Developing countries, including Ethiopia are experiencing a double burden of malnutrition. There is limited information about prevalence of overweight/obesity among school aged children in Ethiopia particularly in Bahir Dar city. Hence this study aimed to assess the prevalence of overweight/obesity and associated factors among school children aged 6–12 years at Bahir Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia.
Methods
A school based cross-sectional study was carried out. A total of 634 children were included in the study. Multi stage systematic random sampling technique was used.
A multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with overweight/obesity. The association between dependent and independent variables were assessed using odds ratio with 95% confidence interval and p-value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The overall prevalence of overweight and/or obesity was 11.9% (95% CI, 9.3, 14.4) (out of which 8.8% were overweight and 3.1% were obese). Higher wealth status[adjusted OR = 3.14, 95% CI:1.17, 8.46], being a private school student [AOR = 2.21, 95% CI:1.09, 4.49], use of transportation to and from school [AOR = 2.53, 95% CI: 1.26,5.06], fast food intake [AOR = 3.88, 95% CI: 1.42,10.55], lack of moderate physical activity [AOR = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.21,6.82], low intake of fruit and vegetable [AOR = 6.45, 95% CI:3.19,13.06] were significant factors associated with overweight and obesity.
Conclusion
This study revealed that prevalence of overweight/obesity among school aged children in Bahir Dar city is high. Thus, promoting healthy dietary habit, particularly improving fruit and vegetable intake is essential to reduce the burden of overweight and obesity. Furthermore, it is important to strengthen nutrition education about avoiding junk food consumption and encouraging regular physical activity.
Abkürzungen
AOR
Adjusted odds ratio
BMI
Body mass index
CDC
Center for diseases control and prevention
COR
Crude odds ratio
DALYs
Disability adjusted life years
DHS
Demographic Health survey
EDHS
Ethiopian Demographic Health Surveys
SD
Standard deviation
WHO
World Health Organization
Background
Overweight/obesity is defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health [1]. There is a substantial increase in prevalence of overweight/obesity among children and adolescents in both developed and developing countries [2]. Worldwide 43 million children were overweight/obese and, of which 35 million children are from developing countries. In addition, 92 million were found at risk of having overweight and obesity [3]. Studies done in developed countries revealed that the prevalence of overweight/obesity among school children is increasing [4‐6].
In Africa, despite that there has been a higher burden of under nutrition, the magnitude of overweight and obesity is increasing at an alarming rate [2, 7‐9]. In Sub-Saharan Africa, about 10.6% of school aged children were overweight/obesity, of which 2.5% were obese [10]. Pocket studies done in Tanzania and Kenya showed that the prevalence of overweight and obesity is also increasing in these two countries [11‐13].
Anzeige
In Ethiopia, pocket studies done in Addis Ababa among school adolescent revealed that about 7.6–9.9% of school adolescent were overweight, while 0.9–2.8% were obese [14, 15].
Childhood obesity poses a major risk for serious diet-related chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and stroke, and certain forms of cancer and, it is also noted to be a precursor of adverse health effects in adulthood, as overweight children are more likely to become overweight adolescents and adults [8, 16, 17]. Globally, an estimated 3.4 million deaths, 3.9% years of life lost, and 3.8% of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) are related to overweight and obesity [2]. The rising of overweight/obesity epidemics is attributed by rapid economic and epidemiologic transition, caused by several socioeconomic and demographic changes that reflects the profound changes in the society [7, 13, 18, 19].
In addition, overweight and obesity is favored by risky dietary behaviors such as consumption of fast food and drinks, eating away from home, skipping/missing of meal, regular drinking of sugar rich beverages and low serving/intake of fruit and vegetable [20‐23]. In countries with limited resources and food availability, childhood overweight/obesity is favored by the good socioeconomic status of their parents while still insufficient nutrition education is available [24]. Eating behavior of the children is influenced by the availability of food, peers, siblings and parent’s behavior [25]. Sedentary behavior and physical inactivity are also important risk factors for childhood overweight and obesity [26].
Now days in Ethiopia the focus agenda is under nutrition, but there are evidences for nutrition transition particularly in urban cities which might have a contribution to over nutrition. In Ethiopia, particularly in the study area, there was no information regarding prevalence and contributing factors of overweight/obesity among school aged children, though it is known that early prevention of childhood obesity improves quality of life by decreasing an insult for chronic diseases for adolescent and adulthood life. Hence, it is important to assess the prevalence and associated factors of overweight/obesity among school aged children at the capital city of Amhara region, Bahir Dar city.
Anzeige
Methods
Study setting and population
This school based cross-sectional study was conducted from February 1st to April 15th, 2016 among first cycle elementary school students aged 6–12 years at Bahir Dar City. The city is the capital of Amhara National Regional State, which is situated in northwest Ethiopia. The city has 64 first cycle elementary schools of which 38 are public and 26 are private schools, with a total of 28,088 students. Of the total students, 6155 students were attending private schools while 21,933 were studying at public schools [27].
Sample size and sampling procedures
Sample size was calculated using single proportion formula by considering the following assumptions: the prevalence of overweight/obesity among school aged children (6–12 years) was unknown and taken as 50%, margin of error of 5%, confidence level of 95%, 10% none-response rate, and a design effect of 1.5. The final sample size was 634.
A multi stage sampling technique was carried out. Primary sampling units were selected public and private schools. By taking 20% of both public and private school provides eight public and five private schools were included in the study. Lottery method was used to select schools, for each selected school, the samples were allocated proportional to number of students with respect to grade level. The secondary sampling unit was randomly selected students from each selected grade and section. Proportional allocation of the sample to the total number of students in each public and private were made and 139 students from private school and 495 students from public school with total of 634 students were included in the study using systematic random sampling technique.
Data collection instrument and procedure
Structured pre-tested questionnaire adapted from the WHO stepwise questionnaire for Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance were used for data collection [28]. The questionnaire was prepared in English first and then translated to local language, Amharic, and back to English by public health experts. Five clinical nurses as data collectors and two BSc nurses as supervisors were trained for data collection and supervision. Anthropometric measurements were done by trained data collectors using standard procedures and calibrated equipment.
The anthropometric assessment was done according to the standardized procedures stipulated by the Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance (FANTA) ‘Anthropometric Indicators Measurement Guide [29].
Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm in standing position at Frankfurt plane with the occipital, shoulder and the buttock touches the vertical stand using a stadiometer seca (Germany). Weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg using electronic weighing scale with wearing light clothes and with no shoes. The Percentile values for BMI-for-age (BAZ) of children were generated from WHO AnthroPlus version 1.0.3 software [30].
Overweight/obesity in school aged children were considered as dependant variable. BMI for age greater than or equal to 85th but less than 95th percentile was considered as overweight, while obesity was considered when BMI for age was greater than or equal to the 95th percentile [31].
Data quality control
For data quality control a pre-test on 5% of the samples was performed and regular supervision during data collection was also carried out. The completeness of the questionnaire was checked before data entry too.
Anzeige
Data processing and analysis
The data were first coded and entered using EpiData statistical software version 3.1 and then exported into SPSS statistical software version 20 for data management and analysis. Descriptive statistical analysis, such as simple frequencies and measures of central tendency was used to describe the characteristics of participants. Magnitude of overweight/obesity were determined by exporting age, sex, height, weight of the child to WHO AnthroPlus from SPSS software. Household wealth status was estimated using Household wealth index (HWI) constructed by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the component score coefficient matrix was computed based on household assets then the households were categorized into tertiles according to the HWI as poor, middle income, high income.
Crud odds ratio with 95% CI was used to see the association between each independent variable and the outcome variable by using Binary logistic regression. Those associations with p-value < 0.2 were entered into the multivariable logistic regression model to control the effect of confounding. Variables with a p-value less than 0.05 were taken as statistically significant associated factors. The adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was presented to show the strength and precision of the association.
Results
Socio-demographic and economic characteristics
A total of 616 children participated, with a response rate of 97.2%. Of the total, 483 (78.4%) were attending public schools. 339 (55%) children were female. The mean age of the children was 9.7 ± 1.4 years. 519(84.3%) mothers were married and 475(88%) attended formal education. 321 (52.1%) and 224(36.4%) of fathers and mothers were self employed, respectively (Table 1).
Table 1
Socio-demographic characterstics of parents and children aged 6–12 years in Bahir Dar City northwest Ethiopia, (n = 616)
Variables
Frequency
Percentage
Marital status respondent
Single
8
1.3
Married/partner
519
84.3
Divorced/separated
54
8.8
Widowed
35
5.7
Maternal religion
Orthodox
500
81.2
Muslim
86
14.0
Catholic
8
1.3
Protestant
20
3.2
Others
2
0.3
Educational status of the mother
No Formal Education
141
22.9
Primary Education
158
25.6
Secondary education &Above
317
51.5
Educational status of the father
No Formal Education
124
20.1
Primary Education
127
20.6
Secondary education &Above
365
59.3
Fathers occupation
private employed
321
52.1
Formally Employed
237
38.5
Daily laborer
58
9.4
Mothers occupation
Private Employed
224
36.4
Formally Employed
131
21.3
Daily laborer
41
6.7
Housewife
220
35.7
Respondent sex
Male
70
11.4
Female
546
88.6
Child sex
Male
277
45
Female
339
55
Type of school
Public
483
78.4
Private
133
21.6
Type of school the students enrolled by the household’s wealth status
A substantial variation in the type of school enrollment was observed in the lowest and highest household’s wealth status category. Accordingly, about 41.4 and 4.51% of children from the lowest wealth status attended public and private schools, respectively. On the other hand, nearly two-third (67.67%) and one-quarter (24.22%) of children of the highest wealth status households were enrolled at private and public schools, respectively (Fig 1).
Fig. 1
Type of school enrolment stratified by household wealth status among school children in Bahir Dar city, 2016
×
Anzeige
Dietary habit
Regarding the dietary pattern of the children, 347 (56.3%) school aged children consumed both fruit and vegetable, 324 (52.6%) had snacks, 51.2% two times per week or less. With regard to meal frequency, 593 (96.3%) took meal for three times or more, and about 76.8% had bought and used either one or more of this food list(biscuit, chocolate, ice-cream or cake) listed under fast food intake. 285(46.3%) watches television while eating. Furthermore, 268(43.5%) had a habit of missing meals and 341(56.7%) had access to the restaurant/shop for fast food (Table 2).
Table 2
Dietary habit of school children aged 6–12 years in Bahir Dar city northwest Ethiopia, (n = 616)
Characteristics’
Fruit and vegetable consumption
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Yes
347
56.3
No
269
43.7
Uses snack
Yes
324
52.6
No
292
47.4
Number of snacks/day
≤ 2 snacks/day
166
51.2
≥ 3snacks/day
158
48.8
Number of meals/day
< 3 meals/day
23
3.7
≥ 3 meals/day
593
96.
Ways of getting lunch
Taking from home
600
97.6
cafeteria/school Lounge
16
2.4
Intake of fast food
Yes
473
76.8
No
143
23.2
Watching Television while eating
Yes
285
46.3
No
331
53.7
Eating while reading
Yes
107
17.4
No
509
82.6
Missing of meals
Yes
268
43.5
No
348
56.6
Access to restaurant/shop for fast food
Yes
349
56.7
No
267
43.3
Physical activity and sedentary behavior related characteristics
Regarding physical activity and sedentary behavior, the majority of the children (82.1%) used to walk to school and from school. 110 (17.9%) used public transportation to and from school. Nearly one fourth (25.5%) of the children participated in sport activities, out of which 141 (88.7%) performs for more than 30 min. 274 (44.5%) participated in doing an extra home activities. Nearly one-fifth of school aged children (20.6%) performed moderate physical activities.
Fifty eight (9.4%) children used to play computer or mobile games. 527(85.6%) used to watch television at home, around two-third (61.4%) had watched TV more than 1 h per day (Tables 3 and 4).
Table 3
Physical activity related behavior of school children aged 6–12 years in Bahir Dar city northwest Ethiopia 2016, (n = 616)
Characteristics
Number
Percentage (%)
Form of transport used for going to school
Walking
506
82.1
Transportation
110
17.9
Sport activity
Yes
157
25.5
No
459
74.5
Number minutes at sport activity
< 30 min
17
11.3
≥ 30 min
140
88.7
Extra home activity
Yes
274
44.5
No
342
55.5
Doing an extra home activity
< 30 min
52
19.0
≥ 30 min
222
81.0
Computer game\mobile game
Yes
58
9.4
No
558
90.6
Time at computer\mobile game
≤ 60 min
45
77.6
> 60 min
13
22.4
Watching Television
Yes
527
85.6
No
89
14.4
Time at television/day
< 60 min
149
28.3
≥ 60 min
378
71.7
Performing moderate activity
Yes
127
20.6
No
489
79.4
Table 4
Prevalence of overweight and/obesity among school children in Bahir Dar city northwest Ethiopia, 2016 (n = 616)
Classification
Prevalence (%)
Confidence interval
Body mass index for age
Overweight
8.8
6.5–11
Obesity
3.1
1.8–4.5
Overweight/obesity
11.9
9.3–14.4
Anthropometric measurements and prevalence of overweight and obesity
The mean weight (±SD) and height (±SD) of the surveyed children was 28 (±6) kilograms and 129.4 (±8.8) centimeters, respectively.
Anzeige
The overall prevalence of overweight/obesity using BMI for age cut off was found to be 11.9% (95% CI: 9.3, 14.4), out of which about 8.8 and 3.1% of children were overweight and obese, respectively. The proportion of overweight/obesity among private school children was 29.3%, while in public schools it was 7%. The sex specific proportion of overweight/obesity among male private and public school students was 26.9 and 5.6%, respectively, and the proportion of overweight/obesity among female private and public school students was 31.43 and 8.18%, respectively.
Factors associated with overweight/obesity among school aged children
The multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that fruit and vegetable intake, household wealth status, type of school, physical activity, mode of transportation, fast food intake were significantly associated with overweight/obesity.
Accordingly, the odds of being overweight/obese were 6.5 times higher in children who had low fruits and vegetables consumption [AOR = 6.45, 95% CI: 3.19, 13.06].
Similarly, the higher likelihood of being overweight/obese was found among children who belonged to the higher household wealth tertile compared to children from the lower tertile [AOR = 3.14, 95% CI: 1.17, 8.46].
The higher odds of overweight/obesity were noted among children attending private schools compared to public school students [AOR = 2.21, 95% CI: 1.09, 4.49]. Likewise, increased odds of overweight/obesity was observed among children who used transportation to and from school [AOR = 2.53, 95% CI: 1.26, 5.06] as well as those who did not perform moderate physical activity [AOR=, 2.87, 95% CI 1.21, 6.82]. The odds of being overweight/obesity were higher among children who had taken fast food compared to those children who didn’t take fast food [AOR = 3.88, 95% CI 1.42, 10.55] (Table 5).
Table 5
Factors associated with overweight/obesity among school children in Bahir Dar City North West Ethiopia, 2016, multivariable analysis (n = 616)
Variables
Overweight or obesity
COR (95% CI)
AOR (95% CI)
Yes
No
Maternal level of education
Secondary and above
54
263
3.93 (1.74,8.87)*
1.42 (0.53,3.83)
Primary
12
146
1.57 (0.60, 4.11)
1.24 (0.42,3.69)
No formal education
7
134
1.0
Husband/partner occupation
Private employed
31
290
1.44 (0.49,4.25)
1.05 (0.56,1.98)
Formally employed
38
199
2.58 (0.88,7.54)*
1.90 (0.52,6.89)
Daily laborer
4
54
1.00
Fruit and vegetable intake
Yes
11
336
1.00
No
62
207
9.15 (4.71,17.78)**
6.45 (3.19,13.06)**
Mode of transport
Walking/Bicycle
38
468
1.00
Transportation
35
75
5.75 (3.42,9.67)**
2.53 (1.26,5.06)*
Fast food intake
Yes
68
405
4.63 (1.83, 11.73)*
3.88 (1.42,10.55)*
No
5
138
1.00
Household wealth status
Low income
7
199
1.00
Middle income
17
186
2.60 (1.05,6.41)*
1.83 (0.66,5.06)
High income
49
158
8.82 (3.89,20.00)**
3.14 (1.17,8.46)*
Watching television
Do not watch TV
3
86
1.00
Watching For < 1 h
5
144
1.00 (0.23,4.27)
0.45 (0.10,2.11)
Watching For ≥1 h
65
313
5.95 (1.83,19.41)*
1.65 (0.45,6.10)
Type of school
Public
34
449
1.00
Private
39
94
5.48 (3.29,9.13)**
2.21 (1.09,4.49)*
Missing meal
Yes
38
230
1.48 (0.91, 2.41)
1.11 (0.61,2.01)
No
35
313
1.00
Performing Moderate physical activity
Yes
10
117
1.00
No
63
426
1.73 (0.86,3.48)
2.87 (1.21,6.82)*
Age of the child
Age < 10 years
39
250
0.74 (0.46,1.21)
1.22 (0.66,2.56)
Age ≥ 10 years
34
293
1.00
CI confidence interval, COR crude odds ratio, AOR adjusted odds ratio
*p-value < 0.05; **p-value< 0.001
Discussion
This study revealed that 11.9% of school aged children are overweight/obesity with [95% CI: 9.3, 14.4)]. This prevalence was consistent with the study done in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (12.7%) [15], and the study done in Sub-Saharan Africa countries (10.6%) [10]. The finding of this study was also in the range of the study reports from Kenya in which 14.4% school children were overweight [32] and different parts of India, according to which about 4.9–12% of children were overweight and obesity [33‐35].
This could be related to contextual similarities in change in dietary habit and lifestyle related to increased urbanization and nutrition transition. In addition, though there was a difference in age of the study participants between the current and the previous study settings, the similarity in the prevalence could be due to the fact that childhood overweight/obesity is one of the risk factors for adolescent overweight/obesity in low and middle income countries [16].
However, the prevalence of overweight/obesity was lower compared to the reports from other African countries, such as Dares Salaam, Tanzania (15%) [11], Nairobi, Kenya 19% [13],and Egypt (31.4%) [9]. The discrepancy might be due to the disparities in study population and dietary habit.
Children who were from high income families were more likely to be overweight/obese as compared to low income families’ children. This might be due to the fact that an increase in wealth status might shift high income families into nutrition transition by replacing traditional diet with energy dense diet and sedentary life style which are known risk factors of overweight/obesity [16].
Private school children’s’ were more likely to be overweight/obese as compared public school. This finding was supported by the findings of other studies that assessed children and adolescent’s overweight/obesity in Tanzania, Kenya, Puerto Rico and India [8, 12, 13, 19, 36]. This might be due to the fact that in Ethiopia the public schools are funded by the government, where as private schools charge considerably higher tuition fees. Given that, only parents who can afford the fees would choose to enroll their children in private schools. We know that in developing countries children from high income families are more likely to have nutrition transition and sedentary behavior.
The odds of being overweight/obesity were higher among children who had taken fast food compared to those children who didn’t take any fast food during the week. Similar findings were reported in Addis Ababa, London, and America [15, 20‐22]; this might be related to the higher energy content of most of the fast foods.
Our study also indicated that low fruit and vegetable intake was associated with higher risk of being overweight/obese. The finding was in agreement with the previous studies from Equatorial Guinea, London, Saudi Arabia [20, 22, 23]. This could be due to the fact that their bulk and low energy density of fruit and vegetable (with high amount of water and fiber) are believed to reduce energy dense food consumption and helps to easily attain satiety.
Children who used transportation to and from school were more likely to be overweight/obese than those who used to walk or to cycle to and from school. Similar findings are reported in Addis Ababa and Nigeria [15, 37]. It is known fact that the use of transportation leads to sedentary behaviour by decreasing energy expenditure. Children who had no moderate physical activities were more likely to become overweight/obese as compared to children who had performed moderate physical activities, which is supported by the previous studies [22, 37]. Physical activity determines number of calories that are spent or stored in the body as fat and maintains healthy weight status because of its potentially major impact on body composition, metabolism, and increasing energy expenditure.
Study limitation
Firstly, the study is not free from the pitfalls of cross sectional study design. Consequently, the result of the study didn’t show the temporal cause and effect relationship between the outcome and the independent variables. Recall bias may be the second limitation of the study mainly in measuring the child’s dietary habit and level of physical activity.
Conclusion
This study provided that Overweight/obesity among school aged children in Bahir Dar City is high. The result of an adjusted analysis showed that fruit and vegetable intake, household wealth status, type of school. Physical activity and mode of transportation were identified as the key determinants of overweight and obesity. Therefore, promoting a healthy life style such as improving fruit and vegetable intake and regular physical activity are essential. In addition, special attention needs to be given for children from high-income families and enrolled in private schools.
Acknowledgments
We thank the study participants for volunteering to participate in this study, Bahir Dar city Administration Educational office; the data collectors for performing field work, Bahir Dar University School of Nursing for material support. We also gratefully acknowledge the financial support of university of Gondar Institute of Public Health.
Funding
This study was funded by University of Gondar. The views presented in the article are of the author and not necessarily express the views of the funding organization. University of Gondar were not involved in the design of the study, data collection, analysis, and interpretation.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the University of Gondar. The supportive letter was obtained from Bahir Dar city administration educational office. Permission was obtained from each school director. During data collection, written informed consent was obtained from each child family after briefly explaining the purpose, risk, and benefit of the study. All the procedure and purpose were told to the child, and verbal assent was also obtained from each child before any data collection and Anthropometric measurements. Confidentiality of data was maintained by avoiding personal identifiers.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
