Introduction
Methods
Search strategy and study selection
Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria
Data extraction and analysis
Results
References | Study design | Total patients | HSK | EK | MR | Other | Mean age, years (range) | Male | Female |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weizer et al. [13] | Retrospective | 8 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 50.6 (35–69) | 6 | 2 |
Molimard et al. [14] | Retrospective | 17 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 34.7 (16–52) | 14 | 3 |
Atis et al. [15] | Retrospective | 20 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 40.9 (NR) | 12 | 8 |
Bozkurt et al. [16] | Retrospective | 26 | 0 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 41.1 (7–72) | 19 | 7 |
Oḡuz et al. [17] | Retrospective | 24 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 0 | 39.8 (1–71) | 18 | 6 |
Urgulu et al. [18] | Retrospective | 25 | 3 | 11 | 4 | 5 | 39.4 (NR) | 17 | 8 |
Ding et al. [19] | Retrospective | 16 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 42.9 (22–66) | 13 | 3 |
Blackburn et al. [20] | Retrospective | 20 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 48.1 (29–78) | 13 | 7 |
Gokce et al. [21] | Retrospective | 23 | 23 | 0 | 00 | 0 | 42.5 (16–78) | 18 | 5 |
Bansal et al. [22] | Retrospective | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NR | 7 | 2 |
Ergin et al. [23] | Retrospective | 101 | 36 | 33 | 32 | 0 | 39.0 (1–72) | 68 | 33 |
Singh et al. [24] | Retrospective | 25 | 5 | 14 | 5 | 1 | 38.28 (NR) | 17 | 8 |
Legemate et al. [25] | Retrospective | 86 | 43 | 27 | 16 | 0 | 49.2 (NR) | 57 | 29 |
Astolfi et al. [26] | Prospective | 13 | 8 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 46.1 (NR) | 6 | 7 |
Total | 413 | 204 | 117 | 86 | 6 | 43.4 | 285 | 128 |
References | Stone size mean (mm)/[mm2] | Stone size range (mm)/[mm2] | Single stone | Multiple stones | Stone position, lower pole | Stone position, midpole | Stone position, upper pole | Stone position, renal pelvis | Stone position, mixed | Stone position, upper ureter |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weizer et al. [13] | 14 | 3–20 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 5 | (3) | 0 |
Molimard et al. [14] | 16 | 7–35 | 7 | 10 | – | – | – | 7 | 10 | 0 |
Atis et al. [15] | 17.8 | ± 4.5 | 5 | 15 | 9 | 7 | 4 | 5 | (5) | 0 |
Bozkurt et al. [16] | 17 | 10–28 | 21 | 5 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 5 | 0 |
Oḡuz et al. [17] | 13.5 | 5–30 | 24 | 0 | 9 | 3 | 2 | 10 | 0 | 0 |
Urgulu et al. [18] | [194.7] | [85–393] | 19 | 6 | 14 | 4 | 7 | 7 | (6) | 0 |
Ding et al. [19] | 29.8 | 17–42 | 4 | 12 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 12 | 0 |
Blackburn et al. [20] | 8.4 | 2–25 | 17 | 3 | 10 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0 |
Gokce et al. [21] | 17.1 | 6–25 | 14 | 9 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 |
Bansal et al. [22] | 15.4 | NR | 6 | 3 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ergin et al. [23] | 16.1 | NR | NR | NR | 35 | 16 | 14 | 45 | (9) | 0 |
Singh et al. [24] | 14.7 | ± 4.1 mm | 15 | 10 | 11 | 8 | 5 | 11 | (12) | 2 |
Legemate et al. [25] | [84] | [4–117] | 70 | 16 | 18 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 15 | 13 |
Astolfi et al. [26] | 12.2 | 6–22 | 12 | 1 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Total [mean] | [16.0] | 219 | 93 | 143 | 44 | 36 | 128 | 78 | 15 |
References | Pre-operative imaging | Pre-operative urine MC and S | Peri-operative antibiotics | Pre-operative stent | Previous SWL | Previous PCNL | Previous open procedure | Previous URS | > 1 previous procedure |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weizer et al. [13] | IVU or NCCT | NR | NR | 1 12.5%) | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Molimard et al. [14] | NCCT | Yes | NR | 4 (23.5%) | 8 | 4 | 2 | 3 | NR |
Atis et al. [15] | AXR and IVU or US | Yes | Yes | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
Bozkurt et al. [16] | NCCT or IVU | Yes | NR | NR | 9 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Oḡuz et al. [17] | AXR, IVU, US or NCCT | Yes | Yes | NR | 12 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
Urgulu et al. [18] | IVU and CT | Yes | NR | NR | 7 | 2 | 2 | 1 | NR |
Ding et al. [19] | AXR and IVU or NCCT | NR | Yes | NR | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Blackburn et al. [20] | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Gokce et al. [21] | AXR and USS or NNCT | Yes | Yes | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Bansal et al. [22] | AXR, IVU, USS or NCCT | NR | Yes | NR | 2 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ergin et al. [23] | IVU, USS or NCCT | Yes | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Singh et al. [24] | CTU | Yes | NR | 5 (20%) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Legemate et al. [25] | AXR, IVU or NCCT | Yes | Yes | 18 (24.7%) | 20 | 12 | 0 | 15 | NR |
Astolfi et al. [26] | AXR or NCCT | NR | NR | 11 (84.6%) | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Total | 40 (29.4%) | 75 (59.2%) | 28 (22.2%) | 10 (7.9%) | 23 (18.3%) |
References | Anaesthesia | Procedure | Holmium laser | Fibre size (μm) | Energy setting (J) | Energy setting (Hz) | Access sheath used | Post-operative stent | Mean operative time, min (range) | Length of stay, days (range) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weizer et al. [13] | NR | FURS | Yes | 200 | 0.6–1.0 | 6–10 | 4 (50%) | 8 (100%) | 126 (90–185) | NR |
Molimard et al. [14] | GA | FURS | Yes | 150 or 365 | 0.8–1.2 | 8–12 | 17 (100%) | 17 (100%) | 92 (45–140) | 1.7 (1–3) |
Atis et al. [15] | GA | SRU and FURS | Yes | 273 | 0.6–1.0 | 5–10 | 20 (100%) | 15 (75%) | 40.5 | 1.4 |
Bozkurt et al. [16] | GA | FURS | Yes | 200 | 0.8 | 10 | 0 | 12 (46%. | 52.1 (30–120) | 2.7 (1–9) |
Oḡuz et al. [17] | GA | SRU and FURS | Yes | 273 | NR | NR | 20 (83%) | 17 (71%) | 48.7 (18–135) | 1.5 (1–5) |
Urgulu et al. [18] | GA | FURS | Yes | 200 or 273 | NR | NR | 18 (72%) | NR | 48 (14–115) | NR |
Ding et al. [19] | Spinal | SRU and FURS | Yes | 200 | 0.8–1.2 | 10–15 | 16 (100%) | 16 (100%) | 92 (14–127) | 0.8 (0–3) |
Blackburn et al. [20] | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Gokce et al. [21] | GA | FURS | Yes | NR | 0.8–1.2 | 8–12 | 23 (100%) | 23 (100%) | NR | 1.8 (1–3) |
Bansal et al. [22] | GA | FURS | Yes | 200 | 0.6–0.8 | 10–15 | 9 (100%) | 9 (100%) | 84.2 | NR |
Ergin et al. [23] | GA | SRU and FURS | Yes | 170 or 200 | NR | NR | NR | 50 (50%) | 47.1 | 1.9 |
Singh et al. [24] | GA | FURS | Yes | 200 or 365 | 0.5–1.0 | 10–15 | 25 (100%) | 21 (84%) | 74 | 2.48 |
Legemate et al. [25] | NR | SRU alone 47.7% FURS 32.6% Combination 17.4% | 57% | NR | NR | NR | 29 (71%) | 71 (84%) | 58 (30–120) | 1 (0.5–5) |
Astolfi et al. [26] | GA | SRU and FURS | Yes | 200 or 273 | NR | NR | NR | 13 (100%) | NR | NR |
References | Definition of success | Post-op imaging modality | Imaging time interval (weeks) | Overall success rate (%) | Success after single procedure | Auxiliary procedures required | Readmission | Complications Clavien I–II | Complications Clavien ≥ III |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weizer et al. [13] | Stone free | AXR and IVU or NCCT | 4–12 | 75.0 | 75.0 | 0 | NR | 0 | 0 |
Molimard et al. [14] | RF ≤ 3 mm | AXR and USS or NCCT | 4 - 6 | 88.2 | 53.0 | 7 URS | 1 | 8 | 0 |
Atis et al. [15] | RF < 4 mm | IVU and USS (NCCT if RF) | 4 | 80.0 | 70.0 | 6 SWL | 0 | 5 | 0 |
Bozkurt et al. [16] | RF ≤ 2 mm | NCCT | 4 | 84.7 | NR | NR | NR | 3 | 2 |
Oḡuz et al. [17] | RF ≤ 3 mm | IVU and USS (NCCT if RF) | 4 | 83.3 | 75.0 | 1 SWL 1 URS | 1 | 11 | 2 |
Urgulu et al. [18] | Complete clearance | NCCT | 4 | 88.0 | 64.0 | 6 URS 3 SWL | NR | 3 | 0 |
Ding et al. [19] | Not defined | AXR and USS | 4 | 87.5 | 62.5 | 6 URS | NR | 3 | 0 |
Blackburn et al. [20] | RF < 4 mm | AXR or CT | NR | 84.0 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Gokce et al. [21] | RF < 3 mm | AXR and/or USS/NCCT | 2 - 6 | 73.9 | NR | NR | 0 | 4 | 0 |
Bansal et al. [22] | RF ≤ 4 mm | AXR and USS or NCCT | 4 | 88.9 | 67.7 | 3 URS | 1 | 4 | 0 |
Ergin et al. [23] | RF < 3 mm | NR | NR | 76.9 | NR | 8 URS | NR | 12 | 2 |
Singh et al. [24] | RF < 2 mm | AXR and USS | 4 | 88.0 | 72.0 | 3 PCNL | NR | 5 | 1 |
Legemate et al. [25] | RF ≤ 1 mm | AXR and USS or NCCT | NR | 58.3 | NR | 15 | 12 | 2 | 3 |
Astolfi et al. [26] | RF < 2 mm | AXR or NCCT | 12 | 75.0 | NR | NR | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Overall | 82.3% (n = 340) | 76.6% (n = 322) | 18 | 15 | 61 (14.8%) | 10 (2.4%) |
Mean stone burden [range] | Percentage of lower pole stones (%) | Success after single procedure | Overall success (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urgulu et al. [18] | HSK (n = 3) | 253 mm2 ± 103.7 | 50.0 | 66.7% | 66.7 |
EK (n = 13) | 237.7 mm2 ± 94.4 (lumbar) 168.8 mm2 ± 101.7 (pelvic) | 57.1 33.3 | 61.5% | 100 | |
MR (n = 4) | 201.3 mm2 ± 109.5 | 75.0 | 100% | 100 | |
Ergin et al. [23] | HSK (n = 36) | 17.8 mm ± 4.5 | 30.6 | NR | 72.2 |
EK (n = 33) | 17.0 mm ± 5.1 | 36.4 | NR | 83.6 | |
MR (n = 32) | 13.4 mm ± 3.7 | 37.5 | NR | 75.0 | |
Legemate et al. [25] | HSK (n = 23) | 70 mm2 [46–134] | 52.1 | NR | 77.3 |
EK (n = 10) | 120 mm2 [79–263] | 30.0 | NR | 20.0 | |
MR (n = 8) | 62 mm2 [0–148] | 37.5 | NR | 71.4 |
References | Clavien I–II | Clavien ≥ III |
---|---|---|
Weizer et al. [13] | None | None |
Molimard et al. [14] | Stent symptoms n = 6 Haematuria n = 1 Pyelonephritis n = 1 | None |
Atis et al. [15] | Post-operative pyrexia n = 3 Haematuria n = 2 | None |
Bozkurt et al. [16] | Post-operative pyrexia n = 1 Haematuria n = 1 Urinary tract infection n = 1 | Ureteric colic requiring JJ stent n = 2 |
Oḡuz et al. [17] | Post-operative pyrexia n = 2 Ureteric colic (conservative management) n = 9 | Ureteric colic requiring surgical intervention n = 2 |
Urgulu et al. [18] | Urosepsis n = 1 Pyelonephritis n = 1 Ureteric colic (conservative management) n = 1 | None |
Ding et al. [19] | Post-operative pyrexia n = 3 | None |
Blackburn et al. [20] | Complications not reported | Complications not reported |
Gokce et al. [21] | Haematuria n = 3 Post-operative pyrexia n = 1 | None |
Bansal et al. [22] | Post-operative pyrexia n = 2 Stent symptoms n = 1 Pyelonephritis n = 1 | None |
Ergin et al. [23] | Haematuria n = 7 Post-operative pyrexia n = 5 | Ureteric colic requiring JJ stent n = 2 |
Singh et al. [24] | Post-operative pyrexia n = 3 Urinary tract infection n = 2 | Ureteric colic requiring JJ stent n = 1 |
Legemate et al. [25] | Post-operative pyrexia n = 1 Urosepsis n = 1 | IIIa not defined n = 1 IIIb not defined n = 1 IVa Urosepsis requiring nephrostomy and ITU support n = 1 |
Astolfi et al. [26] | Haematuria n = 1 | None |