Background
Methods
Population
Cognitive assessment
Adiposity measures
Vascular phenotypes
Covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
N | Entire sample | Normal (30.5%) | Overweight (42.5%) | Obese (27.0%) | p value trend | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male sex (%) | 1249 | 46.3 | 37.0 | 54.7 | 43.8 |
0.046
|
Height (m) | 1249 | 1.68 (0.1) | 1.68 (0.1) | 1.69 (0.1) | 1.67 (0.1) | 0.44 |
Weight (kg) | 1249 | 78.4 (14.9) | 65.3 (8.2) | 78.1 (9.2) | 94.3 (12.5) | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 1249 | 27.6 (4.6) | 23.0 (1.5) | 27.2 (1.4) | 33.6 (3.6) |
< 0.001
|
Waist circumference (cm) | 1249 | 96.6 (12.6) | 84.6 (8.2) | 96.0 (7.6) | 109.2 (9.8) |
< 0.001
|
Hip circumference (cm) | 1249 | 105.8 (9.5) | 97.7 (4.9) | 104.5 (5.1) | 115.7 (9.0) |
< 0.001
|
Waist-to-hip ratio | 1249 | 0.91 (0.1) | 0.87 (0.1) | 0.92 (0.1) | 0.95 (0.1) |
< 0.001
|
Heart rate (bpm) | 1248 | 68.4 (11.3) | 67.2 (11.4) | 68.3 (10.6) | 69.8 (12.1) |
0.009
|
SBP (mmHg) | 1248 | 134.8 (17.9) | 129.3 (16.7) | 136.6 (18.1) | 138 (17.9) |
< 0.001
|
DBP (mmHg) | 1248 | 77.2 (9.7) | 74.5 (9.4) | 78.2 (9.4) | 78.7 (10.1) |
< 0.001
|
Education (% above A-level) | 909 | 61.3 | 61.9 | 65 | 54.6 | 0.14 |
Smoking (% current smokers) | 1171 | 34.9 | 37.7 | 33.7 | 34.3 | 0.34 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1186 | 5.69 (1.2) | 5.91 (1.1) | 5.7 (1.2) | 5.4 (1.3) |
< 0.001
|
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1156 | 3.52 (1.0) | 3.66 (0.9) | 3.55 (1.0) | 3.3 (1.1) |
0.001
|
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1186 | 1.62 (0.41) | 1.81 (0.4) | 1.59 (0.4) | 1.43 (0.3) |
< 0.001
|
Triglyceridesa (mmol/L) | 1162 | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 1.3 (1.0–1.9) |
< 0.001
|
HbA1ca (%) | 1157 | 5.8 (5.5–6) | 5.7 (5.5–5.9) | 5.7 (5.5–6.0) | 5.9 (5.6–6.2) |
< 0.001
|
Adiponectina (μg/mL) | 1183 | 12.9 (7.6–19.5) | 16.6 (10.9–25.1) | 12.1 (7.0–17.8) | 10.2 (6.3–16.4) |
< 0.001
|
Leptina (ng/mL) | 1183 | 12.1 (6.6–23.6) | 7.8 (4.1–13.7) | 11.6 (6.4–19.1) | 26.1 (14.1–43.2) |
< 0.001
|
Levels of physical activity (in the last 4 weeks) | ||||||
• Not physical active • Moderate • Intense | 1223 | 703 (58.15) 189 (15.63) 317 (26.22) | 205 (54.81) 61 (16.31) 108 (28.88) | 297 (58.01) 80 (15.63) 135 (26.37) | 201 (62.23) 48 (14.86) 74 (22.91) | 0.375 |
PWV (m/s) | 1249 | 8.2 (1.51) | 7.95 (1.58) | 8.27 (1.5) | 8.37 (1.42) |
< 0.001
|
cIMT (mm) | 900 | 0.69 (0.12) | 0.67 (0.12) | 0.69 (0.13) | 0.71 (0.11) |
<0.001
|
VMT (number of words) | 1227 | 24.7 (6.1) | 26.0 (6.0) | 24.5 (6.2) | 23.6 (5.7) |
< 0.001
|
LSSTa (targets) | 1249 | 282 (231–307) | 287 (231–329) | 239 (231–329) | 263 (174–288) |
0.009
|
S-RT (s) | 1234 | 281 (63.5) | 279 (64.5) | 278 (60.2) | 289 (67.2) |
0.038
|
C-RT (s) | 1230 | 612 (76.5) | 607 (77.4) | 608 (72.9) | 622 (80.6) |
0.012
|
Cross-sectional analysis
Association of BMI and WC with cognitive function at 60–64 years
MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | MODEL 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) |
p
| β (95% CI) |
p
| β (95% CI) |
p
| |
VASCULAR MEASURES | ||||||
1. cIMT (mm) |
0.003 (0.0003 to 0.005)
|
0.025
| 0.002 (−0.0003 to 0.005) | 0.085 |
0.003 (0.0004 to 0.006)
|
0.024
|
2. PWV (m/s) |
0.040 (0.012 to 0.068)
|
0.005
| 0.018 (−0.009 to 0.045) | 0. 192 | 0.014 (−0.015 to 0.043) | 0.355 |
COGNITIVE MEASURES | ||||||
1. VMT (n. of words) |
–0.195 (−0.274 to −0.116)
|
< 0.001
|
−0.178 (−0.255 to −0.098)
|
< 0.001
|
−0.162 (−0.248 to −0.076)
| < 0.001 |
2. LSSTa (targets) |
–0.005 (−0.010 to −0.001)
|
0.018
|
−0.005 (−0.010 to −0.001)
|
0.027
| −0.004 (−0.009 to 0.001) | 0.117 |
3. RT (s) | ||||||
a. Simple | 0.485 (−0.373 to 1.344) | 0.267 | 0.552 (−0.324 to 1.428) | 0.217 | 0.689 (−0.300 to 1.679) | 0.172 |
b. Choice | 0.910 (−0.222 to 2.042) | 0.115 | 0.983 (−0.157 to 2.123) | 0.091 | 1.014 (−0.292 to 2.320) | 0.128 |
Associations of cardiovascular risk factors/phenotypes with cognitive function at 60–64 years
VMT (n. of words) | LSST a (targets) | S-RT (s) | C-RT (s) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) |
p
| β (95% CI) |
p
| β (95% CI) |
p
| β (95% CI) |
p
| ||
PWV | Model 1 |
−0.355 (−0.616 to −0.095)
|
0.008
| 0.004 (−0.018 to 0.026) | 0.701 | −0.958 (−3.676 to 1.760) | 0.489 | −1.871 (−5.485 to 1.741) | 0.309 |
Model 2 |
−0.297 (−0.578 to −0.015)
|
0.039
| 0.006 (−0.020 to 0.032) | 0.629 | −0.344 (−3.402 to 2.714) | 0.825 | −1.357 (−5.270 to 2.557) | 0.496 | |
Model 3 | −0.166 (0.461 to 0.129) | 0.270 | 0.007 (−0.022 to 0.036) | 0.634 | −0.029 (−3.417 to 3.359) | 0.987 | −1.148 (−5.710 to 2.749) | 0.492 | |
cIMT | Model 1 | 0.220 (−3.470 to 3.912) | 0.906 | −0.036 (−0.218 to 0.145) | 0.695 | 6.819 (−27.267 to 40.906) | 0.694 | 16.606 (−32.294 to 65.507) | 0.505 |
Model 2 | 0.487 (−3.162 to 4.136) | 0.793 | −0.049 (−0.235 to 0.138) | 0.607 | 10.673 (−24.072 to 45.418) | 0.546 | 21.282 (−27.069 to 69.635) | 0.388 | |
Model 3 | 1.287 (−2.340 to 4.913) | 0.486 | −0.015 (−0.222 to 0.192) | 0.888 | 12.470 (−24.800 to 49.740) | 0.511 | 25.184 (−25.895 to 76.264) | 0.333 |
Longitudinal analysis
Association of patterns of cumulative exposure to overweight or obesity and elevated WC in adulthood with cognitive function
Association of BMI and WC gains in adulthood with cognitive function
MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | MODEL 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) |
p
| β (95% CI) |
p
| β (95% CI) |
p
| |
VMT | ||||||
BMI36–43 | −0.216 (−0.629 to 0.198) | 0.306 | −0.161 (−0.553 to 0.231) | 0.421 | −0.199 (−0.632 to 0.234) | 0.367 |
BMI43–53 | 0.065 (−0.390 to 0.520) | 0.780 | 0.068 (−0.378 to 0.514) | 0.763 | 0.098 (−0.393 to 0.590) | 0.694 |
BMI53–60 to 64 |
−0.524 (−0.923 to −0.124)
|
0.010
|
−0.515 (−0.915 to −0.115)
|
0.012
| −0.380 (−0.839 to 0.078) | 0.104 |
LSSTa | ||||||
BMI36–43 |
−0.023 (−0.044 to −0.002)
|
0.029
|
−0.022 (−0.044 to −0.002)
|
0.035
|
−0.024 (−0.047 to −0.002)
|
0.034
|
BMI43–53 | −0.012 (−0.033 to 0.010) | 0.280 | −0.011 (−0.033 to 0.010) | 0.305 | −0.008 (−0.031 to 0.014) | 0.462 |
BMI53–60 to 64 | 0.005 (−0.019 to 0.030) | 0.680 | 0.005 (−0.020 to 0.029) | 0.704 | 0.013 (−0.016 to 0.043) | 0.367 |
S-RT | ||||||
BMI36–43 | 2.116 (−1.973 to 6.206) | 0.310 | 2.205 (−1.903 to 6.312) | 0.290 | 3.701 (−0.836 to 8.238) | 0.110 |
BMI43–53 | 1.638 (−2.437 to 5.714) | 0.430 | 1.775 (−2.377 to 5.928) | 0.402 | 2.387 (−2.079 to 6.853) | 0.294 |
BMI53–60 to 64 | 0.698 (−3.119 to 4.514) | 0.720 | 1.142 (−2.672 to 4.955) | 0.557 | 1.859 (−2.514 to 6.233) | 0.404 |
C-RT | ||||||
BMI36–43 | −1.610 (−7.038 to 3.818) | 0.561 | −1.433 (−6.968 to 4.101) | 0.611 | −0.798 (−6.749 to 5.152) | 0.792 |
BMI43–53 | 2.581 (−3.305 to 8.468) | 0.389 | 3.145 (−2.879 to 9.170) | 0.306 | 3.021 (−3.570 to 9.612) | 0.368 |
BMI53–60 to 64 | 2.146 (−3.157 to 7.449) | 0.427 | 2.716 (−2.537 to 7.969) | 0.310 | 4.230 (−1.835 to 10.295) | 0.171 |
MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | MODEL 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) |
P
| β (95% CI) |
P
| β (95% CI) |
P
| |
VMT | ||||||
WC36–43 |
−0.500 (−0.930 to −0.071)
|
0.022
|
−0.447 (−0.875, −0.019)
|
0.041
|
−0.501 (−0.972 to −0.030)
|
0.037
|
WC43–53 | −0.160 (−0.562 to 0.241) | 0.434 | −0.127 (−0.525 to 0.270) | 0.530 | −0.090 (−0.511 to 0.330) | 0.672 |
WC53–60 to 64 |
−0.488 (−0.863 to −0.113)
|
0.011
|
−0.444 (−0.822 to −0.067)
|
0.021
| −0.358 (−0.766 to 0.049) | 0.085 |
LSSTa | ||||||
WC36–43 |
−0.026 (−0.051 to −0.002)
|
0.035
|
−0.025 (−0.050, −0.001)
|
0.045
| −0.027 (−0.055 to 0.001) | 0.058 |
WC43–53 | −0.001 (−0.026 to 0.024) | 0.932 | 0.0003 (−0.025 to 0.025) | 0.983 | 0.001 (−0.026 to 0.029) | 0.916 |
WC53–60 to 64 | 0.012 (−0.016 to 0.040) | 0.395 | 0.013 (−0.015 to 0.041) | 0.372 | 0.018 (−0.014 to 0.051) | 0.273 |
S-RT | ||||||
WC36–43 |
4.011 (0.420 to 7.602)
|
0.029
|
4.140 (0.473 to 7.806)
|
0.027
|
4.435 (0.386 to 8.486)
|
0.032
|
WC43–53 | 1.604 (−2.445 to 5.654) | 0.437 | 1.718 (−2.408 to 5.844) | 0.414 | 2.466 (−2.002 to 6.936) | 0.279 |
WC53–60 to 64 | 1.453 (−2.357 to 5.263) | 0.454 | 1.753 (−2.125 to 5.631) | 0.375 | 2.196 (−2.120 to 6.512) | 0.318 |
C-RT | ||||||
WC36–43 |
5.471 (.356 to 10.588)
|
0.036
|
0.787 (0.599 to 10.976)
|
0.029
|
60.086 (0.389 to 11.783)
|
0.036
|
WC43–53 | 5.024 (−0.390 to 10.439) | 0.069 |
5.530 (0.095 to 10.965)
|
0.046
| 50.251 (−0.752 to 11.254) | 0.086 |
WC53–60 to 64 | 1.670 (−3.389 to 6.728) | 0.517 | 1.940 (−3.090 to 6.971) | 0.449 | 30.589 (−1.963 to 9.141) | 0.205 |