CD4+ helper T cells help the function of other immune cells and are thereby critical immune cells for the host defense against infection with harmful microorganisms. Thus, this population plays a central role in adaptive immunity. However, CD4+ helper T cells can also be involved in the pathology of various immune-related inflammatory diseases, including allergic diseases and auto-immune diseases [1, 2] (Fig. 1). In the classical point of view, helper T cells were recognized to have two major fates, T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells, but recent advances in research have revealed opportunities for diverse helper T cell subsets, beyond Th1 and Th2 cells. The new subsets of helper T cells include follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, Th9, Th17, Th22, and different types of regulatory T cells [3‐6].
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