Background
Methods
Ethics
Measures
Data analyses
Results
N(%) or mean ± SD | |
---|---|
Sex
| |
Male | 1542 (32.6) |
Female | 3189 (67.4) |
Age, years
| 52.5 ± 16.5 |
Education
| |
- No university | 2095 (44.5) |
- University | 2611 (55.2) |
Sports participation
a
| |
- Weekly leisure activity score ≥24 | 651 (38.3) |
- Weekly leisure activity score ≤23 | 1049 (61.7) |
Daily activity
| |
- Sit/not walk | 1099 (23.6) |
- Stand/walk | 1988 (42.7) |
- Light work load | 1304 (28.0) |
- Heavy work loads | 270 (5.8) |
Level of combined household income (before tax), above cut-off pointb | 3700 (86.5) |
Knee osteoarthritis self-reported | 482 (10.5) |
Hip osteoarthritis self-reported | 395 (8.5) |
Either knee or hip osteoarthritis self-reported | 679 (14.8) |
BMI self-reported, (kg/m2) | 26.81 ± 5.51 |
BMI measured, (kg/m2)a | 28.28 ± 5.98 |
Overweight measureda | 630 (34.8) |
Obese measureda | 591 (32.7) |
Males 49.9 % (N = 2364) | Females 50.0 % (N = 2367) | Differential significance between sexes, p | |
---|---|---|---|
Knee osteoarthritis
a
| |||
All ages | 6.3 (146) | 8.9 (206) | 0.001 |
18–44 | 1.5 (17) | 1.7 (19) | 0.651 |
45–64 | 8.1 (62) | 10.9 (78) | 0.063 |
>65 | 18.8 (61) | 24.3 (97) | 0.069 |
Hip osteoarthritis
a
| |||
All ages | 4.4 (102) | 7.6 (176) | <0.001 |
18–44 | 1.3 (15) | 0.7 (7) | 0.119 |
45–64 | 4.7 (36) | 8.5 (61) | 0.003 |
>65 | 14.2 (47) | 24.6 (99) | <0.001 |
Knee osteoarthritis
b
| |||
All ages | 4.4 (23) | 6.7 (33) | 0.112 |
18–44 | 3.2 (8) | 1.1 (3) | 0.121 |
45–64 | 3.9 (7) | 9.5 (15) | 0.042 |
>65 | 10.3 (8) | 17.2 (14) | 0.210 |
Hip osteoarthritis
b
| |||
All ages | 2.9 (15) | 4.1 (20) | 0.325 |
18–44 | 2.8 (7) | 0.3 (1) | 0.030 |
45–64 | 2.0 (4) | 5.5 (9) | 0.090 |
>65 | 6.1 (5) | 13.0 (10) | 0.145 |
Knee OR Hip osteoarthritis
b
| |||
All ages | 6.5 (34) | 8.8 (43) | 0.173 |
18–44 | 5.1 (12) | 1.5 (3) | 0.025 |
45–64 | 5.9 (11) | 12.0 (19) | 0.049 |
>65 | 13.4 (10) | 24.4 (19) | 0.085 |
Males | Females | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18-44 years | 45-64 years | >65 years | χ2- value; p-value | 18-44 years | 45-64 years | >65 years | χ2- value; p-value | |
Osteoarthritis - phone survey (n = 4733) | ||||||||
Knee OA (yes) | 0.8 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 136.452; p <0.001 | 0.9 | 3.6 | 4.4 | 188.940; p <0.001 |
Hip OA (yes) | 0.7 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 104.127; p <0.001 | 0.3 | 2.8 | 4.5 | 238.793; p <0.001 |
Osteoarthritis – clinic survey (n = 1808) | ||||||||
Knee pain (yes) | 8.2 | 7.7 | 3.1 | 4.609; p = 0.1 | 5.4 | 9.0 | 6.1 | 38.217; p <0.001 |
Knee pain climbing stairs/walking down slope (yes) | 7.7 | 11.9 | 4.4 | 38.793; p <0.001 | 8.5 | 12.5 | 8.0 | 42.096; p <0.001 |
Knee OA? (yes) | 1.3 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 35.710: p <0.001 | 0.6 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 80.594; p <0.001 |
Knee/s swelling (yes) | 5.7 | 3.2 | 1.9 | 1.823; p = 0.402 | 3.3 | 5.1 | 2.8 | 13.406; p <0.001 |
Knee OA diagnosed? (yes) | 2.3 | 4.8 | 3.6 | 31.149; p <0.001 | 0.8 | 7.5 | 7.7 | 78.988; p <0.001 |
Hip pain (yes) | 2.6 | 5.9 | 4.0 | 54.460; p <0.001 | 4.1 | 9.3 | 7.4 | 71.951; p <0.001 |
Hip pain climbing stairs/walking down slope (yes) | 2.2 | 6.1 | 3.7 | 57.617; p <0.001 | 3.3 | 8.3 | 6.2 | 63.296; p <0.001 |
Hip range of motion limited (yes) | 1.5 | 4.4 | 2.2 | 32.670; p <0.001 | 2.7 | 8.0 | 4.9 | 55.798; p <0.001 |
Hip OA? (yes) | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 25.371; p <0.001 | 0.5 | 3.3 | 5.3 | 97.776; p <0.001 |
Hip OA diagnosed? (yes) | 2.1 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 19.970; p <0.001 | 0.6 | 5.2 | 9.1 | 98.757; p <0.001 |
Total samplec | Odds ratio (95 % CI); p-value | |
---|---|---|
Knee osteoarthritis
|
Hip osteoarthritis
| |
BMI – clinic assessed
| ||
Under/ normal weight (n = 508) | – | – |
Overweight (n = 547) | 1.94 (95 % CI: 0.87, 4.32); p = 0.105 | 1.45 (95 % CI: 0.64, 3.27); p = 0.369 |
Obese (n = 509) | 4.37 (95 % CI: 2.08, 9.20); p <0.001 | 2.52 (95 % CI: 1.17, 5.43); p = 0.018 |
Daily activity
| ||
Sit/not walk (n = 359) | – | – |
Stand/walk (n = 700) | 1.11 (95 % CI: 0.62, 2.00); p = 0.725 | 0.50 (95 % CI: 0.26, 0.96); p = 0.038 |
Light work load (n = 433) | 0.72 (95 % CI: 0.36, 1.44); p = 0.354 | 0.45 (95 % CI: 0.21, 0.95); p = 0.037 |
Heavy workloads (n = 72) | 1.00 (95 % CI: 0.27, 3.69); p = 0.995 | 1.51 (95 % CI: 0.47, 4.79); p = 0.488 |
Sports
| ||
Weekly leisure activity (score ≤23, %) (n = 682) | – | – |
Weekly leisure activity (score ≥24, %) (n = 882) | 0.67 (95 % CI: 0.41, 1.11); p = 0.124 | 1.21 (95 % CI: 0.69, 2.12); p = 0.508 |
Vitamin C - clinic interview
a
| ||
Less (n = 928) | – | – |
Recommendation (n = 636) | 1.35 (95 % CI: 0.82, 2.21); p = 0.237 | 0.52 (95 % CI 0.29, 0.96); p = 0.035 |
Vitamin D - clinic interview
b
| ||
Less (n = 1401) | – | – |
Recommendation (n = 163) | 1.48 (95 % CI: 0.67, 3.28); p = 0.328 | 1.73 (95 % CI 0.67, 4.44); p = 0.258 |
Sex: Maled | ||
BMI – clinic assessed
| ||
Under/ normal weight (n = 136) | – | – |
Overweight (n = 211) | 1.90 (95 % CI: 0.60, 6.08); p = 0.277 | 0.81 (95 % CI: 0.28, 2.32); p = 0.690 |
Obese (n = 179) | 2.90 (95 % CI: 0.93, 9.02); p = 0.066 | 0.99 (95 % CI: 0.35, 2.82); p = 0.992 |
Daily activity
| ||
Sit/not walk (n = 142) | – | – |
Stand/walk (n = 214) | 1.42 (95 % CI: 0.58, 3.46); p = 0.441 | 0.59 (95 % CI: 0.22, 1.65); p = 0.317 |
Light work load (n = 131) | 1.02 (95 % CI: 0.37, 2.81); p = 0.968 | 0.45 (95 % CI: 0.14, 1.49); p = 0.193 |
Heavy workloads (n = 39) | 0.47 (95 % CI: 0.05, 4.41); p = 0.508 | 1.32 (95 % CI: 0.34, 5.17); p = 0.691 |
Sports
| ||
Weekly leisure activity (score ≤23, %) (n = 209) | – | – |
Weekly leisure activity (score ≥24, %) (n = 317) | 0.59 (95 % CI: 0.28, 1.23); p = 0.156 | 1.43 (95 % CI: 0.58, 3.52); p = 0.439 |
Vitamin C - clinic interview
a
| ||
Less (n = 337) | – | – |
Recommendation (n = 189) | 0.99 (95 % CI: 0.46, 2.15); p = 0.981 | 0.48 (95 % CI 0.18, 1.31); p = 0.152 |
Vitamin D - clinic interview
b
| ||
Less (n = 489) | – | – |
Recommendation (n = 37) | 0.52 (95 % CI: 0.07, 3.73); p = 0.512 | 0.00; p = 0.998 |
Sex: Femaled | ||
BMI – clinic assessed
| ||
Under/ normal weight (n = 372) | – | – |
Overweight (n = 336) | 1.83 (95 % CI: 0.59, 5.71); p = 0.295 | 2.79 (95 % CI: 0.72, 10.78); p = 0.137 |
Obese (n = 330) | 6.72 (95 % CI: 2.45, 18.45); p <0.001 | 6.67 (95 % CI: 1.84, 24.21); p = 0.004 |
Daily activity
| ||
Sit/not walk (n = 217) | – | – |
Stand/walk (n = 486) | 0.96 (95 % CI: 0.43, 2.15); p = 0.928 | 0.53 (95 % CI: 0.21, 1.30); p = 0.165 |
Light work load (n = 302) | 0.55 (95 % CI: 0.21, 1.43); p = 0.219 | 0.46 (95 % CI: 0.16, 1.26); p = 0.131 |
Heavy workloads (n = 33) | 2.46 (95 % CI: 0.45, 13.45); p = 0.298 | 1.74 (95 % CI: 0.18, 17.29); p = 0.635 |
Sports
| ||
Weekly leisure activity (score ≤ 23, %) (n = 473) | – | – |
Weekly leisure activity (score ≥ 24, %) (n = 565) | 0.86 (95 % CI: 0.42, 1.72); p = 0.662 | 1.08 (95 % CI: 0.50, 2.33); p = 0.848 |
Vitamin C - clinic interview
a
| ||
Less (n = 591) | – | – |
Recommendation (n = 447) | 1.73 (95 % CI: 0.88, 3.42); 0.113 | 0.61 (95 % CI 0.27, 1.36); p = 0.226 |
Vitamin D - clinic interview
b
| ||
Less (n = 912) | – | – |
Recommendation (n = 126) | 2.07 (95 % CI: 0.82, 5.22); p = 0.121 | 3.35 (95 % CI: 1.14, 9.88); p = 0.028 |