Background
Methods
Data and sampling
Measurements
Dependent variables
Independent variables
Data analysis
Results
Sample characteristics
2006 | 2010 | |
---|---|---|
Characteristics |
n = 19947 |
n = 19986 |
Age: mean (SDa) | 71.18 (7.00) | 72.25 (7.45) |
Range (years) | 60–109 | 60–103 |
Sex: n (%) | 19947 (100) | 19986 (100) |
Men | 10462 (52.4) | 10338 (51.7) |
Women | 9485 (47.6) | 9648 (48.3) |
Education: n (%) | 19929 (100) | 19957 (100) |
Illiteracy | 7146 (35.9) | 5779 (29.0) |
Primary school | 7255 (36.4) | 7772 (38.9) |
Junior middle school | 2918 (14.6) | 3635 (18.2) |
Senior middle school/Technical secondary school | 1664 (8.3) | 1780 (8.9) |
University and above | 946 (4.7) | 991 (5.0) |
Individual incomeb: mean (SD) | 483.35 (963.45) | 886.61 (1689.56) |
Hukou: n (%) | 19914 (100) | 19973 (100) |
Urban | 9920 (49.8) | 10054 (50.3) |
Rural | 9994 (50.2) | 9919 (49.7) |
Numbers of chronic disease: mean (SD) | 1.96 (2.00) | 2.85 (1.92) |
Range | 1–16 | 1–25 |
Social support: mean (SD) | 12.05 (7.13) | 19.80 (18.81) |
Health insurance: n (%) | 18662 (100) | 19532 (100) |
UEBMI | 6328 (33.9) | 7423 (38.0) |
URBMIc
| —— | 1853 (9.5) |
NCMS | 4698 (25.2) | 9675 (49.5) |
Uninsured | 7636 (40.9) | 581 (3.0) |
The one-way ANOVA: health inequity between insurance schemes
Health insurance and health expenditures
Total health care expenditure (CNY) | Insurance expendituref (CNY) | Out-of-pocket cost (CNY) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006 | 2010 | 2006 | 2010 | 2006 | 2010 | |
UEBMIa
| 4217.77 | 8089.14 | 2627.8 (62.30 %)d
| 5059.74 (62.55 %) | 1416.77 (33.59 %) | 2638.17 (32.61 %) |
URBMIb
| —— | 4013.44* | —— | 1255.14* (31.27 %) | —— | 2458.50* (61.26 %) |
NCMS | 1005.71* | 1899.80* | 111.79* (11.12 %) | 526.26* (27.70 %) | 855.36* (85.05 %) | 1255.95* (66.11 %) |
Uninsured | 1099.14* | 3362.22* | 0* | 0* | 992.05* (90.26 %)e
| 2660.23* (79.12 %) |
Totalc
| 2100.68*** | 4460.44*** | 912.05*** (43.42 %) | 2295.79*** (51.47 %) | 1089.3*** (51.85 %) | 1927.95*** (43.22 %) |
Difference | ||||||
UEBMI | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
URBMI | —— | 4075.70 | —— | 3804.6 | —— | 179.67 |
NCMS | 3212.06 | 6189.34 | 2516.01 | 4533.48 | 561.41 | 1382.22 |
Uninsured | 3118.63 | 3628.70 | 2627.80 | 5059.74 | 424.72 | −22.06 |
Relative ratio | ||||||
UEBMI | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
URBMI | —— | 2.02 | —— | 4.03 | —— | 1.07 |
NCMS | 4.19 | 4.26 | 23.51 | 9.61 | 1.66 | 2.10 |
Uninsured | 3.84 | 2.41 | —— | —— | 1.43 | 0.99 |
Health insurance and health outcome
Self-reported health statusa
| Physical functionsa
| Psychological well-beinga
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006 | 2010 | 2006 | 2010 | 2006 | 2010 | |
UEBMIb
| 3.1 | 3.1 | 39.42 | 38.58 | 26.21 | 29.88 |
URBMI | —— | 2.89* | —— | 36.61* | —— | 24.92* |
NCMS | 2.96* | 2.89* | 37.88* | 37.13* | 25.39 | 26.22* |
Uninsured | 2.88* | 2.91* | 37.12* | 36.58* | 21.82* | 24.65* |
Totalc
| 2.98*** | 2.97*** | 38.09*** | 37.62*** | 25.17 | 27.47*** |
Relative ratio | ||||||
UEBMI | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
URBMI | —— | 1.07 | —— | 1.05 | —— | 1.20 |
NCMS | 1.05 | 1.07 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.14 |
Uninsured | 1.08 | 1.07 | 1.06 | 1.05 | 1.20 | 1.21 |
Multiple Linear Regression: health insurance as a predictor of health outcome
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Beta (SE) | Beta (SE) | Beta (SE) | Beta (SE) | |
Age | −0.140 (0.001)*** | −0.141 (0.001)*** | −0.141 (0.001)*** | −0.141 (0.001)*** |
Sex (male = 1) | 0.016 (0.014) | 0.016 (0.014) | 0.016 (0.014) | 0.016 (0.014) |
Education | 0.085 (0.008)*** | 0.081 (0.008)*** | 0.081 (0.008)*** | 0.081 (0.008)*** |
Individual income | 0.047 (0.000)*** | 0.044 (0.000)*** | 0.045 (0.000)*** | 0.044 (0.000)*** |
Numbers of chronic disease | −0.236 (0.004)*** | −0.236 (0.004)*** | −0.236 (0.004)*** | −0.236 (0.004)*** |
Social support | 0.067 (0.000)*** | 0.067 (0.000)*** | 0.066 (0.000)*** | 0.066 (0.000)*** |
UEBMI | Reference | 0.058 (0.024)*** | 0.111 (0.018)*** | 0.083 (0.036)*** |
URBMI | −0.026 (0.024)** | Reference | 0.036 (0.023)*** | 0.020 (0.037) |
NCMS | −0.106 (0.018)*** | −0.054 (0.023)*** | Reference | −0.029 (0.035) |
Uninsured | −0.019 (0.042)* | −0.003 (0.044) | 0.013 (0.041) | Reference |
Adjust R Square | 0.121 | 0.122 | 0.122 | 0.122 |
Observations | 13709 | 13709 | 13709 | 13709 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Beta (SE) | Beta (SE) | Beta (SE) | Beta (SE) | |
Age | −0.404 (0.007)*** | −0.404 (0.007)*** | −0.404 (0.007)*** | −0.404 (0.007)*** |
Sex (male = 1) | 0.032 (0.100)*** | 0.031 (0.100)*** | 0.031 (0.100)*** | 0.031 (0.100)*** |
Education | 0.087 (0.055)*** | 0.084 (0.055)*** | 0.084 (0.055)*** | 0.084 (0.055)*** |
Individual income | 0.023 (0.000)* | 0.020 (0.000)* | 0.020 (0.000)* | 0.020 (0.000)* |
Numbers of chronic disease | −0.159 (0.025)*** | −0.159 (0.025)*** | −0.159 (0.025)*** | −0.159 (0.025)*** |
Social support | 0.047 (0.002)*** | 0.046 (0.002)*** | 0.046 (0.002)*** | 0.046 (0.002)*** |
UEBMI | Reference | 0.076 (0.175)*** | 0.093 (0.133)*** | 0.092 (0.260)*** |
URBMI | −0.041 (0.173)*** | Reference | 0.011 (0.164) | 0.010 (0.269) |
NCMS | −0.088 (0.132)*** | −0.017 (0.164) | Reference | −0.001 (0.252) |
Uninsured | −0.028 (0.303)*** | −0.006 (0.316) | −0.001 (0.296) | Reference |
Adjust R Square | 0.247 | 0.247 | 0.247 | 0.247 |
Observations | 13529 | 13529 | 13529 | 13529 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Beta (SE) | Beta (SE) | Beta (SE) | Beta (SE) | |
Age | 0.118 (0.012)*** | 0.117 (0.011)*** | 0.117 (0.011)*** | 0.116 (0.011)*** |
Sex (male = 1) | −0.042 (0.171)*** | −0.042 (0.171)*** | −0.042 (0.171)*** | −0.042 (0.171)*** |
Education | 0.098 (0.093)*** | 0.093 (0.094)*** | 0.092 (0.094)*** | 0.093 (0.094)*** |
Individual income | 0.088 (0.000)*** | 0.084 (0.000)*** | 0.083 (0.000)*** | 0.084 (0.000)*** |
Numbers of chronic disease | −0.112 (0.043)*** | −0.112 (0.043)*** | −0.112 (0.043)*** | −0.112 (0.043)*** |
Social support | 0.073 (0.004)*** | 0.073 (0.004)*** | 0.073 (0.004)*** | 0.073 (0.004)*** |
UEBMI | Reference | 0.184 (0.300)*** | 0.107 (0.226)*** | 0.195 (0.449)*** |
URBMI | −0.104 (0.297)*** | Reference | −0.048 (0.282)*** | 0.004 (0.464) |
NCMS | −0.094 (0.224)*** | 0.081 (0.283)*** | Reference | 0.092 (0.436)*** |
Uninsured | −0.063 (0.522)*** | −0.010 (0.546) | −0.034 (0.511)*** | Reference |
Adjust R Square | 0.08 | 0.081 | 0.081 | 0.081 |
Observations | 13140 | 13140 | 13140 | 13140 |