Background
Methods
Study Cohort
Data collection
Statistical analysis
Results
GROUP A | GROUP B | |
---|---|---|
N = 68 |
N = 91 | |
Gesational age, weeks | ||
Average | 26 | 30 |
Range | 22 – 32 | 27 – 36 |
Birth weight, g | ||
Average | 739 | 1309 |
Range | 380 – 1000 | 1023 – 1532 |
Discharge age, days | ||
Average | 57 | 23 |
Range | 2 – 218 | 1 – 175 |
Singleton birth, % | 77.9 | 71.4 |
Outcome, % | ||
Death | 17.7 | 3.3 |
Transfer | 4.4 | 5.5 |
Home | 77.9 | 91.2 |
Diseases, % | ||
Respiratory distress syndrome | 82.4 | 86.8 |
Anemia | 75.0 | 35.2 |
Hyperbilirubinemia | 70.6 | 93.4 |
Patent ductus arteriosus | 52.9 | 42.9 |
Sepsis | 38.2 | 11.0 |
Hyaline membrane disease | 27.9 | 5.5 |
Intrauterine growth restriction | 23.5 | 17.6 |
Central nervous system impairment | 22.1 | 8.8 |
Necrotizing enterocolitis | 13.2 | 5.5 |
Cardiac malformation | 11.8 | 15.4 |
Pharmacological treatments, % | 100 | 95.7 |
Number of drugs, % | ||
≤ 5 | 0 | 17.6 |
5–10 | 4.4 | 40.7 |
11–20 | 51.5 | 33.0 |
> 20 | 44.1 | 4.4 |
Combination of drugs, % | 100 | 93.4 |
Route of administration, % | ||
Drugs for systemic use | 100 | 96.7 |
Drugs for topical use | 82.4 | 57.1 |
Drugs for ophthalmic use | 44.1 | 14.3 |
Exposure to at least one drug with potential renal toxicitya, % | 100 | 93.4 |
Active substance | Exposure (N = 68) | % (tot. 100) | Courses | Courses/exposure | Duration per course, d (average) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ampicillina
| 66 | 97.1 | 66 | - | - |
Amikacina
| 66 | 97.1 | 76 | 1.2 | 6 |
Caffeine | 65 | 95.6 | 76 | 1.2 | 35 |
Fluconazole | 63 | 92.6 | 83 | 1.3 | 25 |
Calcitriol | 60 | 88.2 | 74 | 1.2 | 39 |
Furosemidea
| 49 | 72.1 | 106 | 2.2 | 6 |
Fentanyl | 45 | 66.2 | 84 | 1.9 | 8 |
Hydrochlorothiazide | 34 | 50.0 | 50 | 1.5 | 31 |
Spironolactone | 34 | 50.0 | 51 | 1.5 | 30 |
Piperacillin and enzyme inhibitora
| 32 | 47.1 | 43 | 1.3 | 9 |
Lung surfactant - natural phospholipids | 31 | 45.6 | 34 | 1.1 | 3 |
Dopamine | 30 | 44.1 | 38 | 1.3 | 9 |
Metronidazole | 27 | 39.7 | 30 | 1.1 | 11 |
Calcium folinate | 26 | 38.2 | 27 | 1.0 | 35 |
Tobramycin | 26 | 38.2 | 35 | 1.3 | 6 |
Folic acid | 25 | 36.8 | 28 | 1.1 | 31 |
Dobutamine | 25 | 36.8 | 32 | 1.6 | 6 |
Immunoglobulins, normal human, for intravascular administration | 24 | 35.3 | 30 | 1.3 | 3 |
Vancomycina
| 24 | 35.3 | 37 | 1.3 | 9 |
Heparinoids for topical use | 23 | 33.8 | 30 | 1.5 | 4 |
Ibuprofena
| 22 | 32.4 | 22 | - | - |
Ranitidine | 21 | 30.9 | 22 | 1.1 | 24 |
Filgrastim | 21 | 30.9 | 26 | 1.2 | 1 |
Clarithromycin | 20 | 29.4 | 24 | 1.2 | 13 |
Dexamethasone | 19 | 27.9 | 36 | 1.9 | 12 |
Calcifediol | 18 | 26.5 | 22 | 1.2 | 32 |
Atropine | 17 | 25.0 | 19 | 1.1 | 1 |
Albumin | 16 | 23.5 | 23 | 1.4 | 1 |
Betamethasone | 14 | 20.6 | 17 | 1.2 | 6 |
Erythromycin ethylsuccinate | 13 | 19.1 | 13 | - | - |
Lorazepam | 12 | 17.6 | 23 | 1.9 | 1 |
Doxapram | 12 | 17.6 | 15 | 1.3 | 12 |
Phytomenadione | 11 | 16.2 | 13 | 1.2 | 17 |
Oxacillin | 11 | 16.2 | 13 | 1.2 | 8 |
Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)a
| 11 | 16.2 | 19 | 1.7 | 6 |
Beclometasone | 11 | 16.2 | 13 | 1.1 | 11 |
Ferrous sulfate | 10 | 14.7 | 11 | 1.1 | 16 |
Amphotericin Ba
| 9 | 13.2 | 10 | 1.6 | 18 |
Midazolam | 9 | 13.2 | 14 | 1.1 | 10 |
Insulin (human) | 9 | 13.2 | 10 | 1.6 | 3 |
Antacids with sodium bicarbonate | 7 | 10.3 | 11 | 1.3 | 4 |
Glyceryl trinitrate | 7 | 10.3 | 7 | - | - |
Phenobarbital | 6 | 8.8 | 6 | - | - |
Ceftazidime | 6 | 8.8 | 9 | 1.5 | 14 |
Mupirocin | 6 | 8.8 | 8 | 1.3 | 4 |
Morphine | 5 | 7.4 | 7 | 1.4 | 20 |
Hydrocortisone | 4 | 5.9 | 5 | 1.3 | 8 |
Calcium levofolinate | 4 | 5.9 | 4 | - | - |
Erythromycin | 4 | 5.9 | 6 | 1.5 | 14 |
Naloxone | 4 | 5.9 | 4 | - | - |
Epinephrine | 3 | 4.4 | 3 | - | - |
Indometacina
| 3 | 4.4 | 3 | - | - |
Epoprostenol | 3 | 4.4 | 6 | 2.0 | 5 |
Linezolid | 3 | 4.4 | 3 | - | - |
Active substance | Exposure (N = 91) | % (100) | Courses | Courses/exposure | Duration per course, d (average) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ampicillina
| 78 | 85.7 | 79 | 1.0 | 5 |
Caffeine | 69 | 75.8 | 70 | 1.0 | 26 |
Calcitriol | 61 | 67.0 | 65 | 1.1 | 19 |
Fluconazole | 45 | 49.5 | 50 | 1.1 | 16 |
Lung surfactant - natural phospholipids | 34 | 37.4 | 34 | - | - |
Fentanyl | 32 | 35.2 | 36 | 1.1 | 7 |
Amikacina
| 32 | 35.2 | 33 | 1.0 | 4 |
Calcifediol | 25 | 27.5 | 27 | 1.1 | 18 |
Furosemidea
| 23 | 25.3 | 32 | 1.4 | 8 |
Atropine | 22 | 24.2 | 22 | - | - |
Folic acid | 16 | 17.6 | 18 | 1.1 | 11 |
Calcium folinate | 13 | 14.3 | 14 | 1.1 | 15 |
Vancomycina
| 13 | 14.3 | 16 | 1.2 | 10 |
Heparinoids for topical use | 12 | 13.2 | 12 | - | - |
Piperacillin and enzyme inhibitora
| 11 | 12.1 | 13 | 1.2 | 10 |
Dopamine | 11 | 12.1 | 13 | 1.2 | 6 |
Ibuprofena
| 11 | 12.1 | 11 | - | - |
Filgrastim | 10 | 11.0 | 11 | 1.1 | 1 |
Tobramycin | 9 | 9.9 | 10 | 1.1 | 4 |
Ranitidine | 8 | 8.8 | 10 | 1.3 | 21 |
Immunoglobulins, normal human, for intravascular administration | 8 | 8.8 | 8 | - | - |
Hydrochlorothiazide | 8 | 8.8 | 8 | - | - |
Spironolactone | 8 | 8.8 | 8 | - | - |
Lorazepam | 8 | 8.8 | 15 | 1.9 | 3 |
Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)a
| 7 | 7.7 | 12 | 1.7 | 4 |
Metronidazole | 7 | 7.7 | 8 | 1.1 | 8 |
Ferrous sulfate | 7 | 7.7 | 7 | - | - |
Piperacillina
| 7 | 7.7 | 7 | - | - |
Doxapram | 6 | 6.6 | 8 | 1.3 | 11 |
Ceftazidime | 6 | 6.6 | 8 | 1.3 | 11 |
Mupirocin | 6 | 6.6 | 6 | - | - |
Alginic acid | 6 | 6.6 | 8 | 1.3 | 12 |
Glyceryl trinitrate | 5 | 5.5 | 5 | - | - |
Claritromycin | 5 | 5.5 | 5 | - | - |
Dobutamine | 5 | 5.5 | 6 | 1.2 | 9 |
Naloxone | 4 | 4.4 | 4 | - | - |
Midazolam | 4 | 4.4 | 5 | 1.3 | 5 |
Betamethasone | 3 | 3.3 | 6 | 2.0 | 11 |
Phytomenadione | 3 | 3.3 | 3 | - | - |
Beclometasone | 3 | 3.3 | 4 | 1.3 | 3 |
Captopril | 3 | 3.3 | 6 | 2.0 | 11 |
Erythromycin | 3 | 3.3 | 4 | 1.3 | 10 |
GROUP A % (N = 68) | GROUP B % (N = 91) |
p
| GROUP A overall exposure, d | GROUP B overall exposure, d |
p
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ANTIBACTERIALS FOR SYSTEMIC USE | 100,0 | 91.2 | .07 | 48 | 14 | |
Ampicillina
| 97.1 | 87.5 | .07 | 7 | 5 | .16 |
Amikacina
| 97.1 | 35.2 | <.0001 | 7 | 4 | .33 |
Piperacillin and enzyme inhibitora
| 47.1 | 12.1 | <.0001 | 13 | 11 | .03 |
Metronidazole | 39.7 | 7.7 | <.0001 | 13 | 9 | .10 |
Vancomycina
| 35.3 | 14.3 | <.0001 | 13 | 13 | .01 |
Clarithromycin | 29.4 | 5.5 | <.0001 | 15 | 13 | .02 |
Erythromycin ethylsuccinate | 19.1 | 2.2 | <.0001 | 15 | 8 | .25 |
ANTIMYCOTICS FOR SYSTEMIC USE | 92.6 | 49.5 | <.0001 | 36 | 18 | |
Fluconazole | 92.6 | 49.5 | <.0001 | 32 | 18 | .78 |
Amphotericin Ba
| 13.2 | 1.1 | .03 | 20 | 1 | .01 |
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PRODUCTS | 55.9 | 39.6 | .02 | 7 | 3 | |
Lung surfactant - natural phospholipidis | 45.6 | 37.4 | .69 | 3 | 1 | .85 |
Doxapram | 17.6 | 6.6 | .21 | 15 | 14 | .32 |
Caffeine | 95.6 | 75.8 | .02 | 45 | 27 | n.a. |
DIURETICS | 83.8 | 31.9 | <.0001 | 65 | 26 | |
Furosemidea
| 72.1 | 25.3 | .77 | 12 | 11 | .08 |
Hydrochlorothiazide | 50,0 | 8.8 | .07 | 46 | 26 | .31 |
Spironolactone | 50,0 | 8.8 | .07 | 46 | 26 | .31 |
CARDIAC THERAPY | 55.9 | 28.6 | <.0001 | 23 | 9 | |
Dopamine | 44.1 | 12.1 | .10 | 12 | 7 | .52 |
Dobutamine | 36.8 | 5.5 | .02 | 7 | 11 | .02 |
Ibuprofena
| 32.4 | 12.1 | .43 | 2 | 2 | .37 |
GROUP A | GROUP B | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
% (N = 68) | Duration per course, average | % (N = 91) | Duration per course, average | |
Ampicillin, Amikacin | 94,1 | 1,5 | 31,9 | 1,4 |
Piperacillin, Vancomycin | 32,4 | 1,9 | 9,9 | 2,5 |
Amikacin, Furosemide | 20,6 | 1,6 | 7,7 | 1,3 |
Ampicillin, Furosemide | 19,1 | 1,1 | 15,4 | 1,6 |
Amikacin, Acetaminophen | 5,9 | 1,5 | 2,2 | 1,2 |
Amikacin, Amphotericin B | 2,9 | 1,7 | - | - |
GROUP A (N = 69) | GROUP B (N = 91) |
p
| |
---|---|---|---|
Patients receiving protein supplement, % | 98.5 | 91.2 | |
Average dosage, g/kg | 2.36 | 2.11 | .83 |
min dosage, g/kg | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
max dosage, g/kg | 3.75 | 3.5 | |
Overall exposure (on average), days | 35 | 17 | .01 |
min, days | 1 | 1 | |
max, days | 111 | 61 | |
Combination with drugs, % | |||
ampicillin, amikacin | 85.3 | 33.3 | <.0001 |
ampicillin | 66.2 | 80.8 | .97 |
furosemide | 44.1 | 11.5 | <.0001 |
piperacillin | 29.4 | 16.7 | .03 |
piperacillin, vancomycin | 26.5 | 7.7 | <.0001 |