropine Methyl Bromide-Hydrocodone |
7582, 9435, 14955, 94184 | Hydrocodone |
9600, 9641, 15005 | Hydromorphone |
11225, 22415, 27315 | Aspirin; Caffeine; Codeine; Phenacetin |
11090, 18425, 24770, 25525 | Aspirin; Caffeine; Phenacetin; Propoxyphene |
8910 | Atropine; Opium; Phenacetin; Salicylamide |
5054, 60265, 95036 | Buprenorphine |
5103 | Butalbital-Codeine |
1021, 29285 | Butorphanol |
1028, 7180, 7185 7190 | Codeine |
25690 | Codeine; Sanguinaria; Terpin Hydrate; White Pine Syrup; Wild Cherry Syrup |
91012 | Dezocine |
10715 | Acetaminophen; Aspirin; Caffeine; Dihydrocodeine |
42245 | Acetaminophen; Aspirin; Caffeine; Hydrocodone |
40765 | Acetaminophen; Butabarbital; Codeine |
13152, 24143 | Acetaminophen; Butalbital; Codeine |
866, 96145 | Alfentanil |
21095 | Alphaprodine |
2730, 2735 | Aluminum Hydroxide; Aspirin; Codeine; Magnesium Antacids |
2740 | Aluminum Hydroxide; Aspirin; Codeine; Magnesium Hydroxide |
12560 | Aspirin; Butalbital; Caffeine; Codeine; Phenacetin |
45, 50, 55, 65, 1990, 2815, 2825, 11220 | Aspirin; Caffeine; Codeine; Phenacetin |
3520 | Acetaminophen; Codeine; Salicylamide |
6284 | Acetaminophen; Ethanol; Glycerin; Hydrocodone; Parabens |
250, 265, 270, 275, 280, 1758, 2340, 2345, 5151, 5640, 7080, 7165, 7618, 9538, 11265, 11268, 23665, 23670, 23675, 23680, 25635, 28215, 32910, 32915, 32920, 32925, 32930, 32935, 41245, 91010 | Acetaminophen-Codeine |
197 | Acetaminophen-Dextropropoxyphene |
10128, 40415 | Acetaminophen-Dihydrocodeine |
251, 1268, 1995, 2045, 2082, 2132, 2314, 3518, 6059, 7064, 8354, 10105, 14917, 34110, 40860, 60340, 61610, 89038, 89039, 92180, 93077, 93089, 96028, 96047, 98036, 98168 | Acetaminophen-Hydrocodone |
8790 | Acetaminophen-Meperidine |
283, 2348, 3394, 7251, 7252, 7632, 8248, 22305, 22306, 23385, 26958, 28272, 32945, 91048, 99114 | Acetaminophen-Oxycodone |
7701, 30513 | Acetaminophen-Pentazocine |
156, 6232, 8470, 25530, 25545, 28340, 34985, 61240, 89071, 89072, 93053, 93411 | Acetaminophen-Propoxyphene |
11689, 95178 | Apap; Butalbital; Caffeine; Codeine |
44, 3078, 7467, 93351 | Apap; Caffeine; Dihydrocodeine |
12555, 12565, 12570, 15983, 40020 | Asa; Butalbital; Caffeine; Codeine |
30340 | Asa; Caffeine; Dihydrocodeine |
4215, 8480, 10120, 25505, 25515, 25520, 28345, 41375 | Asa; Caffeine; Propoxyphene |
5018 | Aspirin; Buffers; Codeine |
10285 | Aspirin; Caffeine; Dover’s Powder |
105, 2803, 2820, 11230, 11235, 11240, 11245, 11250, 11255, 11260 | Aspirin-Codeine |
8397, 92181, 93027 | Aspirin-Hydrocodone |
1099, 2828, 22307, 22308, 23390, 23395, 58273, 93250 | Aspirin-Oxycodone |
30530 | Aspirin-Pentazocine |
8485, 8495 | Aspirin-Propoxyphene |
2943, 2955 | Atropine-Meperidine |
19655 | Atropine-Morphine |
3245, 21865 | Belladonna-Opium |
9516 | Bupivacaine-Hydromorphone |
3276 | Buprenorphine-Naloxone |
15650, 89034 | Droperidol-Fentanyl |
9737, 9751, 98043 | Hydrocodone-Ibuprofen |
5040 | Ibuprofen-Oxycodone |
1098, 4534, 8093, 18755, 96012 | Meperidine-Promethazine |
4538 | Naloxone-Pentazocine |
Results
Variables and Factors | Weighted N* | Weighted % | |
---|---|---|---|
Patient sex | Female | 6868340 | 73.7 |
Male | 2457263 | 26.3 | |
Patient age | 18-39 | 565172 | 6.1 |
40-64 | 4070522 | 43.6 | |
> = 65 | 4689909 | 50.3 | |
Race/Ethnicity | Caucasian | 7406401 | 79.4 |
Non-Caucasian | 1919202 | 20.6 | |
Education percent of university graduates in patient zip code | <20% | 5001646 | 53.6 |
> = 20% | 4323957 | 46.4 | |
Poverty percent in patient zip code | <10% | 4988235 | 53.5 |
> = 10% | 4337368 | 46.5 | |
Health Insurance status | Have Health Insurance | 8805283 | 94.4 |
Do Not Have Health Insurance | 520320 | 5.6 | |
Primary HCP visit | Yes | 6195674 | 66.4 |
No | 3129929 | 33.6 | |
Patient now has arthritis | No | 5087784 | 54.6 |
Yes | 4237819 | 45.4 | |
Patient now has depression | No | 7726881 | 82.9 |
Yes | 1598722 | 17.1 | |
Geographic locale of patient | Rural | 1966383 | 21.1 |
Non-Rural | 7359220 | 78.9 | |
Opioid prescription** | Other Medications | 5928705 | 63.6 |
Opioids | 3396898 | 36.4 |
Variable | Factor | Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|
Patient sex (vs. Male) | Female | 1.107 (1.104, 1.109) | |
Patient Race/Ethnicity (vs. Non-Caucasian) | Caucasian | .643 (.642, .644) | |
Education percent university graduate in patient zip code (vs. > = 20% ) | <20% | 1.010 (1.008, 1.012) | |
Poverty percent in patient zip code (vs. > = 10%) | <10% | 1.036 (1.034, 1.037) | |
Health Insurance status (vs. Do Not Have Health Insurance) | Have Health Insurance | 1.010 (1.006, 1.014) | |
Primary HCP visit (vs. No) | Yes | 1.192 (1.190, 1.194) | |
Patient now has arthritis (vs. Yes) | No | .885 (.883, .886) | |
Patient now has depression (vs. Yes) | No | 1.299 (1.295, 1.302) | |
Geographic local (vs. Non-Rural) | Rural | 1.515 (1.513, 1.518) | |
Variable
|
Factors
| % |
Significance
|
Patient age range | 18-39 | 6.1 | < .001 |
40-64 | 43.6 | ||
> = 65 | 50.3 |
Variables | Factors | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) |
---|---|---|
Patient sex | Female | 1.310 (.631, 2.720) |
Male | --* | |
Patient age | 18-39 | 1.094 (.297, 4.027) |
40-64 | 1.949 (.977, 3.887) | |
> = 65 | --* | |
Race/Ethnicity | Caucasian | --* |
Non-Caucasian | 2.459 (1.194, 5.066) | |
Education percent of university graduates in patient zip code | <20% | --* |
> = 20% | 1.031 (.489, 2.175) | |
Poverty percent in patient zip code | <10% | 1.713 (.876, 3.351) |
> = 10% | --* | |
Primary HCP visit | Yes | 1.162 (.515, 2.621) |
No | --* | |
Health Insurance status | Have Health Insurance | 1.371 (.584, 3.221) |
Do Not Have Health Insurance | --* | |
Patient now has arthritis | Yes | 1.309 (.514, 3.333) |
No | --* | |
Patient now has depression | Yes | .518 (.246, 1.089) |
No | --* | |
Geographic locale | Rural | 2.935 (1.416, 6.083) |
Non-Rural | --* |