Background
Varicocele is known to be associated with infertility and sperm disorders. Most researchers believe that renospermatic reflux is the main mechanism behind all mal-effects of varicocele [1‐6]. There is a possibility that varicocele has various types that exert influence through different mechanisms. We have already reported an interesting example of varicocele that appeared in 23% hypogonadotropic hypogonadism patients after treatment with gonadotropins [7]. The variable behaviour of varicocele on spermatogenesis is intriguing and far from being understood. Why some individuals with varicocele develop sperm disorders but others don’t is not clear. It appears that some other mechanisms coexist. A previous experimental study described the presence of an arteriovenous communications between testicular artery and adjacent veins [8]. In spermatic cord of bull, when gas was pushed into the testicular venous system, it could be recovered from the arterial side [9]. Arteriovenous anastomosis has been reported in human spermatic cord as well [10]. It was reported that a periarterial capillary network exists that connects the human testicular artery with adjacent pampiniform plexus [11‐13]. These findings have not been given due importance. Based on the animal experimental studies mentioned, we presumed that these types of communications might be present in the human varicocele veins and subsequently may change VBG patterns of varicocele veins. There are only a limited numbers of studies where VBGs of the varicocele veins of testes were determined. These studies had unfortunately conflicting results [14‐16]. To the best of our knowledge, there is no study that describes the VBGs profile of both internal and external spermatic varicocele veins in a single subject and its relation with semen quality. Therefore, the present study aimed at investigating the profile of VBGs in the varicocele veins (internal spermatic and external spermatic veins) of infertile individuals and to compare these variables with peripheral vein blood from the same individual undergoing left microsurgical varicocelectomy. Attempts were also carried out to explore a possible correlation between various variables of VBGs and semen quality parameters like semen volume, appearance, sperm count, progressive and non-progressive sperm motility and sperm morphology.
Methods
Subjects
Twenty-seven consecutive patients diagnosed with infertility and varicocele, undergoing microsurgical varicocelectomy under spinal anaesthesia, were included in the study after informed written consent. The calculated sample size was 23 using the following equation:
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N = [(Zα + Zβ)/C]2 + 3. The values for α (two tailed), β and r were 0.050, 0.300 and 0.500 respectively.
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Fatima Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine & Dentistry Lahore-Pakistan.
Study design
Twenty to 45 years-old individuals with Grade 2 or 3 varicocele [17] having varicocele vein diameter of > 2.5 mm on scrotal color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) [18] with at least 1-year of infertility were included in the study. Semen analysis was carried out at least twice to confirm semen disorders. Patients with any chronic illness (hepatitis C or B, cardiac or pulmonary disorders), on prolonged drugs having side effects for spermatogenesis (e.g., antiviral drugs, chemotherapeutic agents), hormonal disorders (hypogonadism, hypothyroidism etc.), on prolonged antidepressants or drugs addicts were excluded from study. Patients with male or female sexual dysfunction leading to decreased frequency of intercourse (less than twice per week) and patients with significant female factor infertility were also excluded from the study.
Semen collection and analysis
Semen samples were collected at 3–4 days of abstinence and were processed for determination of semen quality parameters (semen volume, appearance, sperm count, progressive and non-progressive motility, morphology and other microscopic details) as suggested by the World Health Organization [19].
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Scrotal ultrasonography for varicocele and scrotal contents
Scrotal CDUS was performed (Voluson General Electronics 30) using 10 mHz linear probe [20]. Briefly, grey scale ultrasonography was done to detect any other associated abnormality. Testicular and epididymal diameters were noted. Using CDUS, peak systolic velocities (PSVs) and resistive indices (RIs) of the subcapsular and intraparenchymal branches of testicular artery were determined. Diameter and backflow status of varicocele veins was recorded in lying and standing position. Subinguinal microsurgical varicocelectomy was performed as per standard practice [20, 21] under spinal anaesthesia.
Acquisition of blood gases
During surgery just before ligation of varicocele veins, 2.0 mL blood was drawn with a 27G needle inserted towards the direction of testes, in a heparinized syringe, from 1 to 2 internal spermatic veins and from external spermatic vein if found dilated (> 2.5 mm diameter). Peripheral blood sample from same individual was also drawn simultaneously from the wrist vein as a control. The patients did not receive oxygen inhalation at the time of blood sampling as well as for the previous 15 min at minimum. All patients maintained 97% or more oxygen saturation at room air. The blood samples were taken free of air, sealed, and blood gas analysis was performed immediately with a blood-gas analyser (Cobas b 121–Hoffmann La Roche, Inc., Germany). The pH, partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), oxygen saturation (sO2), and bicarbonate (HCO3) values were determined.
Statistical methods
Data are represented as mean ± standard deviation. Means values of VBGs in all 3 veins were compared with one-way analysis of variance using SPSS software (SPSS Inc., USA). Tukey’s post hoc test was carried out to identify individual differences. The Pearson correlation test was employed to determine correlations between different variables. Level of significance was set at p < 0.05.
Results
Out of twenty-seven patients, twenty-three (85.18%) had G2 varicocele and 4 (14.8%) had G3 varicocele. Age of the patients ranged from 20 to 43 (29.38 ± 7.94) years. Ten (37.04%) patients were 20–30 years old, 13 (48.15%) were between 31 to 40 years and 4 (14.81%) patients were 41–43 years old. Most of them (81.48%) were non-smokers.
Baseline semen and scrotal CDUS findings
The mean diameters of the varicocele veins of the patients were 3.40 ± 0.86 mm and 3.74 ± 0.86 mm at lying and standing positions, respectively. The PSV and RI of subcapsular and intraparenchymal artery along with testicular volume are summarized in Table 1. The semen quality parameters in terms of sperm count, progressive motility, non-progressive motility, immotililty, and morphology of spermatozoa of the studied individuals were 33.45 ± 27.78 × 106 per mL, 16.89 ± 14.4%, 17.59 ± 13.49%, 58.11 ± 27.43%, and 7.11 ± 7.00% respectively (Table 1). Among semen parameters, sperm morphology had significant correlation (r = 0.463; p < 0.05) with PSV of subcapsular artery of left testes, testicular volume (p < 0.05, r = 0.407) and transverse diameter of testes. (p < 0.05; r = 0.439). Sperm count had significant negative correlation (r = − 0.76; p < 0.05) with RI of left intraparenchymal artery, whereas progressive motility of sperms had negative correlation (r = − 0.498; p < 0 .01) with RI of left intraparenchymal artery as well as RI of left subcapsular artery (r = − 0.505; p < 0.01) (Table 2). On comparison between varicocele diameter and semen parameters, no correlations were appreciated.
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of various parameters of varicocele patients (n = 27)
Variables | Mean | ±SD | Minimum | Maximum |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sperm count (million/mL) | 33.45 | 27.78 | 0.01 | 110.00 |
Progressive motility (%) | 16.89 | 14.47 | 0.00 | 60.00 |
Non progressive motility (%) | 17.59 | 13.49 | 0.00 | 48.00 |
Immotile (%) | 58.11 | 27.43 | 0.01 | 100.00 |
Morphology (%) | 7.11 | 7.01 | 1.00 | 25.00 |
Right transverse epididymal diameter (mm) | 7.54 | 1.99 | 4.40 | 11.70 |
Left transverse epididymal diameter (mm) | 7.51 | 1.67 | 5.30 | 11.50 |
Left Varicocele Lying (mm) | 3.40 | 0.86 | 2.40 | 4.60 |
Left Varicocele Standing (mm) | 3.74 | 0.95 | 2.50 | 5.80 |
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (mIU/ml) | 6.44 | 4.23 | 2.5 | 21 |
Right longitudinal diameter of testes (mm) | 41.15 | 3.90 | 32.00 | 48.00 |
Right transverse diameter of testes (mm) | 21.00 | 2.66 | 17.00 | 28.00 |
Left longitudinal diameter of testes (mm) | 40.11 | 3.89 | 32.00 | 48.00 |
Left transverse diameter of testes (mm) | 20.33 | 2.80 | 16.00 | 27.00 |
Left testicular volume (mL) | 8.9 | 2.96 | 4.93 | 14.41 |
Right PSV of sub capsular artery (cm/sec) | 6.35 | 1.95 | 3.43 | 11.39 |
Left PSV of sub capsular artery (cm/sec) | 6.36 | 1.28 | 4.22 | 9.50 |
Right PSV of intra parenchymal artery (cm/sec) | 4.95 | 1.03 | 3.43 | 8.20 |
Left PSV of intra parenchymal artery (cm/sec) | 5.46 | 1.67 | 3.37 | 11.71 |
Right RI of sub capsular artery | 0.75 | 1.07 | .35 | 6.10 |
Left I RI of sub capsular artery | 0.54 | 0.08 | .32 | .70 |
Right RI of intra parenchymal artery | 0.52 | 0.07 | .40 | .67 |
Left RI of intra parenchymal artery | 0.49 | 0.14 | .26 | 1.00 |
Table 2
Correlation coefficient (r) between semen quality parameters and testicular blood flow in varicocele patients (n = 27)
Variable | Sub capsular artery | Intra parenchymal artery | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peak systolic velocity | Resistive index | Peak systolic velocity | Resistive index | |||||
r | p-value | r | p-value | R | p-value | r | p-value | |
Sperm count (million/mL) | 0.329 | 0.094 | −0.194 | 0.332 | 0.001 | 0.998 | −0.76 | 0.012 |
Progressive motility (%) | 0.094 | 0.640 | −0.505 | 0.007 | − 0.160 | 0.424 | − 0.498 | 0.008 |
Non-progressive motility (%) | 0.209 | 0.296 | −0.194 | 0.333 | −0.098 | 0.626 | −0.325 | 0.098 |
Immotile (%) | 0.220 | 0.270 | 0.291 | 0.141 | 0.226 | 0.258 | 0.206 | 0.304 |
Morphology (%) | 0.463 | −0.015 | −0.157 | 0.43 | 0.14 | 0.48 | −0.152 | 0.45 |
VBGs analysis
Table 3 summarizes the comparison of various parameters of VBGs analysis of varicocele veins (internal and external spermatic) with the peripheral vein. Generally, the changes in VBG determinants were more pronounced in the internal spermatic vein than in the peripheral vein. The pH was higher (p < 0.01) in the internal spermatic vein compared with the external spermatic and the peripheral veins. The pO2 and sO2 were elevated (p < 0.01) in the internal spermatic vein compared with the peripheral vein. Serum HCO3 concentration was lower (p < 0.01) in both internal and external spermatic veins compared with the peripheral vein. The pCO2 was also lower (p < 0.01) in both varicocele veins compared with the peripheral veins (Table 3). There was no significant correlation between various parameters of VBGs of both internal and external spermatic varicocele veins with their respective testicular blood flow, semen quality parameters and the diameter of varicocele veins and testicular volume (data not shown).
Table 3
Comparison of venous blood gas analysis of varicocele veins with peripheral vein
Items | Veins | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Internal spermatic n = 27 | External spermatic n = 9 | Peripheral n = 22 | ||
pH | 7.38 ± 0.04a | 7.34 ± 0.05b | 7.34 ± 0.04b | 0.004 |
pO2 (mm of Hg) | 86.36 ± 40.47a | 49.98 ± 7.45b | 52.64 ± 34.01b | 0.002 |
sO2 (%) | 91.02 ± 7.18a | 81.24 ± 7.30ab | 71.06 ± 18.60b | < 0.001 |
pCO2 (mm of Hg) | 36.87 ± 7.02b | 40.03 ± 6.58b | 46.47 ± 7.55a | < 0.001 |
HCO3 (mEq/L) | 21.4 ± 3.53b | 21.23 ± 2.91b | 24.60 ± 3.19a | 0.003 |
Discussion
The current study demonstrates unique characteristics of the VBGs of internal spermatic varicocele veins, which are different from the peripheral veins. The internal spermatic veins have higher pH, sO2, and pO2 levels but lower HCO3 and pCO2 levels in comparison to the peripheral vein. On the other hand, the external spermatic varicocele veins revealed different VBGs profile that was similar to the peripheral veins, except lower HCO3 and pCO2 levels. Previously, between 1968 and 1989, there were only three studies that addressed the composition of venous blood in varicocele veins [14‐16]. However, there were conflicting results. Today, we have better methods of measuring blood gas levels and a better opportunity of measuring VBGs during the microsurgical varicocelectomy. This procedure is performed under microsurgical magnification and allows isolation of individual groups of veins thus providing better opportunity of precise blood sampling from different groups of varicocele veins before their ligation. In current study, the VBGs analysis was determined from venous blood, drawn individually from the internal spermatic varicocele veins, the external spermatic varicocele veins, and the peripheral vein. A single surgeon, who is also the principal investigator, performed all the procedures and was blinded to the results until the end of study.
Our results have shown a clear shift of VBGs profile of the internal spermatic veins toward an arterial pattern. The exact mechanism is not clear, but renospermatic backflow, low oxygen consumption due to lower testicular function, or the presence of arterio-venous communications may be a possible clue to this change. There are a few human and multiple animal studies that demonstrate the presence of an arterio-venous shunt in the spermatic cord and testes [8‐12]. Based on the available anatomical findings reported in literature [8‐12], we suspected that varicocele veins might have different venous composition of blood gases than the classical VBG levels. At the completion of study, it was confirmed that sO2 and pO2 levels were significantly higher in the internal spermatic varicocele vein compared with the peripheral vein. Nevertheless, further anatomical documentation of an arterial venous shunt mechanism is still required. Donhue and Brown reported in 1969 that the internal spermatic veins of varicocele patients had higher oxygen tension when the blood was drawn from the vein by inserting cannula in the direction of kidney. Anyhow this was not seen when the cannula was directed towards the testes. The authors proposed that the reflux of renal blood might be responsible for this mechanism [15]. In our experience, although we have drawn blood by inserting cannula towards the direction of testes, still we have observed higher oxygen tension in venous blood of internal spermatic veins. In contrast to our findings, Yan reported in 1989 that oxygen saturation was lower in varicocele veins, and suggested that hypoxemia and metabolic acidosis affected spermatogenic function [16]. There is a possibility that the authors might have taken samples from the most accessible external spermatic veins. These veins exhibit lesser increase in intravenous pressure on valsalva compared to internal spermatic veins [22] and have oxygen tension similar to the peripheral veins.
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In order to understand the significance of these findings, we determined the correlation of VBGs with testicular blood flow and semen parameters but no significant correlation was found.
Conclusion
Internal spermatic varicocele veins have significantly higher oxygen content and pH but lower HCO3 and pCO2 compared with the peripheral veins. The clinical importance of VBGs is difficult to ignore and the above-mentioned variation in blood gases may be a missing link or this may be another possible cause of higher intravenous pressure in these veins, to understand the pathophysiology of varicocele [22]. Further investigations are required to determine the significance of these findings.
Acknowledgements
We are thankful to Mr. Khalid Mahmood Anjum for statistical analysis of the data.
Funding
There was no source of funding except self-funding by the researchers.
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Declaration
We have obtained proper ethical approval from institutional research board, Fatima memorial hospital, College of Medicine and Dentistry Lahore and written consent was taken from all the participants of the study
Competing interests
There are no competing interests of any author.
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