Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery 1/2019

Open Access 07.02.2019 | Original Article

Parathyroidectomy versus cinacalcet for tertiary hyperparathyroidism; a retrospective analysis

verfasst von: R. R. Dulfer, E. Y. Koh, W. Y. van der Plas, A. F. Engelsman, E. J. M. Nieveen van Dijkum, R. A. Pol, L. Vogt, M. H. de Borst, S. Kruijff, A. Schepers, N. M. Appelman-Dijkstra, J. I. Rotmans, D. A. Hesselink, C. H. J. van Eijck, E. J. Hoorn, T. M. van Ginhoven, on behalf of the Dutch Hyperparathyroid Study Group

Erschienen in: Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery | Ausgabe 1/2019

Abstract

Introduction

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism (tHPT), i.e., persistent HPT after kidney transplantation, affects 17–50% of transplant recipients. Treatment of tHPT is mandatory since persistently elevated PTH concentrations after KTx increase the risk of renal allograft dysfunction and osteoporosis. The introduction of cinacalcet in 2004 seemed to offer a medical treatment alternative to parathyroidectomy (PTx). However, the optimal management of tHPT remains unclear.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed on patients receiving a kidney transplantation (KT) in two academic centers in the Netherlands. Thirty patients undergoing PTx within 3 years of transplantation and 64 patients treated with cinacalcet 1 year after transplantation for tHPT were included. Primary outcomes were serum calcium and PTH concentrations 1 year after KT and after PTx.

Results

Serum calcium normalized in both the cinacalcet and the PTx patients. PTH concentrations remained above the upper limit of normal (median 22.0 pmol/L) 1 year after KT, but returned to within the normal range in the PTx group (median 3.7 pmol/L). Side effects of cinacalcet were difficult to assess; minor complications occurred in three patients. Re-exploration due to persistent tHPT was performed in three (10%) patients.

Conclusion

In patients with tHPT, cinacalcet normalizes serum calcium, but does not lead to a normalization of serum PTH concentrations. In contrast, PTx leads to a normalization of both serum calcium and PTH concentrations. These findings suggest that PTx is the treatment of choice for tHPT.
Hinweise

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Introduction

Hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is a state of overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) due to over activity of one or more of the parathyroid glands [1]. Secondary HPT (sHPT) frequently complicates chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD causes phosphate retention, hypovitaminosis D [1,25-(OH)2-D], and hypocalcemia, leading to stimulation of the parathyroid glands and increased PTH production. Secondary HPT occurs in 25–30% of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and is associated with severe bone mineral disease [2]. Importantly, sHPT is also associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity [2] and mortality [3, 4]. The first line of treatment of sHPT used to consist of calcium and vitamin D supplementation followed by either medical therapy using calcimimetics [5] or surgical treatment by parathyroidectomy (PTx) [6]. For dialysis patients requiring PTH-lowering therapy, the current recommendation is to treat with calcimimetics, calcitriol or vitamin D analogs, or a combination of these therapies [7].
Secondary HPT can be corrected by a successful kidney transplantation (KT) [8]. Nevertheless, 17–50% of patients who receive a kidney transplant remain in a state of HPT 1 year after KT [911]. This is referred to as tertiary or post-renal transplantation HPT (tHPT), which is characterized by excessive and autonomous production and excretion of PTH [8, 12]. In general, the PTH concentration rapidly declines within the first 3 months after KT and then continues to decline more gradually over the course of the next 9 months. One year after transplantation, PTH concentrations are unlikely to decline further [911].
As tHPT increases the risk of renal allograft dysfunction and renal allograft loss [13, 14], osteoporosis [15], and bone fractures [16], adequate management is essential. Introduced in 2004, the calcimimetic drug cinacalcet (Mimpara®, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA) is frequently used for the treatment of ESRD-related HPT [17, 18]. Cinacalcet suppresses the production of PTH by increasing the sensitivity of the calcium-sensing receptor of the parathyroid gland to calcium [19]. The United States Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency have approved cinacalcet for the treatment of secondary but not tertiary HPT. This is despite a number of small non-randomized studies demonstrating the safety of cinacalcet in tHPT, with gastrointestinal intolerance being the most common side effect [20].
Before the introduction of cinacalcet, the only treatment option for patients with tHPT was parathyroidectomy (PTx) [21]. This surgical procedure involves either subtotal or total PTx (with or without auto-transplantation), which are both effective and safe procedures [22, 23]. In sHPT, PTx was even associated with a lower risk of major cardiovascular events after surgery [24].
The effect of cinacalcet on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality has recently been studied in the EVOLVE trial [25]. This study in dialysis patients demonstrated that treatment with cinacalcet, despite lowering serum calcium in a sufficient way, does not reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events or death. In an additional meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, cinacalcet did not improve overall survival of dialysis patients [26]. Consequently, the Australian Government stopped the reimbursement of cinacalcet (https://www.nps.org.au/radar/articles/sensipar-cinacalcet-pbs-listing-to-be-deleted#article).
The only randomized controlled trial comparing the effects of PTx and cinacalcet in the treatment of tHPT included 30 patients and concluded that 66% of patients treated with cinacalcet achieved normocalcemia compared with 100% after PTx [27]. As this is the only trial comparing these treatment modalities and having a small sample size, the optimal management strategy for tHPT remains unclear and additional studies including larger patient numbers are needed. In this study, the outcomes of treatment with PTx or cinacalcet for tHPT were compared in a larger cohort of patients derived from the data of two academic centers.

Methods

Study population

All patients who received a first KT at one of the two participating university medical centers between 1994 and 2015 and had a history of PTx or calcimimetic use, both before and after KT, were included. Their demographic and clinical data were stored in a central database. This study was approved by the institutional review boards of all participating centers.
Inclusion criteria for this study were a diagnosis of tHPT, age ≥ 18 years at the time of KT, and the availability of serum calcium and serum PTH concentrations after KT. Tertiary HPT was defined as the need for PTx within 3 years after KT or the (continuous) need of cinacalcet treatment at month 12 after KT. Patients with previous parathyroid surgery were excluded. Two groups were identified. Group 1 (cinacalcet group) consisted of patients who received treatment with cinacalcet at month 12 after their first KT without a history of PTx. Group 2 (PTx group) consisted of patients who underwent a PTx within 3 years of their first KT. Outcomes of the PTx group in the first year after KT are presented for patients who had not undergone PTx at the set time points.
The primary outcomes were serum calcium and PTH concentration 1 year after KT and 1 year after PTx. Secondary outcomes were the use of co-medication (calcium supplementation, vitamin D supplementation, cinacalcet) after KT and PTx and complications after KT and PTx.

Data collection

Electronic patient files were reviewed for patient data. Baseline characteristics were gender, age, primary kidney disease, type and duration of dialysis, medication use, and relevant co-morbidity (e.g., diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease).
KT data included donor type and age, ischemia times, post-operative complications graded by the Clavien-Dindo scale [28], delayed graft function (defined as the need for dialysis in first week after KT), primary non-function, biochemical parameters until 5 years after KT (calcium, phosphate, albumin, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, and PTH), and medication use after KT (calcium or vitamin D supplementation, phosphate binders, and calcimimetics). Data on the use of diuretics were not systematically collected.
PTx data included type of the surgical procedure (total or subtotal), complication rate, imaging before PTx, laboratory data before PTx until 5 years after PTx (calcium, phosphate, albumin, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase and PTH), and medication use after PTx (calcium or vitamin D supplementation, phosphate binders, and calcimimetics). The decision to perform a total or subtotal parathyroidectomy was at the surgeons’ discretion. There was no routine use of neuromonitoring and no routine post-operative laryngoscopy.
Serum calcium concentrations were adjusted for albumin according to the following formula: adjusted total calcium (mmol/L) = measured calcium (mmol/l) + (0.025 × (40 − [albumin (g/L)])). The reference value for calcium was 2.20–2.60 mmol/L. The reference value for PTH was 1.4–7.3 pmol/L. PTH values were measured with the Vitros ECi assay (Ortho Diagnostics) and with the Roche Cobas assay (Roche). The reference values for creatinine were 65–115 μmol/L for male patients and 55–90 μmol/L for female patients. Persistent post-operative hypocalcemia was defined as the need for calcium supplementation 6 months after PTx.

Statistical analysis

Distribution was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality. Continuous variables are presented as median with interquartile range (IQR), and categorical variables were described as count (n) and percentage (%). Differences between the two groups were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables and the Pearson chi-square or Fisher’s exact test for nominal variables. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the differences between time points. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 21 software (IBM Corp., Chicago, IL, USA).

Results

Study population

A total of 277 patients were included in our database. A total of 94 patients (33.9%) were included in this study based on the abovementioned inclusion and exclusion criteria. Thirty patients were included in the PTx group whereas 64 patients were included in the cinacalcet group. A flowchart of patient selection is depicted in Fig. 1.

Baseline characteristics

Patient characteristics at the time of KT are listed in Table 1. Median age of all patients at time of KT was 56.0 years (45.8–62.0). The median age of PTx patients at time of KT was lower (52.5 years (35.8–57.3)) compared with that of patients using calcimimetics (59.0 years (50.0–64.0), p = 0.034). The median duration of dialysis before KT was 42.5 months (21.0–63.0); 43.6% of patients were female and 25.5% of patients had a history of diabetes mellitus. At the time of KT, 81.3% of patients received phosphate binders, 66.0% received vitamin D supplements, 23.3% received calcium supplementation, and 45.7% received calcimimetics. Of all KT, 55.3% was performed with a deceased donor kidney. Delayed graft function occurred in 27.7% of patients. Cold and warm ischemia times were significantly longer in the PTx group (23 versus 15 h, p = 0.023, and 29 versus 23.5 min, p = 0.048, respectively).
Table 1
Baseline characteristics
 
Cinacalcet group
PTx group
p value
Characteristic
 No. of patients
64
30
 
 Age at start dialysis (years)
53.5 (45.3–61.8)
49.5 (32.8–55.8)
0.034
 Sex (female)
27 (42.2)
14 (46.7)
NS
 Charlson score
3 (2–5)
3 (2–4)
NS
 Dialysis type
NS
  - No dialysis
12 (18.8)
2 (6.7)
 
  - Peritoneal dialysis
19 (29.7)
11 (36.7)
 
  - Hemodialysis shunt
29 (45.3)
15 (50.0)
 
  - Hemodialysis line
4 (6.3)
2 (6.7)
 
 Duration of dialysis (months)
42.5 (21.3–67.5)
42.5 (18–54.8)
NS
 History of diabetes
15 (23.4)
9 (30.0)
NS
 Use of medication before KT
 
  - Vitamin D
47 (74.6)
15 (53.6)
NS
  - Phosphate binders
52 (82.5)
22 (78.6)
NS
  - Calcium suppletion
12 (19)
9 (32.1)
NS
  - Cinacalcet
38 (60.3)
5 (17.2)
< 0.001
Transplant characteristics
 
 Age at transplantation (years)
59.0 (50.0–64.0)
52.5 (35.8–57.3)
0.034
 Donor type
NS
  - DCD
17 (26.6)
8 (26.7)
 
  - DBD
18 (28.1)
9 (30.0)
 
  - LR
13 (20.3)
6 (20.0)
 
  - LUR
16 (25.0)
7 (23.3)
 
 Complications
NS
  - Grade 2
16 (25.0)
9 (30.0)
 
  - Grade 3
6 (9.4)
6 (20)
 
 Delayed graft function
19 (29.7)
7 (23.3)
NS
 Primary non-function
0 (0)
2 (6.7)
NS
 Cold ischemia time (h)
15 (12–19.8)
21 (16–24)
0.023
 Warm ischemia time (min)
23.5 (18–32)
29 (22–35)
0.048
Data are expressed as median (interquartile range) or n (%)
PTx parathyroidectomy

Outcomes after kidney transplantation

Pre- and post-KT laboratory values are listed in Table 2. Serum calcium concentrations were higher in the PTx group preoperatively (2.51 versus 2.42 mmol/L). There was a significant increase in serum calcium concentrations at 3 months after transplantation in both groups (cinacalcet group: p = 0.002; PTx group: p = 0.001), but this did not persist after 6 months in the cinacalcet group (p = 0.148). PTx patients not yet operated in the first post-transplant year remained hypercalcemic during the first post-transplant year. Calcium concentrations in the PTx group were higher at all time points, with a median calcium of 2.76 mmol/L 1 year after transplantation.
Table 2
KT outcomes
 
Group 1 (cinacalcet)
Group 2 (PTx)
p value
Number at risk PTx
N
64
30
  
Corrected calcium (mmol/L)
 Pretransplantation
2.42 (2.23–2.54)
2.51 (2.33–2.69)
0.030
30
 3 months
2.50 (2.36–2.63)
2.84 (2.64–2.90)
< 0.001
30
 6 months
2.44 (2.34–2.59)
2.79 (2.65–2.85)
< 0.001
25
 1 year
2.40 (2.23–2.49)
2.76 (2.56–2.90)
< 0.001
18
PTH (pmol/L)
 Pretransplantation
54.4 (29.7–91.0)
90.0 (61.4–156.4)
0.013
30
 3 months
22.7 (14.0–32.7)
34.3 (25.3–80.3)
0.007
30
 6 months
18.2 (14.0–27.9)
26.3 (16.3–55.1)
0.056
25
 1 year
22.0 (13.7–33.1)
29.8 (15.3–57.1)
NS
18
Creatinine (μmol/L)
 3 months
119 (103–163)
126 (112–179)
NS
30
 6 months
125 (100–164)
118 (100–142)
NS
25
 1 year
122 (101–161)
127 (102–173)
NS
18
Use of vitamin D
 Pretransplantation
47 (74.6)
15 (53.6)
NS
30
 3 months
15 (26.8)
3 (10.3)
NS
30
 6 months
9 (15.8)
2 (8.3)
NS
25
 1 year
9 (14.1)
2 (11.1)
NS
18
Use of cinacalcet
 Pretransplantation
38 (60.3)
5 (17.2)
< 0.001
30
 3 months
38 (67.9)
2 (6.9)
< 0.001
30
 6 months
50 (87.7)
3 (12.5)
< 0.001
25
 1 year
64 (100)
3 (17.6)
< 0.001
18
Data are expressed as median (interquartile range) or n (%)
PTx parathyroidectomy
Median PTH concentrations were significantly higher in the PTx group before KT (90.0 versus 54.4 pmol/L, p = 0.013) and 3 months after transplantation (34.3 versus 22.7 pmol/L, p = 0.007). Both groups showed a decline in serum PTH concentrations after kidney transplantation. In the PTx group, this decline was statistically significant at 6 months after transplantation (p = 0.012) but not observed at 1 year post KT. In the cinacalcet group, PTH concentrations declined significantly after KT at all time points (p < 0.001 at all time points). In the PTx group, 10.3% of patients used cinacalcet 1 year after transplantation. In total, 34.5% of patients in the PTx group used vitamin D analogs 1 year after transplantation, whereas 14.1% of patients in the cinacalcet group used vitamin D analogs.

Parathyroidectomy

The characteristics of the patients who underwent PTx are listed in Table 3. Median age at the time of PTx was 54.5 years; 66.7% of patients were classified as ASA III. Twelve patients (40%) underwent a PTx in the first year, and 18 underwent (60%) PTx in the second or third year after KT. Subtotal parathyroidectomy was performed in 83.3% of patients. Re-exploration due to persistent tHPT was performed in three (10%) patients. Initial operation was subtotal PTx in two patients and a less than subtotal PTx in one patient. Two patients required a second operation within the first post-operative month and one 10 months after initial surgery due to persistent HPT. There were no post-operative hematomas requiring re-exploration, no recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries, and no post-operative cardiovascular events, and there was no post-operative mortality. Post-operative hypocalcemia was apparent in 40% of patients.
Table 3
PTx characteristics
Characteristic
PTx group
Age at parathyroidectomy (years)
54.5 (36.8–59.3)
ASA classification
 II
10 (33.3)
 III
20 (66.7)
Preoperative imaging
 No imaging
18 (62.1)
 Ultrasound
4 (13.8)
 MIBI scan
3 (10.3)
 Ultrasound and MIBI scan
4 (13.8)
Type of PTx
 Total parathyroidectomy
3 (10.0)
 Subtotal parathyroidectomy
25 (83.3)
 Other
2 (6.7)
Complications
 Post-operative hypocalcemia
12 (40)
 Recurrent laryngeal nerve damage
0 (0)
 Surgical site infection
1 (3.3)
 Pneumonia
1 (3.3)
 ICU admission
1 (3.3)
 Mortality
0 (0)
 Re-exploration
3 (10)
 Weight of parathyroid glands (g)
1.9 (1.2–3.0)
Data are expressed as median (interquartile range) or n (%)
PTx parathyroidectomy
Laboratory values before and after PTx are listed in Table 4. Serum calcium concentrations declined significantly after PTx; no patients were hypercalcemic 1 year after PTx. PTH concentrations declined significantly after PTx and were in the reference range. Vitamin D analogs were used in 42.9% of patients 1 year after PTx. One patient used cinacalcet (3.6%) after PTx. A total of 40% of patients used calcium supplementation 6 months after surgery.
Table 4
PTx outcomes
 
PTx group
p value^
Corrected calcium (mmol/L)
 Preoperative
2.76 (2.62–3.04)
 
 3 months
2.30 (2.23–2.43)
< 0.001
 6 months
2.31 (2.16–2.37)
< 0.001
 1 year
2.34 (2.14–2.41)
< 0.001
PTH (pmol/L)
 Preoperative
35.5 (20.3–62.8)
 
 3 months
9.0 (4.7–20.8)
0.001
 6 months
9.5 (3.3–22.6)
0.009
 1 year
3.7 (1.2–9.3)
0.012
Creatinine (μmol/L)
 Preoperative
122 (104–173)
NS
 3 months
141 (107–177)
0.015
 6 months
147 (121–214)
NS
 1 year
140 (107–214)
NS
Use of vitamin D
 3 months
14 (50.0)
 
 6 months
15 (53.6)
 
 1 year
12 (42.9)
 
Use of cinacalcet
 3 months
1 (3.6)
 
 6 months
1 (3.6)
 
 1 year
1 (3.6)
 
Data are expressed as median (interquartile range) or n (%)
PTx parathyroidectomy
^p value: compared with preoperative measurements

Discussion

This study describes a cohort of patients treated for tHPT, either by PTx or by cinacalcet. After PTx, patients were normocalcemic and PTH concentrations normalized. Treatment with cinacalcet resulted in normocalcemia but not in normalization of PTH concentrations. After kidney transplantation, the PTH concentrations declined in both groups, but were higher in the group of patients that would still undergo PTx. Median PTH concentrations in both groups remained above the upper limit of normal (7.3 pmol/L) up to 12 months after transplantation. In the cinacalcet group, the serum calcium concentrations remained normal, whereas patients who would undergo PTx became hypercalcemic. After parathyroidectomy, both serum calcium concentrations and PTH concentrations were in the normal range. No differences in renal transplant function were observed, despite significantly longer ischemia times in the PTx group.
These findings raise questions about the efficacy of off-label use of cinacalcet in the treatment of tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Adequate control of PTH in the post-transplant period is paramount given the increased risk of allograft dysfunction, allograft loss 13, 14, all-cause mortality 30, fractures, and osteoporosis [15, 16]. These reservations concerning the treatment of tHPT with cinacalcet are also supported by a study of Cruzado and colleagues [27]. In this study, patients with tHPT were randomized between PTx and cinacalcet therapies. The primary outcome was achievement of normocalcemia after 1 year. In patients with a PTx, 100% achieved normocalcemia, in comparison with 67% of patients after treatment with cinacalcet.
Patients with ESRD are fragile as shown from high ASA scores, and it is therefore understandable that there is some reluctance to refer patients for surgical treatment [29]. Still, in this study, surgical complications after PTx were rare. Cardiovascular events did not occur and only one patient developed pneumonia. There were no clinical recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries, although only patients with dysphonia underwent laryngoscopy. This is comparable with the results of another large Dutch study [30]. The rate of post-operative hypocalcemia in this study was 40% at 6 months. This was higher than expected in view of results from older studies [31, 32]. However, patients in our PTx group were mainly hypercalcemic patients, who more frequently have hungry bone syndrome and require longer calcium supplementation. Post-operative increase in serum creatinine levels was seen at 3 months after PTx. At 12 months, there were no statistical differences compared with baseline value. A temporary decline in graft function is seen often after PTx; however, it does not influence graft survival [33]. Overall, PTx is a safe procedure, even in this fragile population [22, 30, 32, 34].
In our study, both total and subtotal parathyroidectomies were performed, which are both safe and effective procedures [23]. A randomized controlled trial comparing these procedures in sHPT found similar results for both techniques with a slightly higher rate of recurrence after subtotal parathyroidectomy [31]. Such a study has not been performed for tHPT [35]. However, favorable results have been reported concerning subtotal parathyroidectomy for tHPT, albeit not in an RCT [22, 27]. Considering that the underlying metabolic disorders responsible for the occurrence of HPT have been corrected after successful transplantation, we prefer subtotal parathyroidectomy. This procedure is associated with a lower risk of post-operative hypocalcemia and persistent hypoparathyroidism while recurrences are unlikely due to the metabolic changes.
This study was not designed to evaluate cost-effectiveness and therefore we cannot report on this. To date, no studies evaluating cost-effectiveness in tertiary HPT have been published. However, for sHPT, it was demonstrated that uncontrolled HPT increases the economic burden due to higher medication and hospitalization costs [36], and PTx is more cost-effective than treatment with cinacalcet after 15 months of treatment [37]. Considering the increasing survival of kidney transplant patients, one could assume PTx to be even more cost-effective in patients with tHPT, especially when considering that in dialysis patients, the cinacalcet costs for one QALY exceed $ 100,000 [38].
Some limitations of this study should be addressed. First, the retrospective design makes this study susceptible to bias as demonstrated by the difference at baseline between our groups. There is no clear guideline on indications for PTx, so indications may differ between participating centers. The PTx group was younger and had higher PTH levels at baseline. But though the baseline PTH levels were higher in the PTx group, the effect was more profound compared with that in the cinacalcet group.
Second, in the Netherlands, KT patients are followed in the transplant center in the first year after transplantation. If uneventful, follow-up will then be performed at the referring hospital, with only annual follow-up at the transplant center. Thus, some outcome data after the first post-transplant year was incomplete. Only the short-term outcomes of the first post-transplant year have therefore been reported.
Third, outcomes in this study are primarily of biochemical nature. Comparison of clinical outcome parameters (e.g., cardiovascular disease or bone mineral density values and fracture risks) was not possible due to lack of BMD measurements and lack of follow-up at our centers.
A minority of patients in our cohort received vitamin D supplementation, recommended in the KDIGO guideline CKD-MBD as a first-line treatment for HPT since 2003 [6]. However, our cohort encompasses over 20 years of treatment, including the years up to 2003. This is not applicable for the group of patients treated with cinacalcet, as cinacalcet was registered after the first KDIGO guideline. This undertreatment with vitamin D might have resulted in overtreatment with cinacalcet in the cinacalcet group. Vitamin D levels would have been important to consider, as vitamin D stimulates intestinal calcium reabsorption which, in turn, inhibits the release of PTH from the parathyroid through negative feedback to the calcium-sensing receptor. As a consequence, higher vitamin D levels would lead to higher calcium and suppressed PTH levels and vice versa. Unfortunately, vitamin D levels were not available for our study. However, the majority of patients (66.0%) used vitamin D supplements at baseline, and there was no significant difference in vitamin D supplement use among both groups. Moreover, the strong PTH decline in the PTX group seems independent of vitamin D supplement use, which remained more or less stable during the first year post-PTx (Table 4). Fourth, the higher percentage of patients that reached normocalcemia in the PTx group (100%), compared with the cinacalcet-treated group (67%), in combination with the stronger effect on PTH levels in the PTX group is unlikely to be explained by differences in vitamin D levels between both groups. Lastly, in the present study, side effects of cinacalcet were not reported. These outcomes are often not reported in patient charts, although reporting has been reliable in the EVOLVE trial. In this RCT, 46% of the subjects reported side effects and 18.1% of patients discontinued the treatment [25] In other studies with cinacalcet, the rate of side effects was unfortunately not reported [39, 40].
In conclusion, treatment with cinacalcet in patients with tHPT normalized serum calcium concentrations, but did not lead to normalization of PTH concentration. After parathyroidectomy, both calcium and PTH normalized in the PTx group. Due to the heterogeneity of the two study groups and the retrospective design of this study, definitive recommendations for daily practice cannot be made. Given the effects of high PTH concentrations on renal allograft survival, we favor PTx in all patients with tHPT. Future prospective randomized studies with long-term follow-up are needed to define the role of surgery in patients with tHPT considering clinical outcomes and economic benefits.

Acknowledgements

List of collaborators of the Dutch Hyperparathyroidism Study Group:
  • Roderick R. Dulfer MD, Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam
  • Ewout J. Hoorn MD PhD, Department of Nephrology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam
  • Dennis A. Hesselink, MD PhD, Department of Nephrology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam
  • Casper H.J. van Eijck, MD PhD, Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam
  • Tessa van Ginhoven MD PhD, Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam
  • Willemijn Y. van der Plas BS, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen
  • Philip von Forstner BS, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen
  • Robert A. Pol MD PhD, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen
  • Schelto Kruijf MD PhD, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen
  • Martin H. de Borst MD PhD, Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen
  • Ezra Y. Koh MD, Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam
  • Liffert Vogt MD PhD, Department of Nephrology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam
  • Els J.M. Nieveen van Dijkum MD PhD, Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam
  • Anton F. Engelsman MD PhD, Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam
  • Carlijn Gispen MD, Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden
  • Abbey Schepers MD PhD, Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden
  • Joris I. Rotmans MD PhD, Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden
  • Natasha Appelman-Dijkstra MD PhD, Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden

Compliance with ethical standards

Ethical approval for this study from the medical ethical committee boards of all centers was retrieved. According to the decision of the medical ethical committees, no informed consent was required. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
OpenAccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Unsere Produktempfehlungen

Die Chirurgie

Print-Titel

Das Abo mit mehr Tiefe

Mit der Zeitschrift Die Chirurgie erhalten Sie zusätzlich Online-Zugriff auf weitere 43 chirurgische Fachzeitschriften, CME-Fortbildungen, Webinare, Vorbereitungskursen zur Facharztprüfung und die digitale Enzyklopädie e.Medpedia.

Bis 30. April 2024 bestellen und im ersten Jahr nur 199 € zahlen!

e.Med Interdisziplinär

Kombi-Abonnement

Für Ihren Erfolg in Klinik und Praxis - Die beste Hilfe in Ihrem Arbeitsalltag

Mit e.Med Interdisziplinär erhalten Sie Zugang zu allen CME-Fortbildungen und Fachzeitschriften auf SpringerMedizin.de.

© Springer Medizin

Bis 11. April 2024 bestellen und im ersten Jahr 50 % sparen!

Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Cunningham J, Locatelli F, Rodriguez M (2011) Secondary hyperparathyroidism: pathogenesis, disease progression, and therapeutic options. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6:913–921CrossRefPubMed Cunningham J, Locatelli F, Rodriguez M (2011) Secondary hyperparathyroidism: pathogenesis, disease progression, and therapeutic options. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6:913–921CrossRefPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Tentori FWM, Bieber BA, Karaboyas A, Li Y, Jacobson SH, Andreucci VE, Fukagawa M, Frimat L, Mendelssohn DC, Port FK, Pisoni RL, Robinson BM (2015) Recent changes in therapeutic approaches and association with outcomes among patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism on chronic hemodialysis: the DOPPS study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 10:98–109CrossRefPubMed Tentori FWM, Bieber BA, Karaboyas A, Li Y, Jacobson SH, Andreucci VE, Fukagawa M, Frimat L, Mendelssohn DC, Port FK, Pisoni RL, Robinson BM (2015) Recent changes in therapeutic approaches and association with outcomes among patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism on chronic hemodialysis: the DOPPS study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 10:98–109CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Block GA, Klassen PS, Lazarus JM, Ofsthun N, Lowrie EG, Chertow GM (2004) Mineral metabolism, mortality, and morbidity in maintenance hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:2208–2218CrossRefPubMed Block GA, Klassen PS, Lazarus JM, Ofsthun N, Lowrie EG, Chertow GM (2004) Mineral metabolism, mortality, and morbidity in maintenance hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:2208–2218CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Cozzolino M, Brancaccio D, Gallieni M, Galassi A, Slatopolsky E, Dusso A (2005) Pathogenesis of parathyroid hyperplasia in renal failure. J Nephrol 18:5–8PubMed Cozzolino M, Brancaccio D, Gallieni M, Galassi A, Slatopolsky E, Dusso A (2005) Pathogenesis of parathyroid hyperplasia in renal failure. J Nephrol 18:5–8PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Block GA, Martin KJ, de Francisco AL et al (2004) Cinacalcet for secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients receiving hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 350:1516–1525CrossRefPubMed Block GA, Martin KJ, de Francisco AL et al (2004) Cinacalcet for secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients receiving hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 350:1516–1525CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes CKDMBDWG (2009) KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int Suppl :S1–130 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes CKDMBDWG (2009) KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int Suppl :S1–130
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Ketteler M, Block GA, Evenepoel P, Fukagawa M, Herzog CA, McCann L, Moe SM, Shroff R, Tonelli MA, Toussaint ND, Vervloet MG, Leonard MB (2017) Executive summary of the 2017 KDIGO Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) guideline update: what’s changed and why it matters. Kidney Int 92:26–36CrossRefPubMed Ketteler M, Block GA, Evenepoel P, Fukagawa M, Herzog CA, McCann L, Moe SM, Shroff R, Tonelli MA, Toussaint ND, Vervloet MG, Leonard MB (2017) Executive summary of the 2017 KDIGO Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) guideline update: what’s changed and why it matters. Kidney Int 92:26–36CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Evenepoel P (2013) Recovery versus persistence of disordered mineral metabolism in kidney transplant recipients. Semin Nephrol 33:191–203CrossRefPubMed Evenepoel P (2013) Recovery versus persistence of disordered mineral metabolism in kidney transplant recipients. Semin Nephrol 33:191–203CrossRefPubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Copley JB, Wuthrich RP (2011) Therapeutic management of post-kidney transplant hyperparathyroidism. Clin Transpl 25:24–39CrossRef Copley JB, Wuthrich RP (2011) Therapeutic management of post-kidney transplant hyperparathyroidism. Clin Transpl 25:24–39CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Evenepoel P, Claes K, Kuypers D, Maes B, Bammens B, Vanrenterghem Y (2004) Natural history of parathyroid function and calcium metabolism after kidney transplantation: a single-centre study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19:1281–1287CrossRefPubMed Evenepoel P, Claes K, Kuypers D, Maes B, Bammens B, Vanrenterghem Y (2004) Natural history of parathyroid function and calcium metabolism after kidney transplantation: a single-centre study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19:1281–1287CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Jeon HJ, Kim YJ, Kwon HY et al (2012) Impact of parathyroidectomy on allograft outcomes in kidney transplantation. Transpl Int (12):376–377 Jeon HJ, Kim YJ, Kwon HY et al (2012) Impact of parathyroidectomy on allograft outcomes in kidney transplantation. Transpl Int (12):376–377
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Gioviale MC, Bellavia M, Damiano G, Lo Monte AI (2012) Post-transplantation tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Ann Transplant 17:111–119PubMed Gioviale MC, Bellavia M, Damiano G, Lo Monte AI (2012) Post-transplantation tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Ann Transplant 17:111–119PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Egbuna OI, Taylor JG, Bushinsky DA, Zand MS (2007) Elevated calcium phosphate product after renal transplantation is a risk factor for graft failure. Clin Transpl 21:558–566CrossRef Egbuna OI, Taylor JG, Bushinsky DA, Zand MS (2007) Elevated calcium phosphate product after renal transplantation is a risk factor for graft failure. Clin Transpl 21:558–566CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Ozdemir FN, Afsar B, Akgul A, Usluogullari C, Akcay A, Haberal M (2006) Persistent hypercalcemia is a significant risk factor for graft dysfunction in renal transplantation recipients. Transplant Proc 38:480–482CrossRefPubMed Ozdemir FN, Afsar B, Akgul A, Usluogullari C, Akcay A, Haberal M (2006) Persistent hypercalcemia is a significant risk factor for graft dysfunction in renal transplantation recipients. Transplant Proc 38:480–482CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Akaberi S, Lindergard B, Simonsen O, Nyberg G (2006) Impact of parathyroid hormone on bone density in long-term renal transplant patients with good graft function. Transplantation 82:749–752CrossRefPubMed Akaberi S, Lindergard B, Simonsen O, Nyberg G (2006) Impact of parathyroid hormone on bone density in long-term renal transplant patients with good graft function. Transplantation 82:749–752CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Perrin P, Caillard S, Javier RM, Braun L, Heibel F, Borni-Duval C, Muller C, Olagne J, Moulin B (2013) Persistent hyperparathyroidism is a major risk factor for fractures in the five years after kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 13:2653–2663CrossRefPubMed Perrin P, Caillard S, Javier RM, Braun L, Heibel F, Borni-Duval C, Muller C, Olagne J, Moulin B (2013) Persistent hyperparathyroidism is a major risk factor for fractures in the five years after kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 13:2653–2663CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Wuthrich RP, Martin D, Bilezikian JP (2007) The role of calcimimetics in the treatment of hyperparathyroidism. Eur J Clin Investig 37:915–922CrossRef Wuthrich RP, Martin D, Bilezikian JP (2007) The role of calcimimetics in the treatment of hyperparathyroidism. Eur J Clin Investig 37:915–922CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Aalten J, Wetzels JF, Hoitsma AJ (2010) Continuation of cinacalcet immediately after renal transplantation: a prospective cohort study. Clin Nephrol 74:433–439CrossRefPubMed Aalten J, Wetzels JF, Hoitsma AJ (2010) Continuation of cinacalcet immediately after renal transplantation: a prospective cohort study. Clin Nephrol 74:433–439CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown EM (2010) Clinical utility of calcimimetics targeting the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). Biochem Pharmacol 80:297–307CrossRefPubMed Brown EM (2010) Clinical utility of calcimimetics targeting the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). Biochem Pharmacol 80:297–307CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen JB, Gordon CE, Balk EM, Francis JM (2012) Cinacalcet for the treatment of hyperparathyroidism in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transplantation 94:1041–1048CrossRefPubMed Cohen JB, Gordon CE, Balk EM, Francis JM (2012) Cinacalcet for the treatment of hyperparathyroidism in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transplantation 94:1041–1048CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Eknoyan G, Levin A, Levin NW (2003) Bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 42:1–201CrossRef Eknoyan G, Levin A, Levin NW (2003) Bone metabolism and disease in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 42:1–201CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Evenepoel P, Claes K, Kuypers DR, Debruyne F, Vanrenterghem Y (2007) Parathyroidectomy after successful kidney transplantation: a single centre study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22:1730–1737CrossRefPubMed Evenepoel P, Claes K, Kuypers DR, Debruyne F, Vanrenterghem Y (2007) Parathyroidectomy after successful kidney transplantation: a single centre study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22:1730–1737CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Riss P, Asari R, Scheuba C, Niederle B (2013) Current trends in surgery for renal hyperparathyroidism (RHPT) - an international survey. Langenbeck's Arch Surg 398:121–130CrossRef Riss P, Asari R, Scheuba C, Niederle B (2013) Current trends in surgery for renal hyperparathyroidism (RHPT) - an international survey. Langenbeck's Arch Surg 398:121–130CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Costa-Hong V, Jorgetti V, Gowdak LHW, Moyses RMA, Krieger EM, De Lima JJG (2007) Parathyroidectomy reduces cardiovascular events and mortality in renal hyperparathyroidism. Surgery (USA) 142:699–703 Costa-Hong V, Jorgetti V, Gowdak LHW, Moyses RMA, Krieger EM, De Lima JJG (2007) Parathyroidectomy reduces cardiovascular events and mortality in renal hyperparathyroidism. Surgery (USA) 142:699–703
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Evolve Trial Investigator CG, Block GA, Correa-Rotter R, Drueke TB, Floege J, Goodman WG, Herzog CA, Kubo Y, London GM, Mahaffey KW, Mix TC, Moe SM, Trotman ML, Wheeler DC, Parfrey PS (2012) Effect of cinacalcet on cardiovascular disease in patients undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med 367:2482–2494CrossRef Evolve Trial Investigator CG, Block GA, Correa-Rotter R, Drueke TB, Floege J, Goodman WG, Herzog CA, Kubo Y, London GM, Mahaffey KW, Mix TC, Moe SM, Trotman ML, Wheeler DC, Parfrey PS (2012) Effect of cinacalcet on cardiovascular disease in patients undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med 367:2482–2494CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Palmer SC, Nistor I, Craig JC, Pellegrini F, Messa P, Tonelli M, Covic A, Strippoli GFM (2013) Cinacalcet in patients with chronic kidney disease: a cumulative meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS Med 10:e1001436CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Palmer SC, Nistor I, Craig JC, Pellegrini F, Messa P, Tonelli M, Covic A, Strippoli GFM (2013) Cinacalcet in patients with chronic kidney disease: a cumulative meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS Med 10:e1001436CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Cruzado JMMP, Torregrosa JV, Taco O, Mast R, Gomez-Vaguero C, Polo C, Revuelta I, Francos J, Torras J, Garcia-Barrasa A, Bestard O, Grinyo JMA (2015) Randomized study comparing parathyroidectomy with cinacalcet for treating hypercalcemia in kidney allograft recipients with hyperparathyroidism. J Am Soc Nephrol Cruzado JMMP, Torregrosa JV, Taco O, Mast R, Gomez-Vaguero C, Polo C, Revuelta I, Francos J, Torras J, Garcia-Barrasa A, Bestard O, Grinyo JMA (2015) Randomized study comparing parathyroidectomy with cinacalcet for treating hypercalcemia in kidney allograft recipients with hyperparathyroidism. J Am Soc Nephrol
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Dindo D, Demartines N, Clavien PA (2004) Classification of surgical complications: a new proposal with evaluation in a cohort of 6336 patients and results of a survey. Ann Surg 240:205–213CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Dindo D, Demartines N, Clavien PA (2004) Classification of surgical complications: a new proposal with evaluation in a cohort of 6336 patients and results of a survey. Ann Surg 240:205–213CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Pihlstrom H, Dahle DO, Mjoen G et al (2015) Increased risk of all-cause mortality and renal graft loss in stable renal transplant recipients with hyperparathyroidism. Transplantation 99:351–359CrossRefPubMed Pihlstrom H, Dahle DO, Mjoen G et al (2015) Increased risk of all-cause mortality and renal graft loss in stable renal transplant recipients with hyperparathyroidism. Transplantation 99:351–359CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat van der Plas WY, Engelsman AF, Ozyilmaz A et al (2017) Impact of the introduction of calcimimetics on timing of parathyroidectomy in secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Ann Surg Oncol 24:15–22CrossRefPubMed van der Plas WY, Engelsman AF, Ozyilmaz A et al (2017) Impact of the introduction of calcimimetics on timing of parathyroidectomy in secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Ann Surg Oncol 24:15–22CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Rothmund M, Wagner PK, Schark C (1991) Subtotal parathyroidectomy versus total parathyroidectomy and autotransplantation in secondary hyperparathyroidism: a randomized trial. World J Surg 15:745–750CrossRefPubMed Rothmund M, Wagner PK, Schark C (1991) Subtotal parathyroidectomy versus total parathyroidectomy and autotransplantation in secondary hyperparathyroidism: a randomized trial. World J Surg 15:745–750CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Lou I, Schneider DF, Leverson G, Foley D, Sippel R, Chen H (2016) Parathyroidectomy is underused in patients with tertiary hyperparathyroidism after renal transplantation. Surgery 159:172–179CrossRefPubMed Lou I, Schneider DF, Leverson G, Foley D, Sippel R, Chen H (2016) Parathyroidectomy is underused in patients with tertiary hyperparathyroidism after renal transplantation. Surgery 159:172–179CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Dulfer RR, Franssen GJH, Hesselink DA, Hoorn EJ, van Eijck CHJ, van Ginhoven TM (2017) Systematic review of surgical and medical treatment for tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Br J Surg 104:804–813CrossRefPubMed Dulfer RR, Franssen GJH, Hesselink DA, Hoorn EJ, van Eijck CHJ, van Ginhoven TM (2017) Systematic review of surgical and medical treatment for tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Br J Surg 104:804–813CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Tominaga Y, Uchida K, Haba T, Katayama A, Sato T, Hibi Y, Numano M, Tanaka Y, Inagaki H, Watanabe I, Hachisuka T, Takagi H (2001) More than 1,000 cases of total parathyroidectomy with forearm autograft for renal hyperparathyroidism. Am J Kidney Dis 38:S168–S171CrossRefPubMed Tominaga Y, Uchida K, Haba T, Katayama A, Sato T, Hibi Y, Numano M, Tanaka Y, Inagaki H, Watanabe I, Hachisuka T, Takagi H (2001) More than 1,000 cases of total parathyroidectomy with forearm autograft for renal hyperparathyroidism. Am J Kidney Dis 38:S168–S171CrossRefPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Triponez FCO, Vanrenthergem Y, Evenepoel P (2008) Surgical treatment of persistent hyperparathyroidism after renal transplantation. Ann Surg 248:18–30CrossRefPubMed Triponez FCO, Vanrenthergem Y, Evenepoel P (2008) Surgical treatment of persistent hyperparathyroidism after renal transplantation. Ann Surg 248:18–30CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Chiroli S, Mattin C, Belozeroff V, Perrault L, Mitchell D, Gioni I (2012) Impact of mineral and bone disorder on healthcare resource use and associated costs in the European Fresenius medical care dialysis population: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Nephrol 13 Chiroli S, Mattin C, Belozeroff V, Perrault L, Mitchell D, Gioni I (2012) Impact of mineral and bone disorder on healthcare resource use and associated costs in the European Fresenius medical care dialysis population: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Nephrol 13
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Narayan R, Perkins RM, Berbano EP, Yuan CM, Neff RT, Sawyers ES, Yeo FE, Vidal-Trecan GM, Abbott KC (2007) Parathyroidectomy versus cinacalcet hydrochloride-based medical therapy in the management of hyperparathyroidism in ESRD: a cost utility analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 49:801–813CrossRefPubMed Narayan R, Perkins RM, Berbano EP, Yuan CM, Neff RT, Sawyers ES, Yeo FE, Vidal-Trecan GM, Abbott KC (2007) Parathyroidectomy versus cinacalcet hydrochloride-based medical therapy in the management of hyperparathyroidism in ESRD: a cost utility analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 49:801–813CrossRefPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Belozeroff V, Chertow GM, Graham CN, Dehmel B, Parfrey PS, Briggs AH (2015) Economic evaluation of cinacalcet in the United States: the EVOLVE trial. Value Health 18:1079–1087CrossRefPubMed Belozeroff V, Chertow GM, Graham CN, Dehmel B, Parfrey PS, Briggs AH (2015) Economic evaluation of cinacalcet in the United States: the EVOLVE trial. Value Health 18:1079–1087CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Cunningham J, Danese M, Olson K, Klassen P, Chertow GM (2005) Effects of the calcimimetic cinacalcet HCl on cardiovascular disease, fracture, and health-related quality of life in secondary hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int 68:1793–1800CrossRefPubMed Cunningham J, Danese M, Olson K, Klassen P, Chertow GM (2005) Effects of the calcimimetic cinacalcet HCl on cardiovascular disease, fracture, and health-related quality of life in secondary hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int 68:1793–1800CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Nicolas Verheyen SP, Eller K, Kienreich K, Astrid Fahrleitner-Pammer BP, Ritz E, Tomaschitz A (2013) Cinacalcet hydrochloride for the treatment of hyperparathyroidism. Expert Opin Pharmacother: 793–806 Nicolas Verheyen SP, Eller K, Kienreich K, Astrid Fahrleitner-Pammer BP, Ritz E, Tomaschitz A (2013) Cinacalcet hydrochloride for the treatment of hyperparathyroidism. Expert Opin Pharmacother: 793–806
Metadaten
Titel
Parathyroidectomy versus cinacalcet for tertiary hyperparathyroidism; a retrospective analysis
verfasst von
R. R. Dulfer
E. Y. Koh
W. Y. van der Plas
A. F. Engelsman
E. J. M. Nieveen van Dijkum
R. A. Pol
L. Vogt
M. H. de Borst
S. Kruijff
A. Schepers
N. M. Appelman-Dijkstra
J. I. Rotmans
D. A. Hesselink
C. H. J. van Eijck
E. J. Hoorn
T. M. van Ginhoven
on behalf of the Dutch Hyperparathyroid Study Group
Publikationsdatum
07.02.2019
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery / Ausgabe 1/2019
Print ISSN: 1435-2443
Elektronische ISSN: 1435-2451
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00423-019-01755-4

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2019

Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery 1/2019 Zur Ausgabe

Update Chirurgie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

S3-Leitlinie „Diagnostik und Therapie des Karpaltunnelsyndroms“

CME: 2 Punkte

Prof. Dr. med. Gregor Antoniadis Das Karpaltunnelsyndrom ist die häufigste Kompressionsneuropathie peripherer Nerven. Obwohl die Anamnese mit dem nächtlichen Einschlafen der Hand (Brachialgia parästhetica nocturna) sehr typisch ist, ist eine klinisch-neurologische Untersuchung und Elektroneurografie in manchen Fällen auch eine Neurosonografie erforderlich. Im Anfangsstadium sind konservative Maßnahmen (Handgelenksschiene, Ergotherapie) empfehlenswert. Bei nicht Ansprechen der konservativen Therapie oder Auftreten von neurologischen Ausfällen ist eine Dekompression des N. medianus am Karpaltunnel indiziert.

Prof. Dr. med. Gregor Antoniadis
Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie e.V.

S2e-Leitlinie „Distale Radiusfraktur“

CME: 2 Punkte

Dr. med. Benjamin Meyknecht, PD Dr. med. Oliver Pieske Das Webinar S2e-Leitlinie „Distale Radiusfraktur“ beschäftigt sich mit Fragen und Antworten zu Diagnostik und Klassifikation sowie Möglichkeiten des Ausschlusses von Zusatzverletzungen. Die Referenten erläutern, welche Frakturen konservativ behandelt werden können und wie. Das Webinar beantwortet die Frage nach aktuellen operativen Therapiekonzepten: Welcher Zugang, welches Osteosynthesematerial? Auf was muss bei der Nachbehandlung der distalen Radiusfraktur geachtet werden?

PD Dr. med. Oliver Pieske
Dr. med. Benjamin Meyknecht
Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie e.V.

S1-Leitlinie „Empfehlungen zur Therapie der akuten Appendizitis bei Erwachsenen“

CME: 2 Punkte

Dr. med. Mihailo Andric
Inhalte des Webinars zur S1-Leitlinie „Empfehlungen zur Therapie der akuten Appendizitis bei Erwachsenen“ sind die Darstellung des Projektes und des Erstellungswegs zur S1-Leitlinie, die Erläuterung der klinischen Relevanz der Klassifikation EAES 2015, die wissenschaftliche Begründung der wichtigsten Empfehlungen und die Darstellung stadiengerechter Therapieoptionen.

Dr. med. Mihailo Andric
Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie e.V.