Background
Aims
Methods
Study design and participants
Ethics approval and consent
Measurement instruments
Category | Behaviour |
---|---|
Facial activities | Frowning Narrowing or closing eyes Raising upper lip Opened mouth Tightened lips |
Body movements | Resisting care Guarding Rubbing Restlessness |
Vocalizations | Using offensive words Using pain-related words Screaming/shouting Groaning |
Specific | Restricting jaw movement Refusing prosthetics Drooling |
Sample size
Data analysis
Results
Total (n = 101) | Hospital 1 (n = 22) | Hospital 2 (n = 79) | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender [n (%)] | |||
Female | 70 (69.3) | 12 (54.5) | 58 (73.4) |
Male | 31 (30.7) | 10 (45.5) | 21 (26.6) |
Age M, SD (range) | 85.6, 6.68 (70–99) | 84.1, 7.02 (70–98) | 86.0, 6.56 (72–99) |
Ethnicity [n (%)] | |||
White | 70 (69.3) | 19 (86.4) | 51 (64.6) |
Mixed/Multiple ethnic groups | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Asian/Asian British | 8 (7.9) | 1 (4.5) | 7 (8.9) |
Black/African/Caribbean/Black British | 11 (10.9) | 1 (4.5) | 10 (12.7) |
Other ethnic group | 12 (11.9) | 1 (4.5) | 11 (13.9) |
Marital Status [n (%)] | |||
Married | 29 (28.7) | 6 (27.3) | 23 (29.1) |
Divorced | 12 (11.9) | 4 (18.2) | 8 (10.1) |
Widowed | 44 (43.6) | 7 (31.8) | 37 (46.8) |
Single | 16 (15.8) | 5 (22.7) | 11 (13.9) |
Years in general education M, SD (range) | 10.2, 3.73 (0–20) | 10.8, 3.40 (6–20) | 10.0, 3.83 (0–20) |
Highest completed level of education [n (%)] | |||
Higher degree | 1 (1.0) | 1 (4.5) | 0 (0) |
Degree | 3 (3.0) | 2 (9.1) | 1 (1.3) |
A level (or equivalent) | 3 (3.0) | 0 (0) | 3 (3.8) |
HNC/HND (or equivalent) | 3 (3.0) | 0 (0) | 3 (3.8) |
NVQ (or equivalent) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (4.5) | 0 (0) |
GCSE (or equivalent) | 7 (6.9) | 2 (9.1) | 5 (6.3) |
No qualification | 81 (80.2) | 16 (72.7) | 65 (82.3) |
Other | 2 (2.0) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.5) |
Orofacial pain
N | Total | N | Hospital 1 | N | Hospital 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | 95% CI of % | n (%) | 95% CI of % | n (%) | 95% CI of % | ||||
OPS-NVI complete cohort | |||||||||
Resting | 101 | 12 (11.9) | 5.9–18.8 | 22 | 4 (18.2) | 3.8–34.8 | 79 | 8 (10.1) | 3.9–17.3 |
Chewing | 96 | 21 (21.9) | 14.6–31.3 | 20 | 6 (30.0) | 11.1–52.4 | 76 | 15(19.7) | 11.1–28.9 |
OPS-NVI in verbal P | |||||||||
Resting | 56 | 3 (5.4) | 0.0–11.7 | 14 | 1 (7.1) | 0.0–23.5 | 42 | 2 (4.8) | 0.0–12.2 |
Chewing | 55 | 5 (9.1) | 1.9–16.7 | 13 | 2 (15.4) | 0.0–37.5 | 42 | 3 (7.1) | 0.0–16.2 |
OPS-NVI in non-verbal P | |||||||||
Resting | 45 | 9 (20.0) | 9.1–32.6 | 8 | 3 (37.5) | 0.0–75.0 | 37 | 6 (16.2) | 5.6–28.1 |
Chewing | 41 | 16 (39.0) | 23.5–53.7 | 7 | 4 (57.1) | 16.7–100.0 | 34 | 12 (35.3) | 19.2–52.0 |
Self-report in verbal P | |||||||||
Resting | 56 | 3 (5.4) | 0.0–12.7 | 14 | 1 (7.1) | 0.0–23.5 | 42 | 2 (4.8) | 0.0–11.8 |
Chewing | 55 | 6 (10.9) | 3.6–20.0 | 13 | 2 (15.4) | 0.0–37.5 | 42 | 4 (9.5) | 0.0–19.5 |
Oral health
N | Total sample | Minimum – Maximum Score | |
---|---|---|---|
Medication [n (%)] | 101 | – | |
Analgesics | 62 (61.4) | ||
Antidepressants | 19 (18.8) | ||
Antiepileptics | 9 (8.9) | ||
Antipsychotics | 3 (3.0) | ||
Other | 101 (100) | ||
Dental status [n (%)] | 101 | – | |
Dentate | 77 (76.2) | ||
Edentate | 24 (23.8) | ||
Last visit dentist [n (%)] | 101 | – | |
< 6 months ago | 11 (10.9) | ||
6–12 months ago | 14 (13.9) | ||
> 12 months ago | 70 (69.3) | ||
Unknown | 6 (5.9) | ||
Brushing [n (%)] | 101 | – | |
> 2× daily | 8 (7.9) | ||
2× daily | 18 (17.8) | ||
1× daily | 46 (45.5) | ||
Never | 20 (19.8) | ||
Something else | 9 (8.9) | ||
Indicated swallowing quality [n (%)] | 101 | – | |
Good | 56 (55.4) | ||
Moderate | 21 (20.8) | ||
Bad | 20 (19.8) | ||
Impossible | 4 (4.0) | ||
Indicated chewing quality [n (%)] | 101 | – | |
Good | 44 (43.6) | ||
Moderate | 36 (35.6) | ||
Bad | 21 (20.8) | ||
Impossible | 0 (0) | ||
Food [n (%)] | 101 | – | |
Normal | 43 (42.6) | ||
Consistency adjusted | 58 (57.4) | ||
Mouth care [n (%)] | 81 | – | |
Independent | 56 (69.1) | ||
By nurse/caregiver | 12 (14.8) | ||
Both | 13 (16.0) | ||
Difficulties mouth care [n (%)] | 69 | – | |
No | 64 (92.8) | ||
Somewhat | 2 (2.9) | ||
Yes | 3 (4.3) | ||
Extra-oral abnormalities [n (%)] | 101 | 33 (32.7) | – |
Present teeth M, SD (range) | 77 | 14.7, 7.48 (0–31) | 0–32 |
Retained roots M, SD (range) | 77 | 1.55, 2.15 (0–11) | 0–28 |
OU M, SD (range) | 77 | 2.30, 3.46 (0–14) | 0–16 |
DI of the OHI-S M, SD (range) | 77 | 2.28, 0.70 (0.5–3.0) | 0.0–3.0 |
Upper denture [n (%)] | 49 | – | |
Full | 39 (79.6) | ||
Frame | 5 (10.2) | ||
Partial | 5 (10.2) | ||
Retention upper denture [n (%)] | 25 | – | |
Good | 5 (20.0) | ||
Moderate | 9 (36.0) | ||
Bad | 11 (44.0) | ||
Lower denture [n (%)] | 38 | – | |
Full | 24 (63.2) | ||
Frame | 4 (10.5) | ||
Partial | 10 (26.3) | ||
Retention lower denture [n (%)] | 19 | – | |
Good | 3 (15.8) | ||
Moderate | 4 (21.1) | ||
Bad | 12 (63.2) | ||
Occlusion dentures [n (%)] | 26 | – | |
Good | 9 (34.6) | ||
Moderate | 11 (42.3) | ||
Bad | 6 (23.1%) | ||
Vertical dimension [n (%)] | 27 | – | |
Normal | 15 (55.6) | ||
Open bite | 0 (0) | ||
Deep bite | 12 (44.4) | ||
DHI [n (%)] | – | ||
Excellent | 4 (13.8) | ||
Fair | 9 (31.0) | ||
Poor | 16 (55.2) |
Associations between orofacial pain and oral health factors
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Never brushing their teeth instead of once a day (OR 6.14; 95% C.I. 1.36, 27.85)
-
Subjective indication of bad chewing quality (OR 10.50; 95% C.I. 1.95, 56.56)
-
Having the consistency of the food adjusted (OR 9.83; 95% C.I. 1.22, 79.39)
-
Having mouth care done by a nurse or other caregiver instead of being independent (OR 8.83; 95% C.I. 1.66, 46.99)
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The presence of extra-oral abnormalities (OR 33.50; 95% C.I. 4.09, 274.39)
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Never brushing their teeth instead of once a day (OR 3.60; 95% C.I. 1.08, 12.01)
-
Subjective indication of bad chewing quality (OR 4.96; 95% C.I. 1.32, 18.74)
-
Having the consistency of the food adjusted (OR 3.12; 95% C.I. 1.04, 9.37)
-
Having mouth care done by a nurse or other caregiver instead of being independent (OR 4.26; 95% C.I. 1.07, 17.02)
-
The presence of extra-oral abnormalities (OR 12.80; 95% C.I. 4.04, 40.53)
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The Debris Index of the OHI-S (OR 2.78; 95% C.I. 1.03, 7.54)