Background
Methods
Respondents
Study Instruments
EEsAI
Item | Question |
---|---|
1 | Do you have difficulties chewing? |
Visual dysphagia question | |
2 | Today, how difficult are the eight different foodsa to swallow? |
3 | Explain any deviances in item 2 |
Avoidance, modification and slow eating score | |
4 | In the past 7 days, have you altogether avoided these foodsa because of your disease? |
5 | In the past 7 days, have you eaten these foods?a |
6 | In the past 7 days, have you modified these foods?a |
7 | In the past 7 days, have you eaten these foodsa slower compared to other people? |
Frequency of trouble swallowing | |
8 | In the past 7 days, how often have you had trouble swallowing? |
Duration of trouble swallowing | |
9 | In the past 7 days, how long did an episode of trouble swallowing last? |
Pain when swallowing | |
10 | In the past 7 days, has it been painful to swallow? |
EORTC QLQ-OES18
Supplementary Items
Statistical Analyses
Reliability and Reproducibility
Validity
Results
Study Participants
Eosinophilic esophagitis patients n (%) | Nondysphagia control group n (%) | p value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 52 (16)a | 52 (16)a | NA |
Body Mass Index (BMI) | 27 (3.7)a | 26 (3.6)a | 0.11b |
Sex | NA | ||
Male | 74 (76%) | 74 (76%) | |
Female | 23 (24%) | 23 (24%) | |
Marital status | 0.72c | ||
Single | 14 (14%) | 18 (19%) | |
Married/cohabitating | 77 (79%) | 74 (76%) | |
Partnership but living apart | 6 (6.2%) | 5 (5.2%) | |
Working status | 0.40c | ||
Fulltime | 70 (72%) | 80 (83%) | |
Part time | 8 (8.2%) | 8 (8.2%) | |
Retired | 15 (16%) | 8 (8.2%) | |
Unemployed/job searching/other | 4 (4.1%) | 1 (1.0%) | |
Smoking | 0.18d | ||
Never smoked | 64 (66%) | 55 (57%) | |
Have quit smoking | 31 (32%) | 38 (40%) | |
Current smoker | 2 (2.1%) | 3 (3.1%) | |
Time to complete survey | < 0.001c | ||
< 10 min | 26 (27%) | 65 (67%) | |
10–20 min | 60 (63%) | 31 (32%) | |
> 20 min | 10 (10%) | 1 (1.0%) |
Feasibility
Reliability and Reproducibility
Domain | Cronbach's alpha | ICC |
---|---|---|
Visual dysphagia question | 0.83 | 0.89 |
Avoidance, modification and slow eating score | 0.85 | 0.60 |
Patient-reported outcome score | NA | 0.89 |
Item | VDQ | AMS | Frequency | Duration | Pain | n (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 96 (99) |
2-Solid meat | 0.65** | 0.40** | 0.58** | 0.58** | 0.11 | 97 (100) |
2-Soft foods | 0.48** | 0.26* | 0.32* | 0.27* | 0.099 | 97 (100) |
2-Boiled rice | 0.49** | 0.28* | 0.30* | 0.31* | 0.16 | 97 (100) |
2-Ground meat | 0.50** | 0.17 | 0.38** | 0.40** | 0.13 | 97 (100) |
2-White bread | 0.49** | 0.23* | 0.23* | 0.23* | 0.11 | 97 (100) |
2-Porridge | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.21* | 0.11 | 0.086 | 97 (100) |
2-Raw fibrous food | 0.46** | 0.31* | 0.36** | 0.38** | 0.092 | 97 (100) |
2-French fries | 0.63** | 0.28* | 0.44** | 0.33* | 0.15 | 97 (100) |
4-Solid meat | 0.27* | 0.68** | 0.13 | 0.19 | − 0.0022 | 97 (100) |
4-Soft foods | − 0.12 | 0.41** | − 0.089 | − 0.17 | 0.10 | 97 (100) |
4-Boiled rice | 0.43** | 0.60** | 0.21* | 0.23* | − 0.030 | 97 (100) |
4-Ground meat | 0.19 | 0.56** | 0.082 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 97 (100) |
4-White bread | 0.25* | 0.46** | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.12 | 97 (100) |
4-Porridge | 0.083 | 0.28* | 0.10 | − 0.037 | 0.017 | 97 (100) |
4-Raw fibrous food | 0.31* | 0.67** | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.069 | 97 (100) |
4-French fries | 0.25* | 0.49** | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 97 (100) |
6-Solid meat | 0.41** | 0.58** | 0.52** | 0.28* | 0.25* | 75 (77) |
6-Soft foods | 0.16 | 0.38** | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 77 (79) |
6-Boiled rice | 0.013 | 0.26 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.37* | 49 (51) |
6-Ground meat | 0.28* | 0.41** | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 67 (69) |
6-White bread | 0.19 | 0.30* | 0.28* | 0.34* | 0.025 | 72 (74) |
6-Porridge | 0.46** | 0.60** | 0.33* | 0.34* | 0.15 | 50 (52) |
6-Raw fibrous food | 0.34* | 0.53** | 0.27* | 0.19 | 0.10 | 61 (63) |
6-French fries | 0.28 | 0.55** | 0.30 | 0.13 | 0.0051 | 40 (41) |
7-Solid meat | 0.47** | 0.60** | 0.49** | 0.42** | 0.22 | 75 (77) |
7-Soft foods | 0.47** | 0.64** | 0.43** | 0.34* | 0.33* | 77 (79) |
7-Boiled rice | 0.47** | 0.60** | 0.39* | 0.38* | 0.16 | 49 (51) |
7-Ground meat | 0.53** | 0.49** | 0.53** | 0.57** | 0.32* | 67 (69) |
7-White bread | 0.56** | 0.61** | 0.57** | 0.42** | 0.41** | 71 (73) |
7-Porridge | 0.44* | 0.54** | 0.38* | 0.24 | 0.54** | 51 (53) |
7-Raw fibrous food | 0.48** | 0.62** | 0.41* | 0.27* | 0.28* | 60 (62) |
7-French fries | 0.52** | 0.49* | 0.49* | 0.30 | 0.24 | 40 (41) |
8-Frequency | NAa | NAa | NAa | NAa | NAa | 97 (100) |
9-Duration | NAa | NAa | NAa | NAa | NAa | 97 (100) |
10-Pain | NAa | NAa | NAa | NAa | NAa | 97 (100) |
VDQ | NA | 0.58** | 0.68** | 0.59** | 0.27* | 97 (100) |
AMS | 0.58** | NA | 0.46** | 0.40** | 0.23* | 97 (100) |
PRO | 0.81** | 0.69** | 0.86** | 0.71** | 0.58** | 97 (100) |
Validity
S-EEsAI | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VDQ | AMS | Frequency | Duration | Pain | PRO | |
EORTC QLQ-OES18 | ||||||
Dysphagia | 0.42** | 0.36** | 0.33* | 0.28* | 0.068 | 0.41** |
Swallowing saliva | 0.28* | 0.34* | 0.27* | 0.14 | 0.087 | 0.30* |
Choking | 0.39** | 0.31* | 0.55** | 0.40** | 0.40** | 0.51** |
Eating | 0.68** | 0.62** | 0.65** | 0.62** | 0.28* | 0.67** |
Dry mouth | 0.11 | 0.091 | 0.038 | 0.046 | 0.16 | 0.076 |
Taste | 0.072 | 0.077 | − 0.0045 | − 0.12 | − 0.0093 | − 0.012 |
Cough | 0.20* | 0.29* | 0.031 | − 0.027 | 0.22* | 0.18 |
Speech | 0.30* | 0.15 | 0.30* | 0.28* | 0.12 | 0.28* |
Reflux | 0.19 | 0.056 | 0.15 | 0.087 | − 0.020 | 0.15 |
Pain | 0.23* | 0.19 | 0.37** | 0.23* | 0.41** | 0.37** |
Item/domain | Grading options | Range (Min–Max) | Median (IQR) | Floor n (%) | Ceiling n (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2-Solid meat | 0–3 | 0–3 | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | 29 (30) | 10 (10) |
2-Soft foods | 0–3 | 0–2 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 76 (78) | 0.0 (0.0) |
2-Boiled rice | 0–3 | 0–3 | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | 39 (40) | 5.0 (5.2) |
2-Ground meat | 0–3 | 0–2 | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | 47 (49) | 0.0 (0.0) |
2-White bread | 0–3 | 0–2 | 0.0 (0.0–1.0) | 58 (60) | 0.0 (0.0) |
2-Porridge | 0–3 | 0–2 | 0.0 (0.0–1.0) | 69 (71) | 0.0 (0.0) |
2-Raw fibrous food | 0–3 | 0–3 | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | 42 (43) | 6.0 (6.2) |
2-French fries | 0–3 | 0–3 | 1.0 (0.0–1.5) | 46 (47) | 1.0 (1.0) |
Frequency | 0–3a | 0–3 | 1 (0.0–1) | 28 (29) | 10 (10) |
Duration | 0–4a | 0–4 | 1.0 (0.0–3.0) | 29 (30) | 6.0 (6.2) |
VDQ | 0–10a | 0–7.1 | 1.7 (0.42–3.8) | NA | NA |
AMS | 0–10a | 0–10 | 1.5 (0.40–3.3) | NA | NA |
PRO | 0–100 | 0–83 | 30 (12–47) | NA | NA |
Comparison of Patients with EoE and the Nondysphagia Control Group
Patients mean (SD) | Nondysphagia control mean (SD) | Fold change | p valuea | |
---|---|---|---|---|
S-EEsAI | ||||
VDQ | 12 (7.3) | 0.87 (3.1) | 14 | < 0.001 |
AMS | 2.1 (5.6) | 0.26 (2.5) | 8.1 | < 0.001 |
Frequency | 14 (11) | 1.1 (3.9) | 13 | < 0.001 |
Duration | 0.37 (1.5) | 0.0 (0.0) | – | 0.013 |
Pain | 3.2 (6.2) | 0.15 (1.5) | 22 | < 0.001 |
PRO | 32 (22) | 2.4 (7.3) | 13 | < 0.001 |
EORTC QLQ-OES18 | ||||
Dysphagia | 6.7 (11) | 6.6 (23) | 1.0 | 0.001 |
Swallowing saliva | 14 (27) | 2.4 (13) | 5.8 | < 0.001 |
Choking | 20 (28) | 4.8 (12) | 4.2 | < 0.001 |
Eating | 18 (21) | 1.8 (5.1) | 10 | < 0.001 |
Dry mouth | 16 (26) | 6.5 (14) | 2.5 | 0.0049 |
Taste | 1.7 (7.3) | 1.0 (7.6) | 1.7 | 0.26 |
Cough | 13 (22) | 6.8 (16) | 1.9 | 0.020 |
Speech | 4.4 (13) | 1.0 (5.7) | 4.4 | 0.026 |
Reflux | 18 (22) | 7.2 (15) | 2.5 | < 0.001 |
Pain | 12 (14) | 3.2 (6.4) | 3.8 | < 0.001 |