Introduction
Methods
Search, study selection, and quality assessment
Data extraction
Results
Study selection, characteristics, and participants
Study | Design | Dementia group (=N) | Mean age In years (SD) | Control group (=N) | Mean age in years (SD) | Dementia measure | Oral health measure hard dental tissues |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adam and Preston [28], UK | Cross-sectional | 81 MoD-SeD | 80.8 (7.63) | 54 ND or MiD | 85.5 (7.56) | Abbreviated Mental Test | Orofacial pain, dentures, edentulousness, DMFT |
Bomfim et al. [24], Brazil | Cross-sectional | mv | mv | mv | mv | MMSE, chart, ADL | Present teeth, dentures |
Chalmers et al. [14], Australia | Longitudinal cohort | 116 | <79: 78.4 % 80+: 21.6 % | 116 | <79: 78.4 % 80+: 21.6 % | MMSE | Present teeth, DMFT, root caries |
Chalmers et al. [15], Australia | Longitudinal cohort | 103 | <79: 79.6 % 80+: 20.4 % | 113 | <79: 77.9 % 80+: 22.1 % | MMSE | Present teeth, dentures, DMFT, coronal caries, root caries |
Chapman and Shaw [30], Australia | Cross-sectional | 85 AD | 74.9 | – | – | Not described | Present teeth, dentures, DMFT |
Chen et al. [22], USA | Cross-sectional | 51 community 18 assisted living 501 NHR | 79.3 (8.0) 80.9 (12.6) 82.6 (9.6) | – | – | Chart, ICD-9 | Present teeth, decay or retained roots |
Chu et al. [32], China | Case-control | 59 | 79.8 (7.4) | 59 | 79.8 (7.4) | Chart | DMFT |
Cohen-Mansfield [33], USA | Cross-sectional | 21 | 88.0 (mv) | – | – | MMSE, MDS-COGS | Broken or fractured teeth, caries, dentures, retained roots |
De Souza Rolim et al. [34], Brazil | Case-control | 29 | 75.2 (6.7) | 30 | 61.2 (11.2) | NINCDS-ADRDA for AD, MMSE | Orofacial pain, DMFT |
De Souza Rolim et al. [34], Brazil | Case-control | 29 | – | – | NINCDS-ADRDA for AD, MMSE | Orofacial pain, DMFT | |
Ellefsen et al. [35], Denmark | Cross-sectional (baseline) | 61 AD 26 OD | 82.8 (5.7) 81.5 (4.8) | 19 | 79.8 (7.3) | ICD-10 | Coronal caries, root caries |
Ellefsen et al. [36], Denmark | Cohort (baseline, follow-up) | 49 AD 15 OD | 83.6 (5.5) 81.3 (4.0) | 13 | 79.9 (7.7) | ICD-10 | Present teeth, DMFT, CCI, NCI, ADJCI |
Ellefsen et al. [38], Denmark | Cross-sectional (follow-up) | 61 AD | 82.8 (5.7) | – | – | ICD-10 | Present teeth, DMFT, coronal caries, root caries |
Elsig et al. [39], Switzerland | Cross-sectional | 29 | 82.5 (6.3) | 22 | 81.9 (6.5) | NP, MMSE, CERAD, CDR | Present teeth |
Eshkoor et al. [40] Malaysia | Cross-sectional | 1210 | 71.0 (7.38) | – | – | MMSE | Presences of teeth or dentures |
Fjeld et al. [25], Norway | RCT | 159 | 85.5 (7.7) | 43 | 88.5 (6.6) | Evaluated by physician | Present teeth |
Furuta et al. [41], Japan | Cross-sectional | 143 MiD-MoD 61 SeD | 82 | CDR | Present teeth, dentures | ||
Hatipoglu et al. [42], Turkey | Prospective cohort | 31 AD | 67.6 (9.14) | 47 | 65.3 (7.0) | MMSE | Dentures, DMFT |
Jones et al. [43], USA | Cohort | 23 | 67.4 (7.5) | 46 | 66.1 (6.9) | Longitudinal study of dementia | Present teeth, CCI, RCI |
Kossioni et al. [44], Greece | Case-control | 27 | 76.5 (6.8) | 84 | DSM-IV | Present teeth, DMFT | |
Lee et al. [26], USA | Cross-sectional | 19 MiD | MiD 83.9 (7.9) | 169 | 77.4 (5.8) | MCI, MiD: DSM-IV | Missing teeth, coronal caries, root caries |
Luo et al. [45], China | Cross-sectional | 120 | 80.9 (7.4) | 2389 | 70.0 (7.7) | DSM-IV | Missing teeth |
Minakuchi et al. [46], Japan | Cross-sectional | 155 | 50 | COD by MHLW JP | Present teeth, dentures | ||
Nordenram et al. [47], Sweden | Case-control | 40 | 87.0 (7.0) | 40 | 87.0 (6.6) | DSM-III-R, MMSE | Present teeth, dentures |
Philip et al. [16], Australia | Cross-sectional | 84 | 85.7 (9.6) | 102 | 84.3 (9.9) | Chart, ADLOH | DMFT, retained roots |
Ribeiro et al. [48], Brazil | Cross-sectional | 30 | 79.1 (5.6) | 30 | 67.8 (5.5) | ICD-10, DSM-IV, MMSE, CDR | Present teeth, DMFT, dentures |
Ship and Puckett [12], USA | Cohort | 21 | 64.0 (9.0) | 21 | 65.0 (12) | NINCDS-ADRDA CT, MRI, PET, NP | Present teeth, DMFT |
Srilapanan et al.[50], Thailand | Cross-sectional | 69 | 75.5 (7.0) | 0 | – | Chart, MMSE | Dental habits, present teeth, dentures, DMFT, caries |
Sumi et al. [50], Japan | Cohort | 10 | 77.7 (5.9) | 0 | – | NINCDS-ADRDA, MMSE | Present teeth, DMFT |
Syrjala et al. [51], Finland | Cross-sectional | 49 AD 16 VaD 11 OD | 84.8 (5.6) 82.2 (4.7) 85.3 (4.8) | 278 | 81.4 (4.6) | DSM-IV, McKeith, DSM-III-R | Present teeth, dentures |
Warren et al. [52], USA | Case-control | 45 AD 52 OD | 81.6 (6.9) 81.4 (7.3) | 133 | 80.3 (6.8) | MMSE, chart, NT, scans | Dental habits, present teeth, dentures, coronal caries, root caries |
Zenthöfer et al. [53], Germany | Case-control | 57 | 83.1 (10.6) | 36 | 82.6 (9.0) | MMSE, medical chart | Decayed and missing teeth |
Zenthöfer et al. [54], Germany | Cohort | 33 | 81.7 (9.0) | 60 | 83.4 (10.4) | MMSE, medical chart | Missing teeth |
Study | Design | NHR (=N) | Mean age | Percentage dementia | Dementia | Oral health |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cross-sectional (baseline) | 224 | 83.2 | 75.0 % | MMSE | Dental habits, present teeth, dentures, DMFT, coronal caries, root caries, retained roots | |
Chalmers et al. [56] | Longitudinal cohort (follow-up) | 224 | 83.2 | >65.0 % | MMSE | Orofacial pain, dental habits, present teeth, DMFT, coronal caries, root caries, retained roots |
Chalmers et al. [57] | Longitudinal cohort (comparison) | 224 | 83.6 | 63.4 % | MMSE | Orofacial pain, dental habits, CCI, NCI, ADJCI |
Hopcraft et al. [58] | Cross-sectional | 510 | mv | 38.0 % | Chart | Present teeth, DMFT, coronal caries, retained roots |
Group and outcome variables
Quality assessment
Selection | Comparability | Outcome | Score | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cohort study | Representativeness of cases | Selection of controls | Ascertainment of exposure | Demonstration outcome of interest not present at start of study | Age | Gender | Assessment of oral health | Follow up long enough | Adequacy of follow up | Total |
Chalmers et al. [14] |
+
|
−
|
−
|
−
| + | + | + | + | − | 5 |
Chalmers et al. [15] | + | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | + | 7 |
Chalmers et al. [56] NHR | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | + | − | 3 |
Chalmers et al. [57] NHR | + | − | − | ? | − | − | + | + | − | 3 |
De Souza Rolim et al. [34] | + | − | + | − | − | − | + | − | − | 3 |
+ | + | + | − | + | + | + | + | − | 7 | |
Hatipoglu et al. [42] | − | − | − | + | − | − | + | + | ? | 3 |
Jones et al. [43] | + | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | − | 6 |
Ship and Puckett [12] | + | + | + | − | + | − | + | + | − | 6 |
Sumi et al. [50] | + | − | + | − | − | − | + | + | ? | 4 |
Zenthöfer et al. [54] | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | 9 |
Selection | Comparability | Exposure | Score | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case-control study | Definition of cases | Representativeness of cases | Selection of controls | Definition of controls | Age | Gender | Assessment of oral health | Same method cases and controls | Non-response rate | Total |
Chu et al. [32] |
−
|
+
|
−
|
+
| + | + | + | − | − | 5 |
De Souza Rolim et al. [34] | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | 8 |
Kossioni et al. [44] | + | + | − | − | + | + | + | + | − | 6 |
Nordenram et al. [47] | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | 8 |
Warren et al. [52] | + | + | − | − | + | + | + | + | + | 7 |
Zenthöfer et al. [53] | − | − | + | − | + | − | + | + | − | 4 |
Cross-sectional study | Selection | Comparability | Exposure | Score | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Definition of cases | Representativeness of cases | Selection of controls | Definition of controls | Age | Gender | Assessment of oral health | Same method cases and controls | Non-response rate | Total | |
Adam and Preston [28] | − | + | + | − | − | − | + | − | ? | 3 |
Bomfim et al. [24] | − | − | + | − | − | − | ? | − | ? | 1 |
− | + | + | − | − | − | + | + | ? | 4 | |
Chapman and Shaw [30] | − | + | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | 2 |
+ | + | + | + | − | − | + | + | − | 6 | |
Cohen-Mansfield [33] | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | 1 |
Ellefsen et al. [35] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | + | − | 7 |
Ellefsen et al. [38] | + | + | + | − | + | + | + | + | − | 7 |
Elsig et al. [39] | + | + | + | − | − | − | + | + | − | 5 |
Eshkoor et al. [40] | − | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 1 |
Furuta et al. [41] | − | + | − | − | + | + | + | + | − | 5 |
Hopcraft et al. NHR [58] | − | + | + | − | − | − | + | + | − | 4 |
Lee et al. [26] | + | − | − | + | + | − | + | + | ? | 5 |
Luo et al. [45] | + | + | + | + | − | + | − | + | + | 7 |
Minakuchi et al. [46] | + | + | − | + | + | − | + | + | − | 6 |
− | − | − | + | − | − | + | + | − | 3 | |
Ribeiro et al. [48] | + | + | − | + | − | − | + | + | − | 5 |
Srisilapanan et al. [49] | − | + | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | 2 |
Syrjala et al. [51] | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | − | 8 |
RCT | Selection | Comparability | Exposure | Score | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Definition of cases | Representativeness of cases | Selection of controls | Definition of controls | Age | Gender | Assessment of oral health | Same method cases and controls | Non-response rate | Total | |
Fjeld et al. [25] | + | − | + | + | ? | ? | + | + | + | 7 |
Results for each outcome variable
Study | Number of participants Mean age in years (SD) | Edentulousness | Specification | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No dementia | Dementia | No dementia | Dementia | ||
Adam and Preston [28] | 54 ND-MiD 85.5 (7.6) | 81 MoD-SeD 80.8 (7.6) | ND-MiD 70.0 % | MoD-SeD 63.0 % | Not dentate |
Bomfim et al. [24] | mv | mv | 46.7 % | 40.0 % | No specification |
Chapman and Shaw [30] | 0 | 85 AD 74.9 | – | AD 64.7 % | No teeth, with and without dentures |
Chu et al. [32] | 59 79.8 (7.4) | 59 79.8 (7.4) | 14.0 % | 17.0 % | Not dentate |
De Souza Rolim et al. [34] | 30 61.2 (11.2) | 29 75.2 (6.7) | 43.3 % | 32.3 % |
p = .614 |
Elsig et al. [39] | 22 81.9 (6.5) | 29 82.5 (6.3) | 54.6 % | 62.1 % |
p = .774 |
Kossioni et al. [44] | 84 | 27 76.5 (6.8) | – | 62.9 % | No teeth, with and without dentures |
Nordenram et al. [47] | 40 87 (6.6) | 40 AD 87 (7.0) | 43.0 % | MoD 36.0 % SeD 45.0 % | No teeth, with and without dentures |
Srisilapanan et al. [49] | 0 | 69 75.5 (7.0) | – | 11.6 % | No teeth |
Syrjala et al. [51] | 278 81.4 (4.6) | 49 AD 84.8 (5.6) | 44.6 % | AD 63.3 % | No teeth, with and without dentures |
16 VaD 82.2 (4.7) | VaD 68.8 % | ||||
11 OD 85.3 (4.8) | OD 72.7 % | ||||
Warren et al. [52] | 133 ND 80.3 (6.8) | 45 AD 81.6 (6.9) 52 OD 81.4 (7.3) | 31.6 % | AD 40.0 % OD 32.0 % | No specification |
Study | Number of participants Mean age in years (SD) | Dentures | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
No dementia | Dementia | No dementia | Dementia | |
Bomfim et al. [24] | mv | mv | 20.0 % | 20.0 % |
Chalmers et al. [15] | 113 <79: 88 80+: 25 | 103 <79: 82 80+: 21 | 27.6–30.1 % | 20.7–23.3 % |
Chapman and Shaw [30] | 0 | 85 AD 74.9 (mv) | – | 59.0 % |
– | 51 community living 79.3 (8.0) | – | Community living 48.0 % | |
18 assisted living 80.9 (12.6) | Assisted living 38.9 % | |||
501 nursing home residents 82.6 (9.6) | Nursing home residents 47.1 % | |||
De Souza Rolim et al. [34] | 30 61.17 (11.2) | 29 75.17 (6.7) | 43.3 % | 25.8 % |
Eshkoor et al. [40] | 71 (mv) | 1210 | 81.8 % | 86.2 % |
Hatipoglu et al. [42] | 47 65.3 (7.0) | 31 AD 67.6 (9.1) |
Maxillary
57.0 %
Mandibular
55.0 % |
Maxillary
AD 97.0 %
Mandibular
AD 100.0 % |
Kim et al. [59] | 919 | 0 | 53.0 % | – |
Nordenram et al. [47] | 40 87 (6.6) | 40 AD 87.0 (7.0) | 17.0 % | MoD 7.0 % SeD 5.0 % |
Ship and Puckett [12] | 21 65 (12) | 21 AD 64.0 (9.0) | 43.0 % | AD 40.0–67.0 % |
Srisilapanan et al. [49] | 0 | 69 75.5 (7.0) | – | 40.6 % |
Syrjala et al. [51] | 278 ND 81.4 (4.6) | 49 AD 84.8 (5.6) | 73.7 % | AD 75.5 % |
16 VaD 82.2 (4.7) | VaD 68.6 % | |||
11 OD 85.3 (4.8) | OD 72.2 % |
Study | Number of participants Mean age in years (SD) | Number of present teeth | No dementia vs dementia
p value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No dementia | Dementia | No dementia | Dementia | ||
Bomfim et al. [24] | mv | mv | 2.0 (8.5) | 3.0 (3.7) | mv |
116 <79: 78.4 % 80+: 21.6 % | 116 <79: 78.4 % 80+: 21.6 % | 17.2 (mv) | 18.0 | >.05 | |
Chapman and Shaw [30] | – | 85 AD 74.9 | – | 12.8 | n/a |
Chen et al. [31] | – | 51 community 79.3 (8.0) | – | Community living 18.2 (7.2) | n/a |
18 assisted 80.9 (12.6) | Assisted living 19.3 (6.8) | ||||
501 NHR 82.6 (9.6) | Nursing home residents 17.4 (7.9) | ||||
Ellefsen et al. [36] | 13 79.9 (7.7) | 49 AD 83.6 (5.5) | 20.2 (8.9) | AD 17.3 (7.4)a
| ≤.001 for AD |
15 OD 81.3 (4.0) | OD 16.1 (9.0) | ||||
Ellefsen et al. [38] | – | 61 AD 82.8 (5.7) | – | AD 16.5 (7.4) | n/a |
Elsig et al. [39] | 22 81.9 (6.5) | 29 82.5 (6.3) | 6.5 (8.8) | 4.9 (8.3) | .533 |
Fjeld et al. [25] | 43 88.5 (6.6) | 159 85.5 (7.7) | 20.1 (6.1) | 20.0 (5.8) | mv |
Hopcraft et al. [58] | 510 NHR 194 Dem | 14.6 (0.7) | (0.7) | >.05 | |
Jones et al. [43] | 46 66.1 (6.9) | 23 67.4 (7.5) | 18.2 (7.5) | AD 17.9 (8.1) | .90 |
Kossioni et al. [44] | 84 | 27 76.5 (6.8) | – | 4.4 (7.2) | n/a |
Ribeiro et al. [48] | 30 67.8 (5.4) | 30 79.1 (5.6) | Median 13.5a (0.0–28.0) | Median 1.0a (0.0–22.0) | .0004 |
Srisilapanan et al. [49] | – | 69 75.5 (7.0) | – | 19.5 (8.4) | n/a |
Sumi et al. [50] | – | 10 77.7 (5.9) | – | 12.7 | n/a |
Syrjala et al. [51] | 278 81.4 (4.6) | 49 AD 84.8 (5.6) | 15.0 (8.2) | AD 10.9 (7.0) | |
16 VaD 82.2 (4.7) | VaD 7.8 (3.8) | ||||
11 OD 85.3 (4.8) | OD 1.7 (1.2) | ||||
Warren et al. [52] | 133 80.3 (6.8) | 45 AD 81.6 (6.9) | 13.0 (10.8) | AD 10.0 (10.1) |
p > .05 |
52 OD 81.4 (7.3) | OD 13.0 (10.6) |
Study | Number of participants Mean age in years (SD) | Decayed | Missing | Filled | DMFT | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No dementia | Dementia | No dementia | Dementia | No dementia | Dementia | No dementia | Dementia | No dementia | Dementia | |
Adam and Preston [28] | 54 ND-MiD 85.5 (7.6) | 81 MoD-SeD 80.8 (7.6) | 1.1 (3.4) | 0.80 (1.9) | 28.2 (6.6) | 27.3 (7.7) | ND-MiD 0.7 (1.3) | 0.90 (2.4) | ||
Chalmers et al. [14] | 116 <79 years: 91 80+: 25 | 116 <79: 91 80+: 25 | 0.0–0.4 | 0.5–1.6* | – | – | 24.7–25.7 | 22.1–23.9 | – | – |
Chalmers et al. [15] | 113 <79 years: 88 80+: 25 | 103 <79: 82 80+: 21 | 0.0–0.1 | 0.3–1.3* | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Chapman and Shaw [30] | 0 | 85 AD 74.9 | – | 1.4 (0.3) | – | 17.8 (1.0) | – | 6.4 (0.7) | – | 25.6 (0.7) |
– | 51 community 79.3 (8.0) | – | Community 5.5 (5.4) | – | – | – | Community 10.4 (6.3) | – | – | |
18 assisted 80.9 (12.6) | Assisted 5.3 (4.1) | Assisted 10.9 (6.0) | ||||||||
501 NHR 82.6 (9.6) | NHR 6.0 (5.2) | NHR 8.7 (6.3) | ||||||||
Chu et al. [32] | 59 79.8 (7.4) | 59 79.8 (7.4) | 0.8 (1.4) | 1.2 (1.9) | 18.3 (8.9) | 18.9 (9.4) | 2.4 (2.5) | 2.5 (3.3) | 21.5 (8.2) | 22.3 (8.2) |
De Souza Rolim et al. [34] | 30 61.2 (11.2) | 29 75.2 (6.7) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 27.2 (5.7) Range 11–32 | |
Hatipoglu et al. [42] | 47 65.3 (7.0) | 31 AD 67.6 (9.1) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 19.7 (9.5) | 24.2 (6.8) |
Hopcraft et al. [58] | 316 of 510 NHR | 194 of 510 NHR | 2.9 (0.4) | 2.4 (0.3) | 17.4 (0.7) | 17.9 (0.7) | 4.8 (0.6) | 4.8 (0.6) | 25.0 (0.4) | 25.0 (0.5) |
Kossioni et al. [44] | Other psychotic diagnosis | 27 76.5 (6.8) | – | 1.8 (2.9) | – | – | – | 0.9 (1.5) | – | – |
Lee et al. [26] | 169 77.4 (5.8) | 19 MiD 83.9 (7.9) | CC + RC | CC + RC | 12.7 (7.6) | 10.2 (7.5) | – | – | – | – |
Luo et al. [45] | 2389 70.0 (7.7) | 120 80.9 (7.4) | – | – | 9.3 | 18.7** | – | – | – | – |
Philip et al. [5] | 102 84.3 (9.9) | 84 85.7(9.6) | 2.9 (3.0) | 3.0 (3.9) | 18.0 (7.1) | 17.4 (7.3) | 5.0 (4.8) | 5.3 (5.0) | 26.1 (4.2) | 25.9 (4.5) |
Ribeiro et al. [48] | 30 67.8 (5.5) | 30 79.1 (5.6) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 25.5 (12.0–28.0)* | 28.0 (22.0–28.0)* |
Srisilapanan et al. [49] | 0 | 69 75.5 (7.0) | – | 1.5 (2.3) | – | 12.6 (8.4) | – | 0.8 (1.9) | – | 14.9 (9.2) |
Zenthöfer et al. [53] | 36 82.6 (9.0) | 57 83.1 (10.6) | 0.7 (1.4) | 0.6 (1.3) | 19.9 (9.1) | 20.8 (8.5) | – | – | – | – |
Zenthöfer et al. [54] | 60 83.4 (10.4) | 33 81.7 (9.0) | – | – | 20.5 (8.5) | 20.5 (9.2) | – | – | – | – |
Study | Number of participants Mean age in years (SD) | Coronal caries Mean number (SD) | Root caries Mean number (SD) | Retained roots Mean number (SD) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No dementia | Dementia | No dementia | Dementia | No dementia | Dementia | No dementia | Dementia | |
Chalmers et al. [14] Chalmers et al. [15] | 116 <79: 91 80+: 25 | 116 <79: 91 80+: 25 | 0.0* | 0.5* | 0.3* | 0.8* |
Decayed
0.0*
Sound
0.1 |
Decayed
0.3*
Sound
0.2 |
De Souza Rolim et al. [34] | 30 61.2 (11.2) | 29 75.2 (6.7) | 3.4 % | 6.8 % | – | – | 10.2 % | 6.8 % |
Ellefsen et al. [35] Ellefsen et al. [38] | 19 79.8 (7.3) | 61 AD 82.8 (5.7) | 1.0* | 2.9* | 1.7* | AD 4.9* | 0.0* |
AD 10.0*
|
26 OD 81.5 (4.8) | OD 2.3* | OD 0.5* | ||||||
Jones et al. [43] | 46 66.1 (6.9) | 23 AD 67.4 (7.5) | 0.8 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 1.8 | – | – |
Lee et al. [26] | 169 77.4 (5.8)* | 19 MiD 83.9 (7.9)* | 0.8 (2.1) | 1.0 (1.6) | 0.5 (1.1)* | 1.8 (3.6)* | – | – |
Philip et al. [5] | 102 84.3 (9.9) | 84 85.7 (9.6) | – | – | – | – | 1.2 D 0.9 | 1.8 D 1.4 |
Warren et al. [52] | 133 ND 80.3 (6.8) | 45 AD 81.6 (6.9) 52 OD 81.4 (7.3) | 0.4 | AD 0.1 OD 0.4 | 0.8 | AD 0.6 OD 0.6 | – | – |
Study | Number of participants Mean age in years (SD) | Orofacial pain | Pain measurement | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No dementia | Dementia | No dementia | Dementia | ||
Adam and Preston [28] | 54 ND-MiD 85.5 (7.6) | 81 MoD-SeD 80.8 (7.6) | 18.5 % | 7.4 % | Questionnaire: presence or absence of pain in the last 4 weeks, asked to individuals and/ or caregivers; nearly 60 % of the responses attained from caregivers |
Chalmers et al. [15] | 113 <79: 88 80+: 25 | 103 <79: 82 80+: 21 | 11.2–11.5 % | 18.4–19.0 % | Questionnaire: current pain or discomfort. Asked to guardian/caregiver if necessary |
Cohen-Mansfield [33] | – | 21 88.0 (mv) | – | 60.0 % | Dental exam: considered to have pain-causing conditions according to dentist |
De Souza Rolim et al. [34] De Souza Rolim et al. Evaluationa [34] | 30 61.17 (11.2) | 29 75.17 (6.7) | 6.7 % | 20.7 % | Questionnaire and dental exam: orofacial pain characteristics and Visual Analog Scale, McGill Pain Questionnaire |
Kossioni et al. [44] | – | 23 76.3 (7.1) | – | 21.7 % | Questionnaire: pain when chewing |