Background
Acquired nonaccommodative esotropia (ANAET) is a type of strabismus characterized by a constant nonaccommodative esodeviation that develops after 6 months of age, in the absence of any significant refractive error and in an otherwise healthy child or adult [1, 2]. Many studies have identified factors affecting surgical outcome in infantile esotropia and accommodative esotropia. However, the literature regarding surgical outcomes or the factors influencing them in ANAET is thin, notwithstanding the research demonstrating older age at onset as a factor associated with postoperative stereopsis.
The purpose of the present study was to analyze the surgical outcomes in patients who had undergone surgery for ANAET and to determine the factors associated with favorable outcome.
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Methods
Design and patients
We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 35 patients who had undergone surgery for ANAET with a postoperative follow-up period of 6 months or more. ANAET was diagnosed if esotropia developed after 6 months of age in an otherwise healthy child and esodeviation angles at distance and near were unchanged even after the full correction of hyperopia of +2.0 diopters (D) or more, if revealed in cycloplegic refraction. Patients with any history of accommodative or partial accommodative esotropia, infantile esotropia, paralytic or restrictive strabismus, previous extraocular muscle surgery were excluded. And we included only the patients whose difference between the preoperative esodeviation angles at distance and near were less than 5 prism diopters (PD). Patients with associated findings of dissociated vertical deviation (DVD), latent nystagmus or inferior oblique overaction (IOOA) were excluded regardless of history, due to concern for unrecognized infantile esotropia. In the very young age group, we obtained the information about onset of strabismus which was acute, subacute, acquired or congenital from their parents or previous photography. This study was approved as a retrospective study by the Institutional Review Board of Hallym University Medical Center (IRB No. 2015-10-117) before data collection in order to review patient records and use the data, and adheres to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed written consent was obtained from all participants or their parents.
We noted the following preoperative characteristics: sex, age at onset, age at surgery, refractive error, symptom duration, amblyopia, stereopsis, dominance of fixation, accompanying strabismus (e.g. vertical strabismus [≥ 5 PD in the primary position]), preoperative follow-up period, and type of surgery.
Cycloplegic refraction (with 1% cyclopentolate and 1% tropicamide) and fundus examination were performed on all of the patients. One operating surgeon measured all deviations using the alternate prism cover test at near and at distance (0.3 m and 6 m) (with spectacle correction based on cycloplegic refraction if necessary). Preoperative measurements were made no more than 3 days prior to surgery. The presence of amblyopia was defined as a difference of two or more lines between the best-corrected visual acuities of the right and left eyes or a best-corrected visual acuity lower than 20/30 on the Snellen visual acuity chart. The sensory status was evaluated by Titmus stereotest (Stereo Optical Co., Chicago, II, USA) at 33 cm and by Worth-4-dot test (Worth-4-dot Attachment; Richmond Products, Albuquerque, NM, USA) at 6 m.
Surgical techniques
All of the surgeries were performed under general anesthesia by a single surgeon (D.G.C.). The selection of the surgical procedure was determined by the preoperative angle of esodeviation, the presence of dominance of fixation and the patient’s and surgeon’s preference. Fourteen patients underwent bilateral medial rectus recession (BMR), 17 unilateral medial rectus muscle recession and lateral rectus muscle resection (RR), and the remaining 4, with esotropia of 20 PD or less, unilateral medial rectus recession (UMR).
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The extent of recession and resection was measured from the original muscle insertion. No hang-back or adjustable sutures were used. Surgical dosages were determined, based on the formulas suggested by Parks [3] and Wang [4] (Table 1).
Table 1
Surgical dosages for acquired nonaccommodative esotropia (ANAET)
Esodeviation (PD) | BMR (mm) | RR (mm) | UMR (mm) |
|---|---|---|---|
15-19 | 3.5 | 3.5/4.5 | 5.5 |
20-24 | 4.0 | 4.0/5.5 | 6.0 |
25-29 | 4.5 | 4.5/6.5 | |
30-34 | 5.0 | 5.0/7.0 | |
35-39 | 5.5 | 5.5/7.5 | |
40-44 | 6.0 | 6.0/8.0 | |
45-49 | 6.5 | 6.5/8.0 | |
50-59 | 7.0 | 7.0/8.5 | |
60-69 | 7.5 |
Main outcome measures
Postoperative alignment was measured on postoperative day 1, month 1, 3, 6, year 1, and at final follow-up. The main outcome measures included the postoperative esodeviation angles at each follow-up day, the final success rate, and the factors affecting surgical outcomes (i.e. sex, age at onset, age at surgery, refractive error, symptom duration, amblyopia, stereopsis, fusion by Worth-4-dot, alternate fixation, accompanying strabismus, preoperative follow-up period, and type of surgery). Surgical success was defined as esotropia or exotropia of 8 PD or less at distance and near.
Statistics
SPSS software V.12.0 K (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) was employed for the statistical analysis. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare the preoperative and postoperative angles of deviation. The Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher’s exact test were applied to analyze the demographic data. P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant.
Results
The baseline characteristics of the total 35 patients are summarized in Table 2. The mean age at onset was 13.3 ± 17.5 years (range: 1.4-66.8 years), and the mean age at surgery was 20.3 ± 20.0 years (range: 2.5-72.2 years). The mean spherical equivalent was −0.7 ± 4.5, and the mean symptom duration was 4.3 ± 5.9 years. The mean preoperative follow-up period was 11.2 ± 29.5 months (range: 3-149 months), and the mean postoperative follow-up period was 57.8 ± 60.0 months (range: 6-201 months). Seven patients had amblyopia, which was defined as a two-line difference in acuity between eyes. For 10 patients, alternate fixation was possible. Five patients presented with vertical strabismus. The mean preoperative angle of esodeviation was 37.3 ± 13.7 PD (range: 15-75 PD) at distance and 38.6 ± 16.6 PD (range: 15-85 PD) at near.
Table 2
Demographic data on ANAET patients
Variables |
N = 35 |
|---|---|
Sex (Male: Female) | 20: 15 |
Age at onset (years) | 13.3 ± 17.5 (range: 1.4 - 66.8) |
Age at surgery (years) | 20.3 ± 20.0 (range: 2.5 - 72.2) |
Spherical equivalent | −0.7 ± 4.5 (range: −14.0 - +5.3) |
Symptom duration (years) | 4.3 ± 5.9 (range: 0.1 - 23.2) |
Preoperative follow-up period (months) | 11.2 ± 29.5 (range: 1 - 149) |
Amblyopia | 6 (17.1%) |
Stereoacuity by Titmus test (seconds of arc) | (n = 22) |
Stereopsis of 40-60 | 3 (13.6%) |
Stereopsis of 80-3000 | 10 (45.5%) |
No stereopsis | 9 (40.9%) |
Fusion by Worth-4-dot | 3 / 23 (13.0%) |
Alternate fixation | 11 (31.4%) |
Accompanying strabismus | |
Vertical strabismus | 5 (14.3%) |
Preoperative angle of esodeviation (PD) | |
Distance | 37.3 ± 13.7 (range: 15 - 75) |
Near | 38.6 ± 16.6 (range: 15 - 85) |
Type of surgery | |
BMR | 14 |
RR | 17 |
UMR | 4 |
Postoperative follow-up period (months) | 57.8 ± 60.0 (range: 6-201) |
Surgical outcomes
The mean esodeviation angles at distance and at near were 4.2 and 3.8 PD at postoperative day 1 and 4.8 and 4.8 PD at final follow-up, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in angle of esodeviation between the initial postoperative period (day 1 to month 6) and the final follow-up day (p > 0.05, Wilcoxon signed rank test, Tables 3 and 4). The initial postoperative angles of deviation were stably maintained during the follow-up period.
Table 3
Mean angle (PD) of esodeviation at distance
Angle of esodeviation |
P-valuea
| |
|---|---|---|
Preoperative | 37.3 ± 13.7 | 0.000 |
Postoperative day 1 | 4.2 ± 8.4 | 0.772 |
Postoperative month 1 | 4.0 ± 5.3 | 0.751 |
Postoperative month 3 | 3.9 ± 7.0 | 0.432 |
Postoperative month 6 | 4.9 ± 7.0 | 0.497 |
Postoperative year 1 | 4.7 ± 6.4 | 0.916 |
Final follow-up | 4.8 ± 15.1 |
Table 4
Mean angle (PD) of esodeviation at near
Angle of esodeviation |
P-valuea
| |
|---|---|---|
Preoperative | 38.6 ± 16.6 | 0.000 |
Postoperative day 1 | 3.8 ± 6.7 | 0.446 |
Postoperative month 1 | 4.2 ± 5.2 | 0.581 |
Postoperative month 3 | 4.6 ± 6.5 | 0.700 |
Postoperative month 6 | 4.1 ± 6.6 | 0.672 |
Postoperative year 1 | 5.5 ± 6.5 | 0.934 |
Final follow-up | 4.8 ± 16.1 |
The surgical success rates at postoperative day 1 were 88.6%: the final success rates were 65.7% (Table 5).
Table 5
Surgical success ratesa for ANAET
Surgical success rates | |
|---|---|
Postoperative day 1 | 88.6% |
Postoperative month 1 | 80.0% |
Postoperative month 3 | 80.0% |
Postoperative month 6 | 80.0% |
Postoperative year 1 | 72.7% |
Final follow-up | 65.7% |
Reoperation
Six patients underwent reoperation, 4 for recurrent or residual esotropia and 2 for consecutive exotropia. The mean interval period between the 1st and 2nd operation was 71.8 ± 37.2 months (range: 25-120 months) (Table 6).
Table 6
Reoperation after surgery for ANAET
N = 6 | |
|---|---|
Reason for reoperation | |
Recurrent or residual esotropia | 4 |
Consecutive exotropia | 2 |
Preoperative angle of esodeviation before 1st operation (PD) | At distance: 40.0 ± 12.2 At near: 48.3 ± 17.6 |
Preoperative angle of esodeviation before 2nd operation (PD) | At distance: 6.7 ± 29.8 At near: 10.8 ± 31.5 |
Mean interval period between 1st and 2nd operation (months) | 71.8 ± 37.2 (range: 25 - 120) |
Surgical success rate after reoperation | 4/6 (66.6%) |
Factors affecting surgical outcome
We analyzed the factors affecting surgical success (i.e. sex, age at onset, age at surgery, refractive error, symptom duration, amblyopia, stereopsis, fusion by Worth-4-dot, alternate fixation, accompanying strabismus [e.g. vertical strabismus], preoperative follow-up period, and type of surgery). There was no factor influencing surgical outcome (P > 0.05, Table 7).
Table 7
Patient characteristics in Successa and Non-success ANAET Groups
Variable | Success Group (n = 26) | Non-success Group (n = 9) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Sex (Male: Female) | 15: 11 | 5: 4 | |
Age at onset (years) | 10.0 ± 12.1 | 19.3 ± 24.7 | 0.392b
|
Age at surgery (years) | 18.8 ± 17.7 | 22.7 ± 23.9 | 0.674b
|
Spherical equivalent | −1.3 ± 5.6 | 0.5 ± 3.2 | 0.628b
|
Duration of symptom (years) | 3.9 ± 4.7 | 5.0 ± 8.4 | 0.837b
|
Preoperative follow-up period (months) | 12.1 ± 32.1 | 9.8 ± 25.9 | 0.420b
|
Amblyopia | 5 (19.2%) | 1 (11.1%) | 0.891c
|
Stereopsis by Titmus test (seconds of arc) | (n = 16) | (n = 6) | |
Stereopsis of 40-60 | 3 (18.8%) | 0 (0%) | 0.235c
|
Stereopsis of 80-3000 | 7 (43.8%) | 3 (50.0%) | 0.456c
|
No stereopsis | 6 (37.5%) | 3 (50.0%) | 0.443c
|
Worth-4-dot | (n = 17) | (n = 6) | |
Fusion | 2 (11.8%) | 1 (16.7%) | 0.306c
|
Alternate fixation | 5 | 0 | 0.374c
|
Accompanying strabismus | |||
Vertical strabismus | 2 | 3 | 0.125c
|
Preoperative angle of esodeviation (PD) | |||
Distance | 36.6 ± 10.3 | 38.5 ± 18.0 | 0.940b
|
Near | 37.7 ± 13.9 | 40.5 ± 22.2 | 1.000b
|
Type of surgery | |||
BMR | 11 | 3 | 0.581c
|
RR | 13 | 4 | 0.285c
|
UMR | 2 | 2 | 0.134c
|
Postoperative follow-up period (months) | 45.8 ± 51.5 | 78.2 ± 68.3 | 0.203b
|
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Discussion
Conventionally, ANAET is considered to occur infrequently, but is sometimes associated with intracranial tumor or other central nervous system (CNS) lesions [5‐14]. However, Jacobs et al. [1] reported that with this form of esotropia, neurologic problems are only rarely present. In this study we excluded any patient with known neurological disorder.
According to Jacobs et al. [1]’s report, approximately three-quarters of those who underwent surgery for ANAET had good alignment after a mean duration of 1 decade, and two-thirds of them were within 10 PD of orthotropia. Chan et al. [2] found that 64.7% of patients had successful outcomes after surgery for ANAET. Sturm et al. [15] reported a 92% surgical success rate (within 8PD or less of orthotropia) among acute acquired concomitant esotropia patients. Our results indicated the final success rates (an alignment within 8 PD) of 65.7%, which are in line with the findings of the relevant previous studies.
However, surgical failures for persistent esotropia were 3 times more numerous than for consecutive exotropia in this study. This would mean that the correction of the surgical tables might be considered. Because the study population was too small, the true difference between the groups could be hidden. Further prospective study involving more data would be needed.
In the present study, 6 patients (17.1%) underwent reoperation compared with 26.7 and 5.9% in the Jacobs et al. [1] and Chan et al. [2] investigations, respectively. These differences were thought to be owed to the significantly varying mean postoperative follow-up periods: 57.8 months (present study), 10.9 years (Jacobs et al.), and 17.8 months (Chan et al.).
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Several studies about the surgical outcome of ANAET including Jacobs et al. [1] and Chan et al. [2] had the age limit of the childhood at onset or surgery. However, there was no limitation in the age of onset or surgery, so in this respect, there is some limitation in comparing the surgical result for ANAET between our study and the other studies mentions above. Because of this, we analyzed the success rates after separating the two groups by age, more than 18 years old or not. The surgical success rate of less than 18 years old group(1.4 ~ 17.5 years old, mean 10.8 years old) was 66.7% and that of more than 18 years old group(18.9 ~ 66.8 years old, mean 42.5 years old) was 54.5%. It was a little difference between the two groups. However, there was no statistical difference between two groups (p = 0.374, Fisher’s exact test).
The main limitation of our study is the non-standardized and retrospective data collection. The other limitation was that the sample was so diverse and included 6 patients with amblyopia and 3 with perfect stereopsis. And moreover, the range of refractive errors was from −14.0 to +5.3 D even though all of the patients were eligible for according to the diagnostic criteria of ANAET. Because the patients in whom esotropia had developed after 6 months of age were included in this study, even though patients with DVD, latent nystagmus or IOOA were excluded, the possibility infantile esotropia patients to be included in this study group were not completely ruled out. Further, a large prospective study looking at only individuals with childhood onset ANAET will be needed.
Conclusions
In conclusion, this paper provides data on the clinical characteristics of, and surgical outcomes for, ANAET. The surgical outcome at final follow-up was favorable. And there was no factor influencing surgical outcome.
Acknowledgements
None.
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Funding
None.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study followed the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Hallym University Medical Center (IRB No. 2015-10-117). Informed written consent was obtained from all participants or their parents.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
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