Background
Acute kidney injury requiring dialysis (AKI-D) occurs in 1–2% of hospitalized patients [1, 2]. In the USA, the incidence of AKI-D has increased in the span of 2000–2014, especially in patients with diabetes [3]. A retrospective population-based study in Ontario, Canada, demonstrated a fourfold increase in AKI-D from 0.8 to 3% between 1996 and 2010 [4]. AKI-D is also associated with increased risk of both in-hospital and post-discharge mortality [1, 5]. Approximately 10–30% of patients with AKI-D who survive to hospital discharge will require outpatient dialysis [6]. Furthermore, 1 in 12 of those patients with kidney recovery to dialysis independence at the time of discharge will eventually need to resume it within 3 to 5 years’ time [1]. The factors that determine the extent of kidney recovery after AKI-D remain unclear and are likely to consist of a range of modifiable and non-modifiable factors [2].
An improved understanding of predictors of kidney recovery to dialysis independence in outpatients who require ongoing dialysis after a hospital encounter with AKI-D (as well as the gaps in knowledge in this area) can improve patient-centered decision-making and clarify the need for further research in this area. For patients unlikely to have kidney recovery, earlier and better-informed decision-making regarding long-term arteriovenous access, home therapies, and transplantation would be facilitated. This could improve patients’ quality of care; improve access, integration, and utilization of chronic kidney disease system resources; and improve access to transplant and home dialysis. For caregivers of patients more likely to recover, frequent assessment for recovery and strategies to limit further kidney damage (e.g., avoidance of intradialytic hypotension and nephrotoxins) may facilitate shorter recovery times and increase the likelihood of recovery to dialysis independence. Lastly, a better understanding of the risks of death and dialysis dependence would help patients navigate their options regarding palliative/conservative care after having gained some experience as to what is involved in undergoing maintenance dialysis in the outpatient setting.
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The optimal outpatient management of AKI-D patients remains uncertain. Currently, no evidence based-guidelines exist for the best management of AKI-D patients in order to optimize kidney recovery [1, 2]. Many observational studies have reported on predictors of kidney recovery prior to hospital discharge [2, 5‐7]. Nonetheless, some patients who require ongoing outpatient dialysis after hospital discharge will go on to recover kidney function to dialysis independence. Much less is known about risk factors that influence kidney recovery in the outpatient setting after a hospital encounter with AKI-D. Here, we present a protocol for a systematic review that will seek to assess the association between both patient- and treatment-related factors (modifiable and non-modifiable) with short- and long-term outcomes in patients who remained dialysis-dependent after a hospitalization with AKI-D.
Methods
Eligibility criteria
Types of studies
All studies that have reported on predictors of kidney recovery and clinically relevant outcomes (listed below) in AKI-D patients requiring post-hospitalization dialysis are eligible. These studies must present predictive/prognostic factors from baseline to follow-up period. In addition, studies must be full-text, peer-reviewed articles. This review will include both observational and interventional studies. Case reports or case series of less than or equal to 10 patients will be excluded. No restrictions will be placed on the study duration, study period, or date of publication. Studies must have analyzed potential predictors of kidney recovery in AKI-D patients who remain dialysis-dependent after hospital discharge. Only original peer-reviewed literature will be included. Studies published in all languages will be included. In addition, the following criteria must also be met:
Patient populations: Patients 18 years or older with acute kidney injury treated with dialysis of any type during a hospitalization who transition to outpatient dialysis after hospital discharge. Those with pre-existing end-stage renal disease defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 prior to hospitalization will be excluded.
Variables of interest or predictive factors: Any independent variable examined for potential prognostic ability will be included. We will begin with a broad study approach that spans a variety of prognostic factors which will subsequently be grouped into relevant domains. Potential domains include demographics (e.g., gender, age, ethnicity, pre-existing comorbidities), hospitalization-related factors (such as etiology of acute kidney injury, volume status at initiation of renal replacement therapy (RRT), ward versus intensive care unit admission, duration of hospitalization, urinary output at the time of hospital discharge), and treatment-related factors including modality of RRT initiated in hospital and characteristics of RRT after discharge.
Outcomes
The primary outcome of interest in this systematic review is kidney recovery to dialysis independence within 90 days after hospital discharge. This time interval is regarded as the threshold at which most patients would be considered to have reached end-stage renal disease [1]. The secondary outcomes of this study include kidney recovery to dialysis independence at any time point after hospital discharge, death at any time point after hospital discharge, progression to end-stage renal disease, and long-term RRT dependence, kidney transplantation, serum creatinine, and/or estimated glomerular filtration rate amongst those that recover to dialysis independence.
Search strategy
No prior published studies that addressed similar topics were found in PubMed, MEDLINE (via Ovid), and EMBASE (via Ovid). Similar systematic review study protocols have not been registered on PROSPERO. A health sciences librarian (LS) searched the following databases: MEDLINE and MEDLINE in Process (via OVID), Embase Classic + Embase (via OVID), Cochrane’s Central Registry for Randomized Controlled Trials, CENTRAL (via OVID), and PubMed. Appendix 1 demonstrates our search strategy, which was initially developed in MEDLINE then translated into other databases. All databases will be searched from the date of inception to April 1, 2019. No language exclusion criteria nor other publication restrictions were incorporated into the search strategy. All references will then be entered into EndNote (version X9, Clarivate Analytics Inc., Philadelphia, PA) citation manager for processing. Supplemental search will consist of manual scanning of bibliographies in eligible studies, grey literature search of clinical trial registries such as
clinicaltrials.gov
, and screening for relevant titles in the first three pages of the Google Scholar search. Relevant articles will be screened at two levels: title/abstract then full-text screening, by two reviewers (CW and EC) in the systematic review software, Covidence (Veritas Health Innovation LTD).
Study records
Data management
Relevant data will be extracted from Covidence (Veritas Health Innovation LTD) and managed with Microsoft Excel. Data will be synthesized with the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (version 2, Biostat) software.
Data collection process
Two investigators (CW and EC) will independently screen relevant study titles and abstracts per pre-specified criteria to determine their eligibilities for full-text assessment. The same investigators will subsequently examine the full texts of the selected studies according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Relevant studies published in English or French will be included. Disagreements will be resolved with discussion until consensus is reached. A PRISMA diagram will be generated to document the study selection process [8].
Data extraction
A data extraction form will be created and populated with the following information:
1.
Patient demographics: age, gender, ethnicity.
2.
Investigated independent variables/predictors:
-
Patient comorbidities: baseline creatinine (if available), pre-existing chronic kidney disease, diabetes, congestive heart failure, etc.
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Hospitalization-related factors: etiology of acute kidney injury, volume status at initiation of RRT, ward versus intensive care unit admission, duration of hospitalization, urine output at the time of hospital discharge.
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Treatment-related factors: modality of RRT initiated in hospital, characteristics of outpatient RRT after discharge.
3.
Outcomes: kidney recovery after hospital discharge, mortality at any time point after hospital discharge, progression to end-stage renal disease with transition to long-term RRT, eGFR at the time of kidney recovery, time from hospital discharge to kidney recovery, and kidney transplantation.
4.
Study characteristics: author, publication year, number of study participants, type of study (research design), and duration of follow-up.
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Quality assessment
The qualities of reporting and risk for bias of each included study will be appraised using validated tools. Prognostic studies that meet the inclusion criteria will be assessed for internal validity with the Quality In Prognostic Studies (QUIPS) tool [9]. The quality of reporting of observational studies will be assessed in accordance with Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist [10, 11]. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) will be utilized to evaluate observational studies that assessed interventions [12]. The strength of the emerging evidence will be evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) method [13]. These assessments will be performed by two investigators (CW and EC) independently, and disagreements will be resolved by consensus or involvement of a third reviewer (SH) if required.
Data synthesis
Qualitative/narrative synthesis
A narrative synthesis will be performed to reflect directions of associations between prognostic factors and outcomes of interest. These associations will be reported as positive, negative, or none for each domain of risk factors.
Quantitative synthesis
Meta-analyses will be performed if the data is appropriate for quantitative synthesis. Minimum of two studies is required to provide data of the same prognostic factors pertaining to outcomes of interest to permit data pooling and synthesis. The strength of association between identified prognostic factors and outcomes will be quantified as odds ratios for each outcome of interest. Cochran’s Q and the I2 test will be used to examine the statistical heterogeneity between studies [13]. Publication bias will be assessed by visual examination of the funnel plot and using the Egger test [14]. Statistical analyses will be conducted using the generic inverse variance method in Review Manager software (RevMan, version 3).
Protocol amendments
Any amendments to the protocol will be outlined in an addendum made to specify and justify changes. These modifications and their justifications will also be included in the final report.
Discussion
AKI-D during hospitalization is a frequent occurrence and is associated with poor outcomes. To date, there is a paucity of data on the epidemiology and outcomes of patients with AKI-D who remain dialysis-dependent at hospital discharge. Our proposed systematic review will synthesize what is known about the association of patient and treatment-related factors with short- and long-term outcomes in this population. We hope to shed light on modifiable prognostic factors that influence renal outcomes. The results could help inform the development of evidence-based clinical decision-making both during and after hospitalization of AKI-D patients in addition to guide patient counseling and navigate long-term care planning.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the institutional support of the Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
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Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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