Background
Methods
Ethics, consent and permissions
Study design and population
Measures
Demographic data
Pain
Disability
Physical activity
Time spent in screen based activities
Sleep
Statistical analysis
Results
N (%) | ||
---|---|---|
Gender (n = 969) | Male | 467(48.2) |
Female | 502(51.8) | |
Age (years) (n = 969) | 13–15 | 511(52.7) |
≥16 | 458(47.3) | |
Weight (Kg) (n = 969) | 57.3 ± 11.9 | |
Height (m) (n = 969) | 1.64 ± 0.11 | |
Scholar level (n = 969) | 7° grade | 212 (21.9) |
8° grade | 192 (19.8) | |
9° grade | 180 (18.6) | |
10° grade | 101 (10.4) | |
11° grade | 141 (14.6) | |
12° grade | 143 (14.8) | |
Sleeping hours (n = 969) | ≤6 h | 22 (2.3) |
[6;7] hours | 322 (33.2) | |
[8;9] hours | 576 (59.4) | |
≥10 h | 49 (5.1) | |
Disability (n = 652)a
| No disability | 281 (43.1) |
Difficulty with 1 activity | 241 (37.0) | |
Difficulty with 2 activities | 81 (12.4) | |
Difficulty with 3 activities | 35 (5.4) | |
Difficulty with 4 activities | 14 (2.1) | |
Difficulty with 5 activities | 0 (0) | |
Disability index ([1;5]; n = 371) | Mean ± SD | 1.5 ± 0.8 |
Number of pain sites (n = 652) | Pain in 1 body site | 284 (29.3) |
Pain in 2 body sites | 190 (19.6) | |
Pain in 3 body sites | 90 (9.3) | |
Pain in ≥ 4 body sites | 88 (9.1) | |
Number of pain sites ([1;9], n = 652)a
| Mean ± SD | 2.1 ± 1.3 |
Physical activity (n = 968) | Moderate (Yes) | 714 (73.7) |
Vigorous (Yes) | 575 (59.3) | |
Watching TV/DVDs (n = 969) | No | 52 (5.4) |
≤1 h | 404 (42.0) | |
[2;3] hours | 399 (41.5) | |
≥4 h | 107 (11.1) | |
Playing (n = 969) | No | 105 (10.9) |
≤1 h | 345 (35.9) | |
[2;3] hours | 313 (32.5) | |
≥4 h | 199 (20.7) | |
Using mobile phones (n = 969) | No | 113 (11.7) |
≤1 h | 361 (37.5) | |
[2;3] hours | 195 (20.3) | |
[4;5] hours | 105 (10.9) | |
≥5 h | 188 (19.5) | |
Using computers (n = 969) | No | 86 (8.9) |
≤1 h | 375 (39.0) | |
[2;3] hours | 311 (32.3) | |
≥4 h | 190 (19.8) |
Body site | Girls | Boys | Total | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
13–15 | ≥16 | Total | 13–15 | ≥16 | Total | |||
At least one body site | 188(51.2) | 179(48.8) | 367(73.1) | 142(49.8) | 143(50.2) | 285(61.0) | 652(67.3) | |
Neck | Pain | 56(51.4) | 53(48.6) | 109(21.7) | 28(49.1) | 29(50.9) | 57(12.2) | 166(17.1) |
Intensity | 3.8 ± 1.9 | 3.9 ± 1.7 | 3.9 ± 1.8** | 3.2 ± 1.8 | 3.0 ± 1.4 | 3.1 ± 1.6** | 3.6 ± 1.8 | |
Shoulder | Pain | 52(47.3) | 58(52.7) | 110(21.9) | 25(43.1) | 33(56.9) | 58(12.4) | 168(17.3) |
Intensity | 4.2 ± 2.0 | 4.3 ± 2.0 | 4.3 ± 2.0 | 4.2 ± 1.6 | 3.8 ± 1.5 | 4.0 ± 1.5 | 4.1 ± 1.8 | |
Elbow | Pain | 8(53.3) | 7(46.7) | 15(3.0) | 10(66.7) | 5(33.3) | 15(3.2) | 30(3.1) |
Intensity | 4.4 ± 2.4 | 5.3 ± 1.6 | 4.8 ± 2.1 | 3.2 ± 2.0 | 3.2 ± 3.0 | 3.2 ± 2.2 | 4.0 ± 2.3 | |
Wrist/hand | Pain | 50(58.8) | 35(41.2) | 85(16.9) | 24(42.9) | 32(57.1) | 56(12.0) | 141(14.6) |
Intensity | 4.4 ± 2.0* | 3.7 ± 2.2* | 4.2 ± 2.1 | 3.1 ± 1.7* | 4.0 ± 2.1* | 3.6 ± 1.9 | 3.9 ± 2.1 | |
Mid back | Pain | 39(48.8) | 41(51.3) | 80(15.9) | 24(50.0) | 24(50.0) | 48(10.3) | 128(13.2) |
Intensity | 4.8 ± 2.3 | 3.4 ± 1.5 | 4.1 ± 2.0 | 4.3 ± 2.1 | 3.5 ± 1.7 | 3.9 ± 1.9 | 4.0 ± 2.0 | |
Low back | Pain | 62(50.0) | 62(50.0) | 124(24.7) | 32(46.4) | 37(53.6) | 69(14.6) | 193(19.9) |
Intensity | 4.4 ± 2.1 | 4.7 ± 2.1 | 4.6 ± 2.1* | 4.1 ± 2.1 | 3.7 ± 1.9 | 3.9 ± 2.0* | 4.3 ± 2.1 | |
Hip | Pain | 33(53.2) | 29(46.8) | 62(12.4) | 23(45.1) | 28(54.9) | 51(10.9) | 113(11.7) |
Intensity | 4.3 ± 2.0 | 4.6 ± 1.8 | 4.4 ± 1.9*** | 3.4 ± 1.7 | 2.9 ± 1.1 | 3.1 ± 1.4*** | 3.8 ± 1.8 | |
Knee | Pain | 67(52.3) | 61(47.7) | 128(25.5) | 56(61.5) | 35(38.5) | 91(19.5) | 219(22.6) |
Intensity | 4.8 ± 2.5 | 4.5 ± 2.2 | 4.7 ± 2.4 | 4.0 ± 2.2 | 4.1 ± 1.9 | 4.0 ± 2.0 | 4.4 ± 2.3 | |
Ankle/foot | Pain | 45(47.9) | 49(52.1) | 94(18.7) | 47(52.2) | 43(47.8) | 90(19.3) | 184(19.0) |
Intensity | 4.5 ± 2.5 | 4.2 ± 2.0 | 4.3 ± 2.2 | 3.9 ± 2.6 | 3.9 ± 2.2 | 3.9 ± 2.4 | 4.1 ± 2.3 |
Pain and gender, age and BMI (univariable analysis)
Neck | Mid back | Low back | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariable | Multivariable | Univariable | Multivariable | Univariable | Multivariable | ||
OR; IC95% | OR; IC95% | OR; IC95% | OR; IC95% | OR; IC95% | OR; IC95% | ||
Gender | Female | 2.58; [1.75;3.81]** | 2.85; [1.90;4.27]** | 2.25; [1.47;3.43]** | 2.42; [1.52;3.86]** | 2.42; [1.68;3.50]** | 2.51; [1.68;3.78]** |
Age | ≥16 | 1.30; [0.89;1.89] | 1.37; [0.91;2.07] | 1.40; [0.98;2.01]* | 1.47; [0.99;2.19] | ||
Sleeping hours | ≤7 h | 1.98; [1.34;2.93]** | 2.05; [1.36;3.08]** | 2.16; [1.41;3.30]** | 2.11; [1.34;3.32]** | 1.64; [1.12;2.39]** | 1.37; [0.90;2.08] |
Physical activity | Moderate | 1.06;[1.02;1.12]** | 1.08;[1.03;1.13]** | 1.03;[0.98;1.09] | 1.05;[1.01;1.09]** | 1.04;[0.99;1.09] | |
Vigorous | 1.02;[0.98;1.06] | 1.05;[1.01;1.09]** | 1.06;[1.02;1.11]** | 1.03;[0.99;1.07]* | 1.03;[0.99;1.08] | ||
Using mobile phones | ≤1 h | 1.19;[0.62;2.29] | 1.08;[0.52;2.24] | 0.73;[0.34;1.57] | 1.25;[0.66;2.36] | 0.75;[0.37;1.52] | |
[2;3] hours | 1.20;[0.59;2.42] | 1.07;[0.48;2.36] | 0.73;[0.32;1.67] | 1.00;[0.50;2.03] | 0.55;[0.25;1.19] | ||
[4;5] hours | 1.83;[0.82;4.08] | 1.89;[0.79;4.54] | 1.06;[0.41;2.69] | 1.65;[0.74;3.65] | 0.86;[0.35;2.10] | ||
≥5 h | 1.92;[0.91;4.07] | 2.74;[1.23;6.07]** | 1.38;[0.58;3.26] | 3.20;[1.58;6.45]** | 1.45;[0.64;3.25] | ||
Using computers | ≤1 h | 1.59;[0.74;3.44] | 0.97;[0.46;2.03] | 2.34;[1.06;5.14]** | 2.43;[1.03;5.75]** | ||
[2;3] hours | 2.13;[0.98;4.61] | 1.20;[0.57;2.55] | 2.33;[1.05;5.19]** | 2.43;[1.04;6.01]** | |||
≥4 h | 2.16;[0.95;4.93] | 1.54;[0.70;3.42] | 3.02;[1.31;6.97]** | 2.14;[0.86;5.58] |
Shoulders | Wrists | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariable | Multivariable | Univariable | Multivariable | ||
OR; IC95% | OR; IC95% | OR; IC95% | OR; IC95% | ||
Gender | Female | 2.56; [1.73;3.77]** | 2.97; [1.94;4.54]** | 2.05; [1.37;3.07]** | 2.13; [1.38;3.27]** |
Age | ≥16 | 1.57; [1.08;2.29]** | 1.77; [1.17;2.69]** | 1.21; [0.81;1.80] | |
Sleeping hours | ≤7 h | 1.48; [0.99;2.10]* | 1.32; [0.85;2.06] | 1.87; [1.24;2.83]** | 1.79; [1.15;2.77]** |
Physical activity | Moderate | 1.06;[1.01;1.10]** | 1.06;[1.01;1.11]** | 1.09;[1.03;1.14]** | 1.08;[1.03;1.14]** |
Vigorous | 1.04;[1.01;1.09]** | 1.00;[1.00;1.01] | 1.01;[0.97;1.06] | ||
Using mobile phones | ≤1 h | 0.91;[0.49;1.69] | 0.66;[0.34;1.27] | 1.36;[0.66;2.79] | 1.14;[0.54;2.41] |
[2;3] hours | 0.69;[0.35;1.39] | 0.47;[0.22;0.99] | 1.29;[0.59;2.80] | 0.97;[0.43;2.19] | |
[4;5] hours | 1.47;[0.68;3.16] | 0.76;[0.33;1.77] | 1.89;[0.79;4.54] | 1.31;[0.52;3.30] | |
≥5 h | 2.00;[1.00;4.01]* | 1.11;[0.52;2.35] | 2.56;[1.15;5.72]** | 1.57;[0.67;3.68] |
Hips | Knees | Ankles/Feet | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Uni | Multi | Uni | Multi | Uni | Multi | ||
OR; IC95% | OR; IC95% | OR; IC95% | OR; IC95% | OR; IC95% | OR; IC95% | ||
Gender | Female | 1.64; [1.06;2.53]** | 1.61; [1.01;2.57]** | 1.90; [1.34;2.69]** | 1.99; [1.36;2.93]** | 1.41; [0.98;2.03]* | 1.55; [1.04;2.32]** |
Sleeping hours | ≤7 h | 1.55; [0.99;2.43]* | 1.36; [0.84;2.21] | 1.79; [1.25;2.58]** | 1.76; [1.20;2.58]** | 1.90; [1.30;2.78]** | 1.88; [1.26;2.80]** |
Physical activity | Moderate | 1.06;[1.01;1.11]** | 1.06;[1.01;1.11]** | 1.04;[1.01;1.09]** | 1.03;[0.99;1.08] | 1.08;[1.03;1.13]** | 1.06;[1.01;1.11]** |
Vigorous | 1.03;[0.99;1.09] | 1.07;[1.03;1.11]** | 1.08;[1.03;1.13]** | 1.05;[1.01;1.10]** | 1.05;[1.01;1.10]** | ||
Using mobile phones | ≤1 h | 0.82;[0.38;1.74] | 0.79;[0.36;1.74] | 1.01;[0.55;1.84] | 0.89;[0.48;1.67] | 0.91;[0.50;1.66] | 0.84;[0.45;1.58] |
[2;3] hours | 1.02;[0.46;2.27] | 0.91;[0.39;2.10] | 1.12;[0.59;2.13] | 0.87;[0.44;1.70] | 0.85;[0.44;1.64] | 0.73;[0.36;1.46] | |
[4;5] hours | 1.67;[0.68;4.08] | 1.42;[0.55;3.64] | 1.84;[0.88;3.84] | 1.26;[0.58;2.74] | 1.09;[0.50;2.39] | 0.80;[0.34;1.84] | |
≥5 h | 2.56;[1.15;5.72]** | 1.97;[0.83;4.66] | 2.69;[1.38;5.24]** | 1.75;[0.86;3.56] | 1.96;[0.99;3.86]* | 1.38;[0.66;2.88] |
Pain and physical activity (univariable analysis)
Pain and screen time (univariable analysis)
Pain and sleep (univariable analysis)
Pain in the last 7-days and gender, age, BMI, PA, screen time and sleep (multivariable binary logistic regression analysis)
Pain intensity in the last 7-days and demographic variables, BMI, number of pain sites, PA, screen time and sleep (multivariable linear regression analysis)
Pain associated disability in the last 7 days and demographic variables, BMI, number of pain sites, PA, screen time and sleep (linear regression analysis)
Discussion
Pain presence
Body site | Sex | Age | BMI | Sleep | Mod PA | Vig PA | TV/DVD | Playing | Phones | Computers | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7D | 3 M | 7D | 3 M | 7D | 3 M | 7D | 3 M | 7D | 3 M | 7D | 3 M | 7D | 3 M | 7D | 3 M | 7D | 3 M | 7D | 3 M | |
Neck | x | x | 0 | x | x | x | x | 0 | ||||||||||||
Mid back | x | 0 | x | x | x | x | x | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
Low back | x | x | x | 0 | x | 0 | x | x | 0 | x | 0 | |||||||||
Shoulder | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | 0 | x | 0 | ||||||||||
Elbow | 0 | x | x | |||||||||||||||||
Wrist | x | x | 0 | x | 0 | x | x | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||
Hip | x | x | x | 0 | x | x | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||
Knees | x | x | x | x | 0 | x | x | x | x | 0 | ||||||||||
Ankle | x | 0 | 0 | x | 0 | x | x | x | x | 0 | 0 |