Background
Methods
All subjects | Urinary IgM excretion | Urinary albumin excretion | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 1531 | Not detectable n = 1263 | Urinary IgM ≥ 10 ng/L n = 76 | Not detectable n = 838 | U-ACR ≥ 3.0 mg/mmol n = 27 | U-ACR 1.5–2.9 mg/mmol n = 40 | U-ACR 0.1–1.4 mg/mmol n = 624 | |
Age, years (95% CI) | 39.7 (39.1–40.4), SD 13.4 | 39.2 (38.5–40.0), SD 13.2 | 40.3 (37.1–43.4), SD 13.9 | 41.5 (40.6–42.4), SD 13.1 | 46.2 (40.6–51.8), SD 13.4 | 40.3 (36.0–44.6), SD 13.4 | 37.1 (36.0–38.2), SD 13.3 |
Women, n (%) | 791 (52) | 649 (51) | 45 (59) | 457 (55) | 13 (48) | 25 (63) | 295 (47) |
Body mass index, kg/m2 (95% CI) | 25.8 (25.6–26.1), SD 4.7 | 25.8 (25.5–26.0), SD 4.7 | 25.1 (24.1–26.2) SD 4.5 | 25.9 (25.6–25.2), SD 4.4 | 27.0 (24.9–29.1), SD 5.3 | 26.1 (24.4–27.7), SD 5.3 | 25.7 (25.3–26.1), SD 5.1 |
Smoking (current), n (%) | 197 (13) | 168 (13) | 8 (11) | 90 (11) | 5 (19) | 7 (18) | 95 (15) |
Smoking, current or previous, n (%) | 527 (34) | 442 (35) | 24 (32) | 285 (34) | 14 (52) | 14 (35) | 213 (34) |
Waist circumference, cm (95% CI) | 89.5 (88.9–90.2), SD 13.8 | 89.5 (88.8–90.3), SD 13.9 | 87.8 (85.0–90.6), SD 12.2 | 89.5 (88.6–90.3), SD 13.1 | 96.0 (89.7–102.3), SD 16.2 | 90.1 (85.0–95.3), SD 16.2 | 89.4 (88.2–90.5), SD 14.4 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg (95% CI) | 117.1 (116.4–117.8), SD 14.4 | 116.9 (116.1–117.7), SD 14.1 | 119.8 (116.1–123.5), SD 16.0 | 115.7 (114.8–116.6), SD 13.2 | 129.9 (122.0–137.7), SD 21.5 | 122.3 (115.4–129.3), SD 21.5 | 118.1 (116.9–119.2), SD 14.8 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg (95% CI) | 71.4 (70.9–71.8), SD 9.5 | 71.2 (70.7–71.8), SD 9.5 | 73.3 (70.8–75.8), SD 9.5 | 70.8 (70.2–71.4), SD 8.9 | 79.8 (75.1–84.4), SD 11.5 | 75.0 (71.0–79.1), SD 12.6 | 71.5 (70.7–72.3), SD 9.8 |
HbA1c, mmol/mol (IQR) | 34 (IQR 31–36) | 34 (IQR 31.5–37) | 34 (IQR 31.5–39) | 34 (IQR 32–37) | 35 (IQR 31–39.5) | 35 (IQR 31.5–39.5) | 33 (IQR 31–36) |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L (95% CI) | 5.0 (4.9–5.0), SD 1.1 | 5.0 (4.9–5.0), SD 1.1 | 4.9 (4.7–5.2), SD 1.0 | 5.1 (5.0–5.1), SD 1.1 | 5.2 (4.8–5.6), SD 1.0 | 5.1 (4.8–5.4), SD 1.0 | 4.8 (4.7–4.9), SD 1.1 |
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L (95% CI) | 1.62 (1.59–1.64), SD 0.48 | 1.62 (1.59–1.64), SD 0.48 | 1.64 (1.53–1.75), SD 0.49 | 1.66 (1.63–1.69), SD 0.48 | 1.61 (1.40–1.82), SD 0.54 | 1.60 (1.44–1.76), SD 0.51 | 1.57 (1.53–1.60), SD 0.48 |
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L (95% CI) | 3.13 (3.08–3.17), SD 0.96 | 3.10 (3.05–3.16), SD 0.97 | 3.09 (2.89–3.28), SD 0.83 | 3.19 (3.12–3.25), SD 0.97 | 3.27 (2.95–3.60), SD 0.83 | 3.29 (2.95–3.62), SD 1.04 | 3.03 (2.95–3.10), SD 0.94 |
LDL/HDL (95% CI) | 2.14 (2.09–2.19), SD 1.00 | 2.13 (2.07–2.18), SD 1.01 | 2.07 (1.86–2.28), SD 0.90 | 2.11 (2.05–2.18), SD 0.96 | 2.23 (1.92–2.53), SD 0.77 | 2.40 (1.95–2.86), SD 1.41 | 2.15 (2.06–2.23), SD 1.04 |
Triglycerides, mmol/L (95% CI) | 0.9 (IQR 0.7–1.4) | 0.9 (IQR 0.7–1.3) | 1.0 (IQR 0.7–1.2) | 0.9 (IQR 0.7–1.3) | 1.2 (IQR 0.9–1.5) | 1.0 (IQR 0.8–1.6) | 0.9 (IQR 0.7–1.4) |
Creatinine, μmol/L (95% CI) | 79.5 (78.8–80.2), SD 14.1 | 79.5 (78.8–80.3) SD 14.2 | 78.4 (75.3–81.4) SD 13.2 | 79.7 (78.7–80.6), SD 14.1 | 79.3 (72.7–85.9), SD 16.7 | 73.7 (69.5–78.1, SD 13.9 | 79.6 (78.5–80.7), SD 13.9 |
eGFR, mL/min/ 1.73 m2 (95% CI) | 85.3 (84.9–85.7), SD 7.9 | 85.6 (85.2–86.1), SD 7.9 | 85.2 (83.3–87.0), SD 7.9 | 84.7 (84.1–85.3), SD 8.5 | 80.3 (75.7–84.9), SD 11.6 | 85.8 (83.8–87.7), SD 6.0 | 86.4 (85.8–86.9), SD 6.8 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 230 (15) | 182 (14) | 11 (14) | 107 (13) | 10 (37) | 10 (25) | 103 (17) |
Diabetes, n (%) | 38 (2.4) | 30 (2.3) | 1 (1.3) | 15 (1.7) | 1 (3.4) | 2 (5) | 20 (3.2) |
Lipid lowering medication, n (%) | 31 (2.0) | 24 (1.9) | 1 (1.3) | 19 (2.2) | 1 (3.4) | 0 (0) | 11 (1.7) |
Anti-hypertensive treatment, n (%) | 70 (4.6) | 51 (4.0) | 4 (5.2) | 36 (4.3) | 4 (14.8) | 3 (7.5) | 27 (4.3) |
- Thiazides, n (%) | 8 (0.5) | 5 (0.3) | 1 (1.3) | 4 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (0.6%) |
- Beta blockers, n (%) | 28 (1.8) | 23 (1.8) | 2 (2.6) | 14 (1.7) | 1 (3.4) | 1 (2.5) | 12 (1.9) |
- RAAS- Blockers, n (%) | 39 (2.5) | 27 (2.1) | 0 (0) | 21 (2.5) | 2 (6.9) | 1 (2.5) | 13 (2.1) |
- Calcium antagonists (%) | 20 (1.3) | 15 (1.1) | 1 (1.3) | 9 (1.1) | 1 (3.4) | 1 (2.5) | 9 (1.4) |
History of AMI (%) | 12 (0.8) | 10 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 5 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 7 (1.1) |
History of stroke (%) | 12 (0.8) | 7 (0.6) | 1 (1.3) | 3 (0.4) | 2 (6.8) | 0 (0) | 7 (1.1) |
Laboratory methods
Statistical methods
Results
Participant baseline characteristics
Vascular markers and endothelial function in relation to urinary albumin- and IgM-excretion
Urinary IgM excretion | Urinary albumin excretion | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urinary IgM ≥ 10 ng/L (n = 76) | U-ACR ≥ 3.0 mg/mmol (n = 27) | U-ACR 1.5–2.9 mg/mmol (n = 40) | U-ACR 0.1–1.4 mg/mmol (n = 624) | |||||
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Systolic BP | 1.021 (1.003–1.039) | 0.025 | 1.064 (1.033–1.097) | < 0.001 | 1.050 (1.025–1.075) | < 0.001 | 1.026 (1.017–1.036) | < 0.001 |
Diastolic BP | 1.029 (1.000–1.060) | 0.050 | 1.095 (1.047–1.145) | < 0.001 | 1.078 (1.038–1.119) | < 0.001 | 1.041 (1.026–1.056) | < 0.001 |
24-h mean SBP | 1.023 (0.995–1.051) | 0.114 | 1.077 (1.033–1.122) | < 0.001 | 1.083 (1.044–1.124) | < 0.001 | 1.026 (1.012–1.041) | < 0.001 |
24-h mean DBP | 1.025 (0.986–1.064) | 0.210 | 1.097 (1.035–1.163) | 0.002 | 1.090 (1.038–1.145) | 0.001 | 1.026 (1.008–1.046) | 0.006 |
24-h mean central systolic BP | 1.005 (0.981–1.029) | 0.703 | 1.063 (1.019–1.108) | 0.005 | 1.062 (1.022–1.104) | 0.002 | 1.006 (0.996–1.016) | 0.277 |
24-h mean aortic c-f PWV | 0.968 (0.744–1.259) | 0.810 | 1.887 (1.114–3.197) | 0.018 | 2.120 (1.352–3.323) | 0.001 | 1.119 (0.983–1.274) | 0.088 |
Daytime aortic c-f PWV | 0.954 (0.745–1.221) | 0.706 | 1.860 (1.080–3.205) | 0.025 | 2.066 (1.309–3.260) | 0.002 | 1.104 (0.975–1.251 | 0.120 |
Nighttime aortic c-f PWV | 1.096 (0.871–1.379) | 0.434 | 1.838 (1.131–2.986) | 0.014 | 2.010 (1.320–3.063) | 0.001 | 1.044 (0.963–1.131) | 0.293 |
RHI | 0.822 (0.493–1.371) | 0.453 | 1.582 (0.653–3.833) | 0.310 | 1.626 (0.853–3.102) | 0.140 | 1.242 (0.982–1.572) | 0.071 |
ABI dx | 0.026 (0.002–0.381) | 0.008 | 0.038 (0.000–3.372) | 0.153 | 3.936 (0.128–121.26) | 0.433 | 1.296 (0.382–4.4059 | 0.677 |
ABI sin | 0.040 (0.003–0.496) | 0.012 | 0.142 (0.003–7.674) | 0.338 | 3.571 (0.094–135.00) | 0.492 | 2.312 (0.665–8.043) | 0.188 |
Number of carotid plaques dx | 1.040 (0.669–1.617 | 0.863 | 1.608 (0.909–2.843) | 0.102 | 1.812 (1.086–3.023) | 0.023 | 1.001 (0.811–1.235) | 0.995 |
Number of carotid plaques sin | 1.065 (0.696–1.631) | 0.770 | 1.804 (1.090–2.986) | 0.022 | 1.391 (0.846–2.287) | 0.194 | 1.057 (0.871–1.283) | 0.573 |