Background
Methods
Study subjects
Measurement of HSA
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics | Representative valuesa | |
Age (years) | 65.3 ± 9.2 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.2 ± 3.7 | |
Mean blood pressure (mmHg)b | 90.5 ± 13.5 | |
Triacylglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.96 (0.72–1.35) | |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.15 (2.56–3.62) | |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.55 (1.32–1.84) | |
Blood glucose (mmol/L) | 5.07 ± 0.85 | |
Max IMT (mm)c | 0.90 (0.75–1.20) | |
f(HMA) (%)d | 64.0 ± 6.8 | |
Frequency | % | |
Sex | ||
Male | 124 | 44.1 |
Smoking status | ||
Never | 151 | 53.7 |
Ever | 96 | 34.2 |
Current | 34 | 12.1 |
Alcohol consumption | ||
Never | 163 | 58.0 |
Ever | 13 | 4.6 |
Current | 105 | 37.4 |
Exercise habits | ||
Almost none | 146 | 52.0 |
1–2 h/week | 68 | 24.2 |
3–4 h/week | 32 | 11.4 |
≥ 5 h/week | 35 | 12.5 |
Medication for non-communicable diseases | ||
Cerebral stroke | 7 | 2.5 |
Hypertension | 91 | 32.4 |
Angina | 5 | 1.8 |
Diabetes | 24 | 8.6 |
Independent variables | Unadjusted model | Age- and sex-adjusted model | Fully adjusted model | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
βS (βU) [95% CI] | p value | βS (βU) [95% CIc] | p value | βS (βU) [95% CIc] | p value | ||
f(HMA)a | − 0.25 (− 0.018) [− 0.027, − 0.010] | < 0.01 | − 0.10 (− 0.007) [− 0.016, 0.001] | 0.09 | − 0.13 (− 0.010) [− 0.018, − 0.001] | 0.03 | |
Sex (male) | − 0.28 (− 0.277) [− 0.388, − 0.165] | < 0.01 | − 0.24 (− 0.230) [− 0.340, − 0.130] | < 0.01 | − 0.15 (− 0.151) [− 0.294, − 0.009] | 0.04 | |
Age | 0.42 (0.023) [0.017, 0.028] | < 0.01 | 0.35 (0.019) [0.012, 0.025] | < 0.01 | 0.32 (0.017) [0.010, 0.025] | < 0.01 | |
Body mass index | − 0.01 (− 0.002) [− 0.018, 0.014] | 0.84 | − 0.12 (− 0.016) [− 0.031, − 0.001] | 0.04 | |||
Mean blood pressureb | 0.26 (0.009) [0.005, 0.014] | < 0.01 | 0.13 (0.005) [0.000, 0.009] | 0.03 | |||
Blood glucose | 0.16 (0.005) [0.001, 0.009] | 0.01 | 0.07 (0.002) [− 0.002, 0.006] | 0.27 | |||
Triacylglycerides | 0.01 (0.000) [− 0.001, 0.001] | 0.82 | − 0.02 (0.000) [− 0.001, 0.001] | 0.68 | |||
HDL cholesterol | − 0.14 (− 0.005) [− 0.008, − 0.001] | 0.02 | − 0.02 (− 0.001) [− 0.005, 0.004] | 0.80 | |||
LDL cholesterol | 0.02 (0.000) [− 0.001, 0.002] | 0.72 | 0.11 (0.002) [0.000, 0.003] | 0.04 | |||
Smoking status | Ever | 0.09 (0.097) [− 0.029, 0.223] | 0.13 | 0.07 (0.075) [− 0.062, 0.211] | 0.28 | ||
Current | 0.00 (− 0.006) [− 0.189, 0.177] | 0.95 | 0.05 (0.074) [− 0.105, 0.253] | 0.42 | |||
Alcohol consumption | Ever | 0.14 (0.329) [0.054, 0.605] | 0.02 | 0.10 (0.235) [− 0.020, 0.490] | 0.07 | ||
Current | 0.11 (0.112) [− 0.007, 0.232] | 0.07 | 0.03 (0.026) [− 0.100, 0.152] | 0.69 | |||
Exercise habits | 1–2 h/week | 0.09 (0.098) [− 0.042, 0.239] | 0.17 | 0.07 (0.082) [− 0.047, 0.211] | 0.21 | ||
3–4 h/week | 0.07 (0.107) [− 0.080, 0.294] | 0.26 | 0.05 (0.072) [− 0.096, 0.240] | 0.40 | |||
≥ 5 h/week | 0.16 (0.238) [0.058, 0.419] | 0.01 | 0.08 (0.118) [− 0.051, 0.287] | 0.17 | |||
Medication for non-communicable diseases (present) | 0.17 (0.176) [0.058, 0.295] | < 0.01 | 0.04 (0.043) [− 0.080, 0.165] | 0.49 |
Independent variables | Unit | Unadjusted model | Age- and sex-adjusted model | Fully adjusted model | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | |||
f(HMA)a | % | 0.87 (0.80, 0.94) | < 0.01 | 0.92 (0.85, 1.01) | 0.07 | 0.89 (0.81, 0.97) | < 0.01 | |
Sex (male) | 0.85 (0.76, 0.95) | < 0.01 | 0.87 (0.78, 0.97) | < 0.01 | 0.91 (0.79, 1.06) | 0.23 | ||
Age | Year | 1.14 (1.08, 1.21) | < 0.01 | 1.10 (1.03, 1.17) | < 0.01 | 1.07 (0.99, 1.15) | 0.09 | |
Body mass index | kg/m2 | 1.00 (0.86, 1.16) | 0.98 | 0.88 (0.75, 1.04) | 0.13 | |||
Mean blood pressureb | mmHg | 1.05 (1.01, 1.09) | 0.02 | 1.01 (0.97, 1.06) | 0.58 | |||
Blood glucose | mmol/L | 2.60 (1.37, 4.91) | < 0.01 | 2.10 (1.06, 4.14) | 0.03 | |||
Triacylglycerides | mmol/L | 1.10 (0.56, 2.15) | 0.79 | 0.88 (0.44, 1.79) | 0.73 | |||
HDL cholesterol | mmol/L | 0.32 (0.08, 1.31) | 0.12 | 0.91 (0.18, 14.8) | 0.92 | |||
LDL cholesterol | mmol/L | 0.87 (0.45, 1.71) | 0.70 | 1.10 (0.56, 2.18) | 0.79 | |||
Smoking statusc | Ever | 1.09 (0.97, 1.23) | 0.15 | 1.03 (0.93, 1.19) | 0.67 | |||
Current | 0.94 (0.79, 1.12) | 0.48 | 0.96 (0.88, 1.16) | 0.70 | ||||
Alcohol consumptionc | Ever | 1.65 (1.27, 2.13) | < 0.01 | 1.59 (1.22, 2.07) | < 0.01 | |||
Current | 1.08 (0.96, 1.20) | 0.20 | 1.01 (0.89, 1.15) | 0.83 | ||||
Exercise habitsd | 1–2 h/week | 1.08 (0.95, 1.24) | 0.25 | 1.07 (0.93, 1.22) | 0.34 | |||
3–4 h/week | 1.07 (0.90, 1.28) | 0.44 | 1.04 (0.88, 1.24) | 0.62 | ||||
≥ 5 h/week | 1.17 (0.98, 1.39) | 0.08 | 1.10 (0.92, 1.30) | 0.30 | ||||
Medication for non-communicable diseases (present) | 1.14 (1.02, 1.28) | 0.02 | 1.02 (0.90, 1.16) | 0.73 |