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Erschienen in: Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 9/2016

13.06.2016 | Computertomografie | Leitthema

Mildes Schädel-Hirn-Trauma

Richtlinien für die Notfallambulanz

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. B. Simma, W. Stelzl, T. Schwerzler, B. Seidel, J. Lütschg

Erschienen in: Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde | Ausgabe 9/2016

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Zusammenfassung

Milde Schädel-Hirn-Traumen (SHT) sind von zunehmendem, auch öffentlichem Interesse, da sie trotz ihrer großen klinischen Bedeutung zu selten richtig diagnostiziert werden. Das Erkennen der Symptome und die adäquate Behandlung müssen verbessert werden, um weitere Schäden und neurologische Langzeitfolgen zu verhindern. In den Notfallambulanzen werden mehrere Algorithmen für die Aufnahme und Entlassung der Patienten sowie die Durchführung einer zerebralen Computertomographie (CT) befolgt. Diese Algorithmen nutzen verschiedene Risikofaktoren, um die Sensitivität der korrekt identifizierten Patienten zu berechnen (positiver Vorhersagewert). Ein zweites Trauma („second impact“), bevor das erste abgeheilt ist, kann schwerwiegende Folgen haben und muss verhindert werden. Repetitive SHT führen zu Hirnschäden (Dementia pugilistica, „punch-drunk syndrome“). Aktuelle Untersuchungen zeigen eine Verbindung zu neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen wie Demenz, M. Alzheimer und M. Parkinson durch den Nachweis von Amyloidablagerungen im Gehirn. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt einen Algorithmus zur Notwendigkeit einer CT-Untersuchung auf der Basis eines negativen Vorhersagemodells. Dieses zeigt korrekt das Fehlen einer Hirnblutung an, wenn bestimmte Symptome nicht vorhanden sind (negativer Vorhersagewert). Des Weiteren stellen wir die Rehabilitationsmaßnahmen nach einem milden SHT vor, über die Patienten, Eltern und Trainer von jungen Sportlern verpflichtend und schriftlich informiert werden müssen, um ein zweites Trauma zu verhindern: Aufklärung über „return to play“ und „return to school“.
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Metadaten
Titel
Mildes Schädel-Hirn-Trauma
Richtlinien für die Notfallambulanz
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. B. Simma
W. Stelzl
T. Schwerzler
B. Seidel
J. Lütschg
Publikationsdatum
13.06.2016
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde / Ausgabe 9/2016
Print ISSN: 0026-9298
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-0474
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00112-016-0110-2

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