What is previously known
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Excess mortality persists for years post hip fracture.
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Several patient and system factors have been associated with the risk of death in patients with hip fracture.
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However underlying mechanisms of the found associations are rarely discussed.
What this study adds
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We synthesized the evidence from 56 recent articles that reported on 35 patient and 9 system factors of mortality post hip fracture.
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The majority of factors were reported with no proposed mechanisms for their effects on mortality. Where reported, underlying mechanisms are often based on a single article.
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The proposed biological mechanisms include complications, comorbidity, cardiorespiratory function, immune function, bone remodeling and glycemic control.
Background
Methods
Study selection
Term | Include |
---|---|
Study population | Men & women ≥50 years of age with non-pathological low energy hip fracture |
Study design | 0bservational studies |
Factors | Patient and system factors of mortality |
Associations | Estimates from regression analysis |
Outcome | Mortality (in-hospital, 30 day, 12 month, >12 month) |
Date | Between Sep 1, 2009 and Oct 1, 2014 |
Language | English |
Geography | Worldwide |
Collating, summarizing and reporting results
Fracture type | Injury severity | Additional trauma | Shock | Complications | Cardiovascular complications | Decubitus ulcer | Gastrointestinal bleeding | Pulmonary complications | Clostridium difficile | Renal failure | Pneumonia | Delirium | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belmont 2014 [15] | √ | √ | |||||||||||
Neuhaus 2013 [17] | √ | √ | |||||||||||
Miller 2012 [22] | √ | ||||||||||||
Gold 2012 [24] | √ | ||||||||||||
Librero 2012 [23] | √ | ||||||||||||
Tarazona-Santabalbina 2012 [47] | √* | ||||||||||||
Lee 2011 [62] | √ | ||||||||||||
Miyanishi 2010 [63] | √ | ||||||||||||
Vaseenon 2010 [65] | √* | ||||||||||||
Juliebo 2010 [66] | |||||||||||||
Rahme 2010 [55] | √ | √ | |||||||||||
Lapcevic 2010 [57] | √ | √ | |||||||||||
Juliebo 2010 [66] | √* | ||||||||||||
Berry 2009 [60] | √ | √ | |||||||||||
Gulihar 2009 [41] | √ | ||||||||||||
Among all | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Age | Sex | Race | Preadmission residence | Functional status | Any comorbidity | Liver disease | Diabetes | Malignancy | Malnutrition | Low Body Mass Index* | Obesity | SecondaryHyperparathyroidism** | Cardiac disease | Cardiac arrhythmia | Congestive heart failure*** | Coronary artery disease¥
| Myocardial infarction§
| Cerebrovascular accident¶
| Anemia | Cognitive impairment | Dementia | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belmont 2014 [15] | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Neuhaus 2013 [17] | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||||||
Williams 2013 [36] | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||||||
Hagino 2013 [16] | √ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Talsnes 2013 [37] | √ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Uzoigwe 2013 [19] | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||||||
Clement 2013 [42] | √ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Daugaard 2012 [18] | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||||||||
Le-Wendling 2012 [20] | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||||||||
Librero 2012 [23] | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||||||||
Huddleston 2012 [44] | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||||||
Adunsky 2012 [43] | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||||||||
Gupta 2012 [45] | √ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Valizadeh 2012 [46] | √ | √**** | √ | √**** | ||||||||||||||||||
Tarazona-Santabalbina 2012 [47] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||||||
Pioli 2012 [48] | √ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Sanz-Reig 2012 [49] | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||||||
Vidan 2011 [25] | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||||||
Koval 2011 [26] | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Frost 2011 [27] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||||||
Kirkland 2011 [38] | √ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Carretta 2011 [39] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||||
Gulcelik 2011 [52] | √ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Talsnes 2011 [53] | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||||||||
Baker 2011 [64] | √ | |||||||||||||||||||||
LeBlanc 2011 [70] | √ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Holvik 2010 [54] | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Kesmezacar 2010 [67] | √ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Rahme 2010 [55] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||
Forte 2010 [56] | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||||||||
Lapcevic 2010 [57] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||||
Miyanishi 2010 [63] | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Juliebo 2010 [66] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||||||
Jamal 2010 [59] | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Bjorgul 2010 [69] | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||||||||
Pereira 2010 [58] | √ | √ | √ | √**** | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||||
Vaseenon 2010 [65] | √ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Berry 2009 [60] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||||||||||
Lefaivre 2009 [33] | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||||||||
Vidal 2009 [35] | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||||||||||||
Feng 2009 [68] | √ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Among all | 23 | 23 | 2 | 3 | 8 | 23 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Hospital volume | Surgeon volume | Nursing volume | July admit | General anesthetic | Intensive care admit | Short stay | Hospitalization delay | Surgical delay | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Belmont 2014 [15] | √* | ||||||||
Li 2014 [61] | √ | √ | |||||||
Uzoigwe 2013 [19] | √ | ||||||||
Williams 2013 [36] | √ | √ | |||||||
Neuman 2012 [21] | √ | ||||||||
Pioli 2012 [48] | √ | ||||||||
Vidal 2012 [50] | √ | √* | |||||||
Tarazona-Santabalbina 2012 [47] | √* | √* | |||||||
Le-Wendling 2012 [20] | √ | ||||||||
Sanz-Reig 2012 [49] | √* | ||||||||
Daugaard 2012 [18] | √ | ||||||||
Koval 2011 [26] | √ | ||||||||
Peleg 2011 [30] | √ | ||||||||
Schilling 2011 [28] | √ | ||||||||
Carretta 2011 [39] | √ | ||||||||
Forte 2010 [56] | √ | √ | |||||||
Kesmezacar 2010 [67] | √ | ||||||||
Browne 2009 [34] | √* | √ | |||||||
Anderson 2009 [31] | √ | ||||||||
Vidal 2009 [35] | √ | ||||||||
Among all | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 9 |
Factor | Mechanism | Mediator |
---|---|---|
Age | Hypothesis only | |
Extent of comorbidity | ||
Sex | Extent of comorbidity | |
Complications | ||
Prefracture function | Patients with poorer pre-fracture ambulatory status often have reduced cardiorespiratory function compared to those with better status [68]. | Cardiorespiratory function |
Patients with a high degree of dependency are more often delayed to admission than patients with a low degree of dependency [50]. | Hospitalization delay | |
Patients with poor pre-fracture ambulatory status are quickly placed in nursing homes while patients with better status wait in hospital for rehabilitation beds [36]. | Length of stay | |
Preadmission residence | Complications | |
Socioeconomic status | Patients with low socioeconomic status are more often delayed to admission than patients with high socioeconomic status [50]. | Hospitalization delay |
Clinical stability | Surgical delay | |
Extent of comorbidity | Hypothesis only | |
Surgical delay | ||
Patients with more comorbidity are quickly placed in nursing homes while patients with less comorbidity wait in hospital for rehabilitation beds [36]. | Length of stay | |
Body composition | Patients with low BMI are more likely to develop adverse cardiac event post hip fracture surgery [66]. | Complications |
Hypothesis only | ||
Patients with low BMI often have reduced cardiorespiratory function and a supressed immune system [38]. | Immune response, Cardiorespiratory function | |
History of cerebrovascular accident | Patients with hemiplegia often have more comorbidity and poor pre-fracture ambulatory status [68]. | Extent of comorbidity, Pre-fracture function |
Dementia | Patients with dementia often have more comorbidity and poor pre-fracture ambulatory status [68]. | Extent of comorbidity, Pre-fracture function |
Diabetes | Diabetes may lead to poor bone remodeling post hip fracture [52]. | Bone remodeling [77] |
Diabetes may lead to poor wound healing post hip fracture surgery [52]. | Hypothesis only | |
Patients with diabetes may have poor glycemic control leaving the body prone to infections and complications after surgery [52]. | Glycemic control [78] Complications | |
Malnutrition | Patients with malnutrition often present with more comorbidity and poor pre-fracture ambulatory status.(16;38) | Extent of comorbidity, Pre-fracture function |
Myocardial infarction | Patent foramen ovale allows procoagulant cell conjugates and fragments to pass directly from the venous to the arterial blood [37]. | Hypothesis only |
Secondary hyperparathyroidism | Patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism often have more comorbidity [51]. | Extent of comorbidity |
Secondary hyperparathyroidism leads to severely altered calcium homeostasis [32]. | Calcium homeostasis |
Factor | Mechanism | Mediator |
---|---|---|
Hospital volume | Patients admitted to low volume hospitals are often delayed to surgery when compared to patients admitted to high volume hospitals [56]. | Surgical delay |
Nursing staff volume | Higher nurse staffing may prevent or allow early detection of complications [28]. | Complications |
Higher nurse staffing improves operating room availability and shorten time to surgery [28]. | Surgical delay | |
Surgeon volume | Low volume surgeons may not select appropriate procedure and preoperative planning, intraoperative technique and postoperative management [34]. | Hypothesis only |
Surgical delay | Hypothesis only | |
Hospitalization delay | Complications | |
Length of stay | Institutionalized patients have shorter hospital stay than patients from community [36]. | Discharge destination |
Admission month | Patients admitted in July may be exposed to lower staffing levels in holiday period [31]. | Staffing volume |