Skip to main content
Erschienen in: World Journal of Surgical Oncology 1/2012

Open Access 01.12.2012 | Research

Optimal carbon dioxide insufflation pressure during robot-assisted thyroidectomy in patients with various benign and malignant thyroid diseases

verfasst von: Hoon Yub Kim, Yoon Ji Choi, Hae-Na Yu, Seung Zhoo Yoon

Erschienen in: World Journal of Surgical Oncology | Ausgabe 1/2012

Abstract

Background

Currently, data are not available concerning a safe insufflation pressure that provides a proper view of the surgical field without adverse metabolic and hemodynamic changes in humans undergoing the robot-assisted thyroidectomy bilateral axillo-breast approach (BABA) using the da Vinci robotic surgical system. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation pressure in patients with various benign and malignant thyroid diseases when using the da Vinci robotic surgical system.

Methods

A total of 32 patients underwent thyroid surgery at 6 (n = 15), 9 (n = 15), and 12 (n = 2) mmHg. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), pH, cardiac output, heart rate, and mean arterial pressure were measured at baseline, 30 min and 1, 1.5, and 2 hours after CO2 insufflation, and 30 min after desufflation.

Results

CO2 insufflation of 12 mmHg caused severe facial subcutaneous emphysema, hypercarbia, and acidosis during robot-assisted thyroidectomy with BABA. The study was stopped before completion for the patients’ safety in accordance with the study protocol. Applying 6- or 9- mmHg of CO2 insufflation pressure caused increases in PaCO2 and decreases in arterial pH. However, vital signs were stable and pH and PaCO2 were within the physiologic range during the surgery in the 6- and 9-mmHg groups.

Conclusions

We propose that a CO2 insufflation pressure under 10 mmHg in robot-assisted thyroidectomy with BABA is the optimal insufflation pressure for patient safety.
Hinweise

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.​1186/​1477-7819-10-202) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Hoon Yub Kim, Yoon Ji Choi contributed equally to this work.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

HYK helped conduct the study and write the manuscript, YJC helped analyze the data and write the manuscript, HNY writed the manuscript and SZY helped design the study, conduct the study, analyze the data, and write the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Abkürzungen
BP
blood pressure
BABA
bilateral axillo-breast approach
CI
cardiac index
CO
cardiac output
HR
heart rate
MAP
mean arterial pressure
RaBABA
robotic bilateral axillo-breast approach.

Background

Since endoscopic neck surgery was introduced into clinical practice in 1995 by Gagner [1], robot-assisted thyroidectomy via the bilateral axillo-breast approach (BABA) using the da Vinci robotic surgical system has been successfully used for various benign and malignant thyroid diseases with a low rate of adverse effects and excellent cosmetic outcomes [2, 3]. BABA is performed by using two circumareolar ports and two axillary ports, which is useful for identifying anatomy and dissection during surgery [3, 4]. The endo-wrist function of the instrument in the da Vinci robotic surgical system makes it possible to employ complex techniques, even in difficult areas with limited access.
During laparoscopic surgery, carbon dioxide (CO2) gas is usually insufflated into the body cavity, and an electronic variable-flow insufflator controls the insufflation pressure [5]. A higher CO2 insufflation pressure allows a better view of the surgical field. However, because the insufflation pressure can affect the severity of hypercarbia, balancing the insufflation pressure between a better view of the surgical field and preventing hypercarbia is very important. In laparoscopic surgery, the insufflation pressure should be maintained below 16 mmHg in order to prevent significant hypercarbia [5, 6].
The use of CO2 insufflation in the neck potentially causes adverse metabolic and hemodynamic changes as well as tachycardia and massive subcutaneous emphysema [7]. According to Bellantone et al., hypercarbia, moderate acidosis, and a slight increase in mean arterial pressure occurred in pigs undergoing endoscopic neck surgery at 15 mmHg [8]. They proposed that CO2 neck insufflation is safe at 10 mmHg. Therefore, during endoscopic neck surgery, the authors empirically used 6 mmHg of CO2 as the maximal CO2 insufflation pressure in BABA endoscopic thyroidectomy [3, 4]. However, concrete data supporting the rationale of using 6 mmHg of CO2 insufflation pressure in endoscopic thyroidectomy with BABA have not been published. In addition, no data are currently available concerning a safe insufflation pressure that can provide a proper view of the surgical field without adverse metabolic and hemodynamic changes in humans undergoing robot-assisted thyroidectomy with BABA by using the da Vinci robotic surgical system (RaBABA).
Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the optimal CO2 insufflation pressure in patients undergoing RaBABA.

Methods

After obtaining approval from the institutional review board and written informed consent, 32 patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I–II undergoing elective RaBABA were randomly assigned to the three groups described below. The ages of the patients ranged from 18 to 60 years.
Patients were randomly assigned to one of the three groups. The groups were named on the basis of the CO2 gas pressure used to insufflate the peritoneal cavity. Patients with previous neck or breast surgery, severe cardiopulmonary disease, morbid obesity, and neck or vertebral abnormality were excluded from this study.
The patients were premedicated with midazolam (2 mg) and glycopyrrolate (0.2 mg) intramuscularly 30 min before anesthesia. Standard monitoring included electrocardiogram, noninvasive arterial blood pressure, pulse oximetry, end-tidal CO2, bispectral index, and expiratory gas concentration. Anesthesia was induced with intravenous propofol and was maintained with 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen and an end-tidal concentration of 2 to 3 vol% of sevoflurane. Intravenous rocuronium bromide was used to facilitate tracheal intubation. The radial artery was cannulated with a 20-gauge catheter to monitor arterial blood pressure. The VigileoTM System (FloTrac, Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, USA) was connected to the arterial line to monitor the cardiac index (CI) and cardiac output (CO). Mechanical ventilation was maintained with oxygen with air (FiO2 0.5) at a constant tidal volume (8 mL/kg) and frequency (12 breaths/min) during the study. Lactated Ringer’s solution was used for volume replacement during surgery.
If any one of the termination criteria was met during the surgery, insufflation pressure was reduced to below 5 mmHg. If the study was terminated in two consecutive cases within the same group, the study group was excluded and a new randomization code was generated between the remaining groups. The termination criteria of the study were as follows: (1) persistent acidosis (pH ≤7.15) or hypercarbia (partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) ≥50 mmHg) for 30 min; (2) the mean blood pressure decreased to below 50 mmHg; (3) the CI decreased to below 2 L/min; (4) the heart rate increased to over 110 beat/min; and (5) the occurrence of serious adverse events, such as subcutaneous emphysemas, as determined by the attending anesthesiologists.
All operations were performed by a single surgical team. According to previous reports [3, 4], the patient was prepared in the supine position with a pillow placed under the shoulders to maintain neck extension with both arms naturally abducted on both sides. After the vital signs were stabilized, base line blood gases and hemodynamic parameters were recorded. The flaps were raised using a vascular tunneler, and bilateral axillary and two circumareolar 8 mm to 12 mm ports were inserted. The flap extended from the superior border of the thyroid cartilage to the 4-cm inferior area under the clavicle and laterally from just beyond the lateral margin of sternocleidomastoid. At this point, CO2 insufflation was performed, the pressure of CO2 insufflation was determined by the designated group, and the time 0 of insufflation was recorded. The working space was maintained by continuous CO2 insufflation pressure. Total thyroidectomy via the BABA approach using the da Vinci robot system was performed using the general methods [3, 4].
Heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), pH, PaCO2 (arterial), CI and CO were measured at baseline, 0 min, 30 min, 1 hour, 1.5 hours, and 2 hours after CO2 insufflation and desufflation, and at 30 min after desufflation.
Statistical analysis was conducted using SigmaStat 3.5 for Windows (Systat Software, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Variables between groups were compared using the two-sample t-test or Mann–Whitney rank sum test. Variables at each time point within a group were compared using repeated measures analysis of variance. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results and discussion

Enrollment, group assignment, and analysis of patients

In total, 32 patients were included in this study. These patients were randomly allocated to three groups: the 6-mmHg group (n = 15), the 9-mmHg group (n = 15), and the 12-mmHg group (n = 2). Severe facial subcutaneous emphysema was observed at 15 and 30 minutes after the initiation of CO2 insufflation in the two patients in whom the surgery was conducted using a CO2 insufflation pressure of 12 mmHg. Furthermore, rapid progression of hypercarbia and acidosis was observed. The study was stopped midway in accordance with the termination criteria. In addition, the 12-mmHg group was dropped because two consecutive cases developed severe facial subcutaneous emphysemas, hypercarbia, and acidosis. The remaining patients in the 12-mmHg group were randomly allocated to the other two groups and successfully participated in this study. Statistically significant differences were not observed in any of the variables, including neck circumstance before and after CO2 insufflation, between the two groups (Table 1).
Table 1
Demographic characteristics and baseline data
 
6 mmHg
9 mmHg
Age (years)
46.8 ± 8.4
36.0 ± 6.7
Weight (kg)
58.4 ± 6.8
58.5 ± 6.8
Height
158.9 ± 5.1
160.0 ± 4.0
Volume of CO2 insufflation (L)
1,390.6 ± 417.3
1,662.3 ± 553.3
Duration of CO2 insufflation (min)
240.3 ± 48.8
220.6 ± 49.9
Neck circumstance before CO2insufflation
16.0 ± 2.8
15.8 ± 1.3
Neck circumstanceafter CO2 insufflation
16.8 ± 3.3
16.7 ± 1.3
Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. Statistically significant differences in the variables were not observed between the two groups.

Analysis of hemodynamic parameters

Differences in MAP, heart rate (HR), CO, and CI were not observed between the groups at any of the time points. After desufflation, the MAP was increased compared to the baseline value in the 9-mmHg group (P <0.05) (Figure 1). The HR of the 9-mmHg group was increased compared to the baseline value at 30 min after insufflation, but returned to the baseline level after 1 hour (Figure 2). The CO and CI did not show statistically significant differences compared to the baseline values at any of the time points (Figure 3).

Analysis of metabolic parameters

Patients undergoing surgery did not develop acidosis or hypercarbia in the 6- or 9-mmHg groups (Figures 4, 5). Changes in pH and PaCO2 were within the physiologic range at each time point. In addition, no differences in pH and PaCO2 were observed between the groups at any of the time points. In the 6-mmHg group, decreased pH and increased PaCO2 compared to the baseline value was observed at 30 min and at 1, 1.5, and 2 hours after insufflation. The pH and PaCO2 levels returned to the baseline value at 30 min after desufflation. In the 9-mmHg group, decreased pH and increased PaCO2 compared to baseline was observed at 30 min and 1, 1.5, and 2 hours after insufflation. PaCO2 levels returned to the baseline value at 30 min after desufflation. However, the pH was decreased until 30 min after desufflation.
Our results showed that a CO2 insufflation pressure of 12 mmHg caused severe facial subcutaneous emphysema, hypercarbia, and acidosis during RaBABA. Although applying 6- or 9-mmHg of CO2 insufflation pressure increased PaCO2 and decreased arterial pH, the vital signs were stable and pH and PaCO2 were within the physiologic range during surgery.
Subcutaneous emphysema is a frequent complication during endoscopic surgery [5, 9]. Subcutaneous emphysema aggravates hypercarbia and acidosis because of an increase in the total gas exchange area [10]. Gottlieb et al. [7] reported that massive subcutaneous emphysema, hypercarbia, supraventricular tachycardia, and acidosis occurred in a patient undergoing endoscopic trans-cervical parathyroidectomy at a CO2 insufflation pressure of 20 mmHg. According to Bellantone et al., hypercarbia, moderate acidosis, and a slight increase in mean arterial pressure occurred in pigs undergoing endoscopic neck surgery at 15 mmHg [7]. In addition, a CO2 insufflation of 15 mmHg caused CO2 accumulation and acute hypercarbia, which can lead to intracranial angiectasis, increased brain blood volume, and subsequent intracranial hypertension [11, 12]. Therefore, the severe facial subcutaneous emphysema experienced by the two patients in the 12-mmHg group was an anticipated event before the collection of study data. However, because several previous studies [7, 8] suggested that using an insufflation pressure of 10 to 15 mmHg was safe in endoscopic neck surgery in an animal model, we hoped that 12 mmHg would provide a better view of the surgical field without adverse metabolic and hemodynamic changes.
From the surgeon’s point of view, 9 mmHg pressure of CO2 insufflation may give us several advantages over 6 mmHg pressure of insufflation when performing RaBABA. First, 9 mmHg insufflation provides wider operative space than 6 mmHg insufflation. Unlike the case with non-articulating linearly moving instruments used in conventional endoscopic thyroidectomy, various kinds of articulating instruments which enable almost 360 degrees of freedom of movement are applied through the robotic arms during robotic thyroidectomy, and to use the articulating instruments effectively a wider operative space is needed than is in conventional endoscopic thyroidectomy. In other words, higher flap and wider operative space are necessary to fully take advantage of robotic arm movements during RaBABA. This wider space may be achieved by the maximal safe CO2 insufflation pressure which turned out to be 9 mmHg in this study. Second, a higher raised flap in higher CO2 insufflation pressure helps to keep the surgeon's view clear for a longer time and lessens the need to cleanse the lens of the endoscopic camera during RaBABA. The surgeons performing RaBABA are hindered by the visual disturbance that results from the contamination of the endoscopic camera lens by subcutaneous and subplatysmal fat tissues, especially in obese patients. A more highly elevated flap in 9 mmHg CO2 insufflation pressure than in 6 mmHg helps to keep the camera view clear for a longer operative time in these obese patients undergoing RaBABA. Third, in turn, higher insufflation pressure can be somewhat helpful in diminishing the total operation time of RaBABA, especially in obese patients. However, in our study, there was no statistically significant difference in total operation time between the 6 mmHg and 9 mmHg groups (240.3 min in the 6 mmHg group versus 220.6 min in the 9 mmHg group), which might be a result of the limited numbers of enrolled patients in the two groups and also the lack of morbidly obese patients in either group.
Because CO2 has a high solubility, the absorption dose of CO2 is proportional to CO2 pressure and the duration of insufflation [13]. CO2 gas is easily diffused in loose areolar and rough tissue [14], such as in the neck. In previous studies performed in a porcine model, PaCO2 increased and pH decreased slightly without acidosis or adverse hemodynamic changes in the 10-mmHg group [8, 15]. In our study, arterial CO2 and pH were changed after CO2 insufflation in the 6- and 9-mmHg groups. The increased PaCO2 caused the decrease in pH. However, the changes in pH and PaCO2 were within the physiologic range in the 6- and 9-mmHg groups during the insufflation period. Hypercarbia due to CO2 insufflation can cause epinephrine and norepinephrine release, resulting in hypertension and tachycardia [16]. However, the blood pressure (BP) response to hypercarbia varies and cannot always be used as a diagnostic sign [16, 17]. In addition, although tachycardia commonly occurs with hypercarbia during CO2 insufflation [5, 6, 16], previous studies revealed that changes in HR were inconsistent [17, 18]. In our study, the BP did not change during the insufflation period but the HR was slightly increased immediately after insufflation. However, the change in HR was tolerable and self-limited.
This study had several limitations. Our results showed that the CO was not changed in the 6- or 9-mmHg groups compared to the baseline value during the study period. The continuous thermodilution technique using a catheter placed in the pulmonary artery is widely used to assess CO in critically ill patients [19, 20]. Although this method is believed to be quite accurate under most clinical conditions [21, 22], the process of acquiring central venous access and a balloon floating through the right heart can cause complications, which are sometimes fatal [23, 24]. The Vigileo/FloTrac is a valuable tool for the management of patients with diseases such as cardiovascular dysfunction and critical illness or in those undergoing major surgery [25, 26] or who are exposed to situations of changing arterial pulse contour [2729]. Thus, we used the Vigileo/FloTrac to measure CO. A study that used the thermodilution technique with a Swan − Ganz catheter in a porcine model reported that CO increased in the 10-, 15-, and 20-mmHg groups, but these changes were not statistically significant; these results are quite similar to our findings herein.

Conclusions

In conclusion, we propose that a CO2 insufflation pressure below 10 mmHg in robot-assisted thyroidectomy with BABA is an optimal insufflation pressure.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Industrial Strategic Technology Program of the Ministry of Knowledge Economy (10041120) and the Korea University Grant.
Open Access This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by/​2.​0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

HYK helped conduct the study and write the manuscript, YJC helped analyze the data and write the manuscript, HNY writed the manuscript and SZY helped design the study, conduct the study, analyze the data, and write the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Gagner M: Endoscopic subtotal parathyroidectomy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Br J Surg. 1996, 83: 875-10.1002/bjs.1800830656.CrossRefPubMed Gagner M: Endoscopic subtotal parathyroidectomy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Br J Surg. 1996, 83: 875-10.1002/bjs.1800830656.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee KE, Koo Do H, Kim SJ, Lee J, Park KS, Oh SK, Youn YK: Outcomes of 109 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma who underwent robotic total thyroidectomy with central node dissection via the bilateral axillo-breast approach. Surgery. 2010, 148: 1207-1213. 10.1016/j.surg.2010.09.018.CrossRefPubMed Lee KE, Koo Do H, Kim SJ, Lee J, Park KS, Oh SK, Youn YK: Outcomes of 109 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma who underwent robotic total thyroidectomy with central node dissection via the bilateral axillo-breast approach. Surgery. 2010, 148: 1207-1213. 10.1016/j.surg.2010.09.018.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim SJ, Lee KE, Choe JH, Lee J, Koo do H, Oh SK, Youn YK: Endoscopic completion thyroidectomy by the bilateral axillo-breast approach. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2010, 20: 312-316. 10.1097/SLE.0b013e3181f195fc.CrossRefPubMed Kim SJ, Lee KE, Choe JH, Lee J, Koo do H, Oh SK, Youn YK: Endoscopic completion thyroidectomy by the bilateral axillo-breast approach. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2010, 20: 312-316. 10.1097/SLE.0b013e3181f195fc.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee KE, Rao J, Youn YK: Endoscopic thyroidectomy with the da Vinci robot system using the bilateral axillary breast approach (BABA) technique: our initial experience. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2009, 19: e71-e75. 10.1097/SLE.0b013e3181a4ccae.CrossRefPubMed Lee KE, Rao J, Youn YK: Endoscopic thyroidectomy with the da Vinci robot system using the bilateral axillary breast approach (BABA) technique: our initial experience. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2009, 19: e71-e75. 10.1097/SLE.0b013e3181a4ccae.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Bready LL: Anesthesia for laparoscopic surgery. Curr Rev Clin Anesth. 1995, 15: 133-144. Bready LL: Anesthesia for laparoscopic surgery. Curr Rev Clin Anesth. 1995, 15: 133-144.
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Holzman M, Sharp K, Richards W: Hypercarbia during carbon dioxide gas insufflation for therapeutic laparoscopy: a note of caution. Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1992, 2: 11-14.PubMed Holzman M, Sharp K, Richards W: Hypercarbia during carbon dioxide gas insufflation for therapeutic laparoscopy: a note of caution. Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1992, 2: 11-14.PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Gottlieb A, Sprung J, Zheng XM, Gagner M: Massive subcutaneous emphysema and severe hypercarbia in a patient during endoscopic transcervical parathyroidectomy using carbon dioxide insufflation. Anesth Analg. 1997, 84: 1154-1156.PubMed Gottlieb A, Sprung J, Zheng XM, Gagner M: Massive subcutaneous emphysema and severe hypercarbia in a patient during endoscopic transcervical parathyroidectomy using carbon dioxide insufflation. Anesth Analg. 1997, 84: 1154-1156.PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Bellantone R, Lombardi CP, Rubino F, Perilli V, Sollazzi L, Mastroianni G, Gagner M: Arterial PCO2 and cardiovascular function during endoscopic neck surgery with carbon dioxide insufflation. Arch Surg. 2001, 136: 822-827. 10.1001/archsurg.136.7.822.CrossRefPubMed Bellantone R, Lombardi CP, Rubino F, Perilli V, Sollazzi L, Mastroianni G, Gagner M: Arterial PCO2 and cardiovascular function during endoscopic neck surgery with carbon dioxide insufflation. Arch Surg. 2001, 136: 822-827. 10.1001/archsurg.136.7.822.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Gerges FJ, Kanazi GE, Jabbour-Khoury SI: Anesthesia for laparoscopy: a review. J Clin Anesth. 2006, 18: 67-78. 10.1016/j.jclinane.2005.01.013.CrossRefPubMed Gerges FJ, Kanazi GE, Jabbour-Khoury SI: Anesthesia for laparoscopy: a review. J Clin Anesth. 2006, 18: 67-78. 10.1016/j.jclinane.2005.01.013.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Worrell JB, Cleary DT: Massive subcutaneous emphysema and hypercarbia: complications of carbon dioxide absorption during extraperitoneal and intraperitoneal laparoscopic surgery–case studies. AANA J. 2002, 70: 456-461.PubMed Worrell JB, Cleary DT: Massive subcutaneous emphysema and hypercarbia: complications of carbon dioxide absorption during extraperitoneal and intraperitoneal laparoscopic surgery–case studies. AANA J. 2002, 70: 456-461.PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Levy B, Bollaert PE, Nace L, Larcan A: Intracranial hypertension and adult respiratory distress syndrome: usefulness of tracheal gas insufflation. J Trauma. 1995, 39: 799-801. 10.1097/00005373-199510000-00039.CrossRefPubMed Levy B, Bollaert PE, Nace L, Larcan A: Intracranial hypertension and adult respiratory distress syndrome: usefulness of tracheal gas insufflation. J Trauma. 1995, 39: 799-801. 10.1097/00005373-199510000-00039.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Clark RM, Capra NF, Halsey JH: Method for measuring brain tissue pressure. Response to alteration in pCO-2 systemic blood pressure, and middle cerebral artery occlusion. J Neurosurg. 1975, 43: 1-8. 10.3171/jns.1975.43.1.0001.CrossRefPubMed Clark RM, Capra NF, Halsey JH: Method for measuring brain tissue pressure. Response to alteration in pCO-2 systemic blood pressure, and middle cerebral artery occlusion. J Neurosurg. 1975, 43: 1-8. 10.3171/jns.1975.43.1.0001.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Sharma KC, Kabinoff G, Ducheine Y, Tierney J, Brandstetter RD: Laparoscopic surgery and its potential for medical complications. Heart Lung. 1997, 26: 52-64. 10.1016/S0147-9563(97)90009-1. quiz 65–57CrossRefPubMed Sharma KC, Kabinoff G, Ducheine Y, Tierney J, Brandstetter RD: Laparoscopic surgery and its potential for medical complications. Heart Lung. 1997, 26: 52-64. 10.1016/S0147-9563(97)90009-1. quiz 65–57CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Liem MS, Kallewaard JW, de Smet AM, van Vroonhoven TJ: Does hypercarbia develop faster during laparoscopic herniorrhaphy than during laparoscopic cholecystectomy? Assessment with continuous blood gas monitoring. Anesth Analg. 1995, 81: 1243-1249.PubMed Liem MS, Kallewaard JW, de Smet AM, van Vroonhoven TJ: Does hypercarbia develop faster during laparoscopic herniorrhaphy than during laparoscopic cholecystectomy? Assessment with continuous blood gas monitoring. Anesth Analg. 1995, 81: 1243-1249.PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Yu W, Li F, Wang Z, Qi X, Li B, Zhang G, Hao X, Hu S: Effects of CO2 insufflation on cerebrum during endoscopic thyroidectomy in a porcine model. Surg Endosc. 2011, 25: 1495-1504. 10.1007/s00464-010-1425-z.CrossRefPubMed Yu W, Li F, Wang Z, Qi X, Li B, Zhang G, Hao X, Hu S: Effects of CO2 insufflation on cerebrum during endoscopic thyroidectomy in a porcine model. Surg Endosc. 2011, 25: 1495-1504. 10.1007/s00464-010-1425-z.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Joris JL: Anesthetic management of laparoscopy. Anesthesia. Edited by: Miller RD. 1994, New York: Churchill-Livingstone, 2011-2029. Joris JL: Anesthetic management of laparoscopy. Anesthesia. Edited by: Miller RD. 1994, New York: Churchill-Livingstone, 2011-2029.
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Huang SJ, Lee CY, Yeh FC, Chang CL: Hypercarbia is not the determinant factor of systemic arterial hypertension during carboperitoneum in laparoscopy. Ma Tsui Hsueh Tsa Chi. 1991, 29: 592-595.PubMed Huang SJ, Lee CY, Yeh FC, Chang CL: Hypercarbia is not the determinant factor of systemic arterial hypertension during carboperitoneum in laparoscopy. Ma Tsui Hsueh Tsa Chi. 1991, 29: 592-595.PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Rademaker BM, Bannenberg JJ, Kalkman JC, Meyer DW: Effect of pneumoperitoneum with helium on hemodynamics and oxygen transport: a comparison with carbon dioxide. J Laparosc Surg Endosc. 1995, 5: 15-20.CrossRef Rademaker BM, Bannenberg JJ, Kalkman JC, Meyer DW: Effect of pneumoperitoneum with helium on hemodynamics and oxygen transport: a comparison with carbon dioxide. J Laparosc Surg Endosc. 1995, 5: 15-20.CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Yelderman ML, Ramsay MA, Quinn MD, Paulsen AW, McKown RC, Gillman PH: Continuous thermodilution cardiac output measurement in intensive care unit patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1992, 6: 270-274. 10.1016/1053-0770(92)90137-V.CrossRefPubMed Yelderman ML, Ramsay MA, Quinn MD, Paulsen AW, McKown RC, Gillman PH: Continuous thermodilution cardiac output measurement in intensive care unit patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1992, 6: 270-274. 10.1016/1053-0770(92)90137-V.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Boldt J, Menges T, Wollbruck M, Hammermann H, Hempelmann G: Is continuous cardiac output measurement using thermodilution reliable in the critically ill patient?. Crit Care Med. 1994, 22: 1913-1918.CrossRefPubMed Boldt J, Menges T, Wollbruck M, Hammermann H, Hempelmann G: Is continuous cardiac output measurement using thermodilution reliable in the critically ill patient?. Crit Care Med. 1994, 22: 1913-1918.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Sandham JD, Hull RD, Brant RF, Knox L, Pineo GF, Doig CJ, Laporta DP, Viner S, Passerini L, Devitt H, Kirby A, Jacka M, Canadian Critical Care Clinical Trials Group: A randomized, controlled trial of the use of pulmonary-artery catheters in high-risk surgical patients. N Engl J Med. 2003, 348: 5-14. 10.1056/NEJMoa021108.CrossRefPubMed Sandham JD, Hull RD, Brant RF, Knox L, Pineo GF, Doig CJ, Laporta DP, Viner S, Passerini L, Devitt H, Kirby A, Jacka M, Canadian Critical Care Clinical Trials Group: A randomized, controlled trial of the use of pulmonary-artery catheters in high-risk surgical patients. N Engl J Med. 2003, 348: 5-14. 10.1056/NEJMoa021108.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Harvey S, Harrison DA, Singer M, Ashcroft J, Jones CM, Elbourne D, Brampton W, Williams D, Young D, Rowan K: Assessment of the clinical effectiveness of pulmonary artery catheters in management of patients in intensive care (PAC-Man): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005, 366: 472-477. 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67061-4.CrossRefPubMed Harvey S, Harrison DA, Singer M, Ashcroft J, Jones CM, Elbourne D, Brampton W, Williams D, Young D, Rowan K: Assessment of the clinical effectiveness of pulmonary artery catheters in management of patients in intensive care (PAC-Man): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005, 366: 472-477. 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67061-4.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Abreu AR, Campos MA, Krieger BP: Pulmonary artery rupture induced by a pulmonary artery catheter: a case report and review of the literature. J Intensive Care Med. 2004, 19: 291-296. 10.1177/0885066604265255.CrossRefPubMed Abreu AR, Campos MA, Krieger BP: Pulmonary artery rupture induced by a pulmonary artery catheter: a case report and review of the literature. J Intensive Care Med. 2004, 19: 291-296. 10.1177/0885066604265255.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Huang L, Elsharydah A, Nawabi A, Cork RC: Entrapment of pulmonary artery catheter in a suture at the inferior vena cava cannulation site. J Clin Anesth. 2004, 16: 557-559. 10.1016/j.jclinane.2004.02.003.CrossRefPubMed Huang L, Elsharydah A, Nawabi A, Cork RC: Entrapment of pulmonary artery catheter in a suture at the inferior vena cava cannulation site. J Clin Anesth. 2004, 16: 557-559. 10.1016/j.jclinane.2004.02.003.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Godje O, Hoke K, Goetz AE, Felbinger TW, Reuter DA, Reichart B, Friedl R, Hannekum A, Pfeiffer UJ: Reliability of a new algorithm for continuous cardiac output determination by pulse-contour analysis during hemodynamic instability. Crit Care Med. 2002, 30: 52-58. 10.1097/00003246-200201000-00008.CrossRefPubMed Godje O, Hoke K, Goetz AE, Felbinger TW, Reuter DA, Reichart B, Friedl R, Hannekum A, Pfeiffer UJ: Reliability of a new algorithm for continuous cardiac output determination by pulse-contour analysis during hemodynamic instability. Crit Care Med. 2002, 30: 52-58. 10.1097/00003246-200201000-00008.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Button D, Weibel L, Reuthebuch O, Genoni M, Zollinger A, Hofer CK: Clinical evaluation of the FloTrac/Vigileo system and two established continuous cardiac output monitoring devices in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2007, 99: 329-336. 10.1093/bja/aem188.CrossRefPubMed Button D, Weibel L, Reuthebuch O, Genoni M, Zollinger A, Hofer CK: Clinical evaluation of the FloTrac/Vigileo system and two established continuous cardiac output monitoring devices in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2007, 99: 329-336. 10.1093/bja/aem188.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Metzelder S, Coburn M, Fries M, Reinges M, Reich S, Rossaint R, Marx G, Rex S: Performance of cardiac output measurement derived from arterial pressure waveform analysis in patients requiring high-dose vasopressor therapy. Br J Anaesth. 2011, 106: 776-784. 10.1093/bja/aer066.CrossRefPubMed Metzelder S, Coburn M, Fries M, Reinges M, Reich S, Rossaint R, Marx G, Rex S: Performance of cardiac output measurement derived from arterial pressure waveform analysis in patients requiring high-dose vasopressor therapy. Br J Anaesth. 2011, 106: 776-784. 10.1093/bja/aer066.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Sakka SG, Kozieras J, Thuemer O, van Hout N: Measurement of cardiac output: a comparison between transpulmonary thermodilution and uncalibrated pulse contour analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2007, 99: 337-342. 10.1093/bja/aem177.CrossRefPubMed Sakka SG, Kozieras J, Thuemer O, van Hout N: Measurement of cardiac output: a comparison between transpulmonary thermodilution and uncalibrated pulse contour analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2007, 99: 337-342. 10.1093/bja/aem177.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Biancofiore G, Critchley LA, Lee A, Bindi L, Bisa M, Esposito M, Meacci L, Mozzo R, DeSimone P, Urbani L, Filipponi F: Evaluation of an uncalibrated arterial pulse contour cardiac output monitoring system in cirrhotic patients undergoing liver surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2009, 102: 47-54. 10.1093/bja/aen343.CrossRefPubMed Biancofiore G, Critchley LA, Lee A, Bindi L, Bisa M, Esposito M, Meacci L, Mozzo R, DeSimone P, Urbani L, Filipponi F: Evaluation of an uncalibrated arterial pulse contour cardiac output monitoring system in cirrhotic patients undergoing liver surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2009, 102: 47-54. 10.1093/bja/aen343.CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Optimal carbon dioxide insufflation pressure during robot-assisted thyroidectomy in patients with various benign and malignant thyroid diseases
verfasst von
Hoon Yub Kim
Yoon Ji Choi
Hae-Na Yu
Seung Zhoo Yoon
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2012
Verlag
BioMed Central
Erschienen in
World Journal of Surgical Oncology / Ausgabe 1/2012
Elektronische ISSN: 1477-7819
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7819-10-202

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2012

World Journal of Surgical Oncology 1/2012 Zur Ausgabe

Update Chirurgie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

S3-Leitlinie „Diagnostik und Therapie des Karpaltunnelsyndroms“

Karpaltunnelsyndrom BDC Leitlinien Webinare
CME: 2 Punkte

Das Karpaltunnelsyndrom ist die häufigste Kompressionsneuropathie peripherer Nerven. Obwohl die Anamnese mit dem nächtlichen Einschlafen der Hand (Brachialgia parästhetica nocturna) sehr typisch ist, ist eine klinisch-neurologische Untersuchung und Elektroneurografie in manchen Fällen auch eine Neurosonografie erforderlich. Im Anfangsstadium sind konservative Maßnahmen (Handgelenksschiene, Ergotherapie) empfehlenswert. Bei nicht Ansprechen der konservativen Therapie oder Auftreten von neurologischen Ausfällen ist eine Dekompression des N. medianus am Karpaltunnel indiziert.

Prof. Dr. med. Gregor Antoniadis
Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie e.V.

S2e-Leitlinie „Distale Radiusfraktur“

Radiusfraktur BDC Leitlinien Webinare
CME: 2 Punkte

Das Webinar beschäftigt sich mit Fragen und Antworten zu Diagnostik und Klassifikation sowie Möglichkeiten des Ausschlusses von Zusatzverletzungen. Die Referenten erläutern, welche Frakturen konservativ behandelt werden können und wie. Das Webinar beantwortet die Frage nach aktuellen operativen Therapiekonzepten: Welcher Zugang, welches Osteosynthesematerial? Auf was muss bei der Nachbehandlung der distalen Radiusfraktur geachtet werden?

PD Dr. med. Oliver Pieske
Dr. med. Benjamin Meyknecht
Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie e.V.

S1-Leitlinie „Empfehlungen zur Therapie der akuten Appendizitis bei Erwachsenen“

Appendizitis BDC Leitlinien Webinare
CME: 2 Punkte

Inhalte des Webinars zur S1-Leitlinie „Empfehlungen zur Therapie der akuten Appendizitis bei Erwachsenen“ sind die Darstellung des Projektes und des Erstellungswegs zur S1-Leitlinie, die Erläuterung der klinischen Relevanz der Klassifikation EAES 2015, die wissenschaftliche Begründung der wichtigsten Empfehlungen und die Darstellung stadiengerechter Therapieoptionen.

Dr. med. Mihailo Andric
Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie e.V.